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Definition: What is a Simple Pendulum?
Opening Scene the Film Prometheus 4K HDR | Opening Scene
Think of long-lining a horse: Tamara long-lined
Race Horse Hyperspace Training w/ Immuvet Part 1 ...2 yr old T.B.12/20/10
1. Cave Art: Prometheus - Digging Scene | Isle of Skye (HD)
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1.). Words::: How did I need to know that I _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ was standing on different ground?
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2. "The Devil Went Down to Georgia" was written and recorded in 1978 and released on May 21, 1979, as part of The Charlie Daniels Band's album Million Mile Reflections. Written by all members of the band, the song hit #1 on the country charts and #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1979.
Key details regarding its creation include:
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- Purpose: The order was a tactical decision born of necessity due to severe gunpowder shortages, ensuring devastating close-range volleys.
- The Battle: It occurred during the American Revolution at Breed's Hill (part of the Bunker Hill battle).
- Attribution Debate: While popularly credited to Col. William Prescott, some accounts suggest similar commands were given by others, such as Israel Putnam or John Stark.
- Historical Accuracy: It is considered a likely, though not definitively proven, historical anecdote, appearing in written records decades after the battle.
- Figurative Usage: Today, it is often used to mean waiting for the perfect moment or for certain evidence before taking action.
You searched for
"FIGURE-OUT" in the KJV Bible
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- Isaiah 44:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The carpenter stretcheth out his rule; he marketh it out with a line; he fitteth it with planes, and he marketh it out with the compass, and maketh it after the figure of a man, according to the beauty of a man; that it may remain in the house.
- Deuteronomy 4:16chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Lest ye corrupt yourselves, and make you a graven image, the similitude of any figure, the likeness of male or female,
- Hebrews 11:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Accounting that God was able to raise him up, even from the dead; from whence also he received him in a figure.
- 1 Peter 3:21chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The like figure whereunto even baptism doth also now save us (not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God,) by the resurrection of Jesus Christ:
- Romans 5:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over them that had not sinned after the similitude of Adam's transgression, who is the figure of him that was to come.
- Hebrews 9:9chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Which was a figure for the time then present, in which were offered both gifts and sacrifices, that could not make him that did the service perfect, as pertaining to the conscience;
- 1 Corinthians 4:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And these things, brethren, I have in a figure transferred to myself and to Apollos for your sakes; that ye might learn in us not to think of men above that which is written, that no one of you be puffed up for one against another.
- Leviticus 13:56chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And if the priest look, and, behold, the plague be somewhat dark after the washing of it; then he shall rend it out of the garment, or out of the skin, or out of the warp, or out of the woof:
- Matthew 7:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Thou hypocrite, first cast out the beam out of thine own eye; and then shalt thou see clearly to cast out the mote out of thy brother's eye.
- Zechariah 10:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Out of him came forth the corner, out of him the nail, out of him the battle bow, out of him every oppressor together.
- Judges 5:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Out of Ephraim was there a root of them against Amalek; after thee, Benjamin, among thy people; out of Machir came down governors, and out of Zebulun they that handle the pen of the writer.
- Ezekiel 20:34chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And I will bring you out from the people, and will gather you out of the countries wherein ye are scattered, with a mighty hand, and with a stretched out arm, and with fury poured out.
- 1 Chronicles 6:62chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And to the sons of Gershom throughout their families out of the tribe of Issachar, and out of the tribe of Asher, and out of the tribe of Naphtali, and out of the tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, thirteen cities.
- Joshua 21:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the children of Gershon had by lot out of the families of the tribe of Issachar, and out of the tribe of Asher, and out of the tribe of Naphtali, and out of the half tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, thirteen cities.
- Judges 7:23chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the men of Israel gathered themselves together out of Naphtali, and out of Asher, and out of all Manasseh, and pursued after the Midianites.
- Joshua 21:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the lot came out for the families of the Kohathites: and the children of Aaron the priest, which were of the Levites, had by lot out of the tribe of Judah, and out of the tribe of Simeon, and out of the tribe of Benjamin, thirteen cities.
- Job 41:20chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Out of his nostrils goeth smoke, as out of a seething pot or caldron.
- Job 41:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Out of his mouth go burning lamps, and sparks of fire leap out.
- 2 Samuel 13:9chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And she took a pan, and poured them out before him; but he refused to eat. And Amnon said, Have out all men from me. And they went out every man from him.
- 1 Kings 20:17chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the young men of the princes of the provinces went out first; and Benhadad sent out, and they told him, saying, There are men come out of Samaria.
- Joshua 4:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Take you twelve men out of the people, out of every tribe a man,
- Job 12:22chapter context similar meaning copy save
- He discovereth deep things out of darkness, and bringeth out to light the shadow of death.
- Exodus 13:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Moses said unto the people, Remember this day, in which ye came out from Egypt, out of the house of bondage; for by strength of hand the LORD brought you out from this place: there shall no leavened bread be eaten.
- 1 Chronicles 6:63chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Unto the sons of Merari were given by lot, throughout their families, out of the tribe of Reuben, and out of the tribe of Gad, and out of the tribe of Zebulun, twelve cities.
- Joshua 3:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Now therefore take you twelve men out of the tribes of Israel, out of every tribe a man.
- Exodus 8:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the LORD did according to the word of Moses; and the frogs died out of the houses, out of the villages, and out of the fields.
- Joshua 21:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The children of Merari by their families had out of the tribe of Reuben, and out of the tribe of Gad, and out of the tribe of Zebulun, twelve cities.
- Judges 20:33chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And all the men of Israel rose up out of their place, and put themselves in array at Baaltamar: and the liers in wait of Israel came forth out of their places, even out of the meadows of Gibeah.
- 1 Chronicles 19:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And when the children of Ammon saw that they had made themselves odious to David, Hanun and the children of Ammon sent a thousand talents of silver to hire them chariots and horsemen out of Mesopotamia, and out of Syriamaachah, and out of Zobah.
- Joshua 20:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And on the other side Jordan by Jericho eastward, they assigned Bezer in the wilderness upon the plain out of the tribe of Reuben, and Ramoth in Gilead out of the tribe of Gad, and Golan in Bashan out of the tribe of Manasseh.
The Secret of the Universe is Choice: Know Decision; http://thesecretoftheuniversechoice.blogspot.com/ (https://beingsandrice.blogspot.com/)
- Karen Placek
- Presents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of my first blog delivered more than a million views!! The title is its work as "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!!
Saturday, November 10, 2018
Mathematics Equals More Math At The Format Of Stonehenge Too Sanskrit To Dissect The Actual Stones Of Stonehenge As The Numerical Values Of Weights And Measures? Regardless The Fascination Is The Signature Piece Found As The Findings Are Just Balanced Perfectly To Speak On Such A Treasure Of Dynamics!!
Pi is evident in the Sanskrit Alphabet and Numbers just as Pi is evident as 3.141 defines Stonehenge and most probable by Occam's razor to be a writing system as in typography, a template to a paper. This definition will bring another common term although I have not heard it used in conversation outside of San Francisco, "the sun never sets on the British Empire" but what if it did?
This learning system would have been used in communal or public school education as England is an island, that would be a school system, platonic-in-nature, certainly cut-off from transportation and shipping would have been their only trades and the communication of education would have gained world renowned formulas, i.e. knowledge. It may possibly be the first school system outside of the Greek Philosophers ever to be recognized in our modern era that is still educating in some sort of horrid mockery of the rest of the world as it is a huge tourist trap and readily there is no explanation to either its size or why it was constructed. Current data from the dating of bones goes to 3000 BC as per common documentaries have reported and just this information from the documentaries would have upped the value as a 'Shop of Curiosity' and it would bring coin (money) to Great Britain funding many projects worldwide. Symbolizing mystery is not my work as I am identifying Pi at 3.141 and using photographic evidence to see the calculation as simplicity dictates to at least the discussion as a good conversation and to further understand the construction of language to words that than seem to go greater than, less than the numbers in equations to see why symbols must be used to describe the dimensions or bridges of depth and so forth.
Stonehenge in the bones of an auditorium, the strata of the University in a 'Time' that 'The Ages' did outdoor education, a national theater, an icon much like Plato explained in the Greek learning system giving lectures on life, reserved theories never proven, etc. and as shown from Wikipedia in their piece titled Platonic Academy (more on this later).
Examples by precedence is at the sight with just San Francisco, California, Sutro Baths showing the skeletal remains by blueprint to built and the common ground to be understood by equaling the mountain or to be understood, the diameters circumference of the hill. A natural built hill as is shown in Golden Gate Park, Strawberry Hill, Stow Lake (man-made), the museums, the Polo Field, and, Bercut Field top as the Dressage Arena in reality of space to recognition by the ease of location creates such an excitement that the shape of our Panhandle parallel to The Haight has description unto itself as the lines are beginning the basis of speech.
Sutro Baths burned down to the bones in 1966 leaving an outline of the plumbing, the undergird, the struts or however you would describe the concrete pour left as a tourists attraction. As it is close to Seal Rock and is an interesting view of Old San Francisco History it is the Cliff House that brought more attention to detail over the scope of the years past however it does still show the evidence at the location of what was an incredible Bath house. It's original structure still can be readily seen today by any person willing to make the endeavor to such a locale the saltwater baths must have been incredibly healing as reported by locals when I was a kid. In order to see the entire building one would have to have pictured it, or, known where the library with the biography of the development of Ocean Beach was kept and than worked your way to the fact as Mr. A. Sutro built Sutro Baths.
Rather than re-writing any persons equations I prefer to stick with weight and measure as each block of stone will represent the pound. To measure the accuracy of the time in the Stonehenge documented memorial I would measure the calculations of the difference between a mountain and a hill, or, in case to point, Chess and Tennis as a quote will fit nicely here; "the sun never sets on the British Empire."
"If you have two angles, you know the third, because the sum of the angles is 180 [degrees]"
This is the complete text of a small book published in 1895 to honor the new mayor of San Francisco, Adolph Sutro. Sutro ran for mayor as the populist "anti-octupus" candidate,— in opposition to the Southern Pacific Railroad, which dominated California politics. Adolph Heinrich Joseph Sutro was born April 29, 1830. He was well educated in the field of mining engineering. Sutro arrived in San Francisco aboard the steamship California, in 1850, and immediately engaged in trade, first in San Francisco and, later, in Stockton.
In 1859, when the Comstock Lode made headlines, he was again attracted to mining. He established a small mill, called the Sutro Metallurgical Works, in East Dayton, Nevada, for the reduction of ores by an improved process of amalgamation and was responsible for the planning and building of the Sutro Tunnel. This tunnel made it possible to drain and ventilate the many mines in the Comstock Lode, and to permit the miners to bring out the rich silver ore.
In 1879 Sutro sold his tunnel to the McCalmont Brothers, and countless lesser investors, and returned to San Francisco. In 1894 he ran for mayor on the Populist ticket and served one two-year term, and was succeeded by James. D. Phelan.
At one time Adolph Sutro owned one-twelth of the acreage of San Francisco. he purchased the Cliff House in the early 1880s, and one thousand acres of land facing the ocean, now called Sutro heights. He built the Sutro saltwater baths and planted Sutro Forest.
He owned the finest private libary in America, much of which was destroyed during the fire that followed the Great Earthquake of 1906.
Sutro died in San Francisco August 8, 1898.
Art illustration for this book is by Carl Dahlgren (1841-1920), a San Francisco artist. Little is known about Eugenia Kellog Holmes. The California State Library system holds only this work written by her.
A Brief Story of a Brilliant Life
At Aix-la-
of which these municipalities form so important a part, is enriched to a degree inestimable, since the qualities which form nobility of character are incalculably precious and therefore beyond the judgment of men. Amid scenes and associations unparalleled in historic trophies, the youthful years of this scion of the sterling virtues were passed; for Aix-la-
Certain it is, that Aquis Granum became a favorite resort of the Romans, who first sought it for the natural sulphur springs abounding there, renowned for their alleviation of varied infirmities, among them acute cases of rheumatism and gout.
This was long before the advent of the Emperor Charlemagne, who endowed it with added dignity by making it, during his dynasty, the first city in the Empire and the capital of all his dominions North of the Alps.
A magnificent mausoleum there marks his remains; his statue, in bronze, adorns the market place; his fountain sprays the bearded trees; planted it is said, by him.
The chapel where he worshipped, and where repose his remains, contains relics of reputed antiquity, which are objects of exceeding veneration by the children of the Roman Church, who assemble there in great numbers every seven years, when the relies are placed on exhibition.
For the citizens of Aix-
This wall, pierced originally by ten gates, and partially demolished by the Hollanders, was rebuilt and strengthened by Frederick Barbarossa, whose fondness for this Flysian of the ancients equaled that of the natives, who were wont to say with pride, "After Rome —
It was here that Napoleon the First rested, when wearied with war's rude reveilles.
Long ago the vandals razed the favorite palace of Charlemagne, and upon its ruins, by way of complimentary apology, was erected Coronation Hall, where his successors, for more than seven centuries, have been crowned.
Two towers, of ancient Roman origin, rear their stately battlements above the marts of manufacturers, mechanics and the kinsmen of commerce, in silent scorn, it would seem, for those usurpers of the picturesque; but the springs, where Kings loved to drink and bathe, remain unchanged.
Ephen, the favorite hunting ground of royalty, situated within the environs of Aix-la-
Though the commercial tendency of the age conduces to little reverence for the hallowed, the historic, the picturesque, yet those who are truly reflective must acknowledge the value of these mute, invisible sentinels.
We are all products of the past, and with it our lives are indissolubly linked.
Such sentiments seem inseparable from a study of the early life of Adolph Sutro, for as a lad, we may without elasticity of imagination, behold him alone and aloof from others of similar age; ruminating among the ruins of European rulers; delving into the intricate things of earth; scanning the mysteries of wave and wind for an intelligible answer to his earnest queries; experimenting with tangled shreds of dismembered machinery; tracing the starry constellations with a tiny telescope; such having been his youthful occupation, and as such be remains a part of the wise, serene, philanthropic, patriarchal old world.
A region of new, raw, jarring, nerve-
At the age of sixteen, much to his regret, the young student left school to assume the superintendence of his father's factory. Two years later, such being his acquired competency, he was intrusted to the more important post of establishing a similar store at Menel, in Eastern Prussia.
The death of Mr. Sutro, Senior, in December, 1847, increased the son's responsibility, the business by that event becoming family property, under the sole management of Adolph and his brother.
But for the Revolution of 1848, which sent a shudder through Europe, menacing the securest form of government, disorganizing business and sundering the sacred ties of kindred, it is presumable that the brothers might have continued in uninterrupted prosperity the work of manufacturing cloth, after the manner of their sire.
The universal crash, however, could not but affect the firm of the Sutros. There was no alternative—
With a ready resolution and unerring breadth of vision for which she was remarkable, Mrs. Sutro decided that there was small prospect in the Fatherland, under the circumstances, for such a future as she aspired too for her family, composed of eleven children. The choice of a foreign home was deemed imperative, and the lady favored America.
In the Autumn of 1850 the Sutros landed in New York, and subsequently settled in Baltimore, Maryland.
It was about this time that the California gold excitement waged most fiercely, when armies of men forsook the fetters which civilization had forged, and fled, with a speed impeded only by the pathless plains, the desert wastes, the hostile savages, the treacherous winds and tides, to the far-
Young Sutro readily grasped the meaning of this excitement, being among the first to take passage on a sailing vessel bound for the port of San Francisco.
During this voyage, which lengthened to months, the winds being variable, the ambitious adventurer beguiled his time by writing letters, descriptive of scenery witnessed, the strange and interesting types of life encountered, and in keeping an accurate record of occurring incidents.
Those letters, addressed to his mother and sisters, are still extant; their contents bespeak the same appreciation of nature, comradeship with humanity, independence of action and unswerving, lofty purpose, which has since been brought to such conspicuous fruition.
November 21st, 1851, marks the date of Mr. Sutro's arrival in San Francisco. His fortune at that time consisted solely in youth (he was less than twenty), health, hope, courage, ambition and indomitable energy.
With this uncurrent capital he went into business on the water front. For nine years he worked hard in what is called petty trade, buying, selling, keeping a limited supply of the best cigars and tobacco; living, as those have ever lived who toil without compensation, other than frugal food, few comforts, and the recreation which exists only in name.
During this period of time (the year 1856) Mr. Sutro married, and was thereafter encouraged and assisted by a faithful, fond wife. "But for her,"—
Six children—
All survive their mother, who died December 8th, 1893, at the Hayes and Fillmore family residence, in San Francisco. Those survivors are Mrs. Albert Morbio, Mrs. Moritz Nussbaum, Mrs. Dr. Sutro L. Merritt, Miss Clara A. Sutro, Mr. Charles W. and Mr. Edgar Sutro.
Each is personally identified with some practical work, of a character largely philanthropic.
From the monotony of a life devoted to domesticity and the routine of retail trade, Mr. Sutro was at length, stirred by a sensation electrifying to the Pacific Coast, and extending in its interest, to remoter regions.
The occasion was the discovery of the Comstock Lode, in the State of Nevada.
Mr. Sutro visited this exciting section for the first time in the year 1859, and there found the opportunity to apply the scientific knowledge gained by years of patient study.
The immediate need of ventilating and draining the mines, was impressively apparent to the young man, who saw that great volumes of water impeded the progress of labor and its reasonable reward.
Pumping it was a costly and most precarious experiment; a depth of 1500 feet had been reached; the temperature in the lower levels was 110 degrees, rendering work almost impossible for more than a very brief period. The air was so foul that the men who inhaled it, fainted in those poisoned caverns and fell—This thought found expression in a letter, first published in the "San Francisco Alta," April 30, 1860. "An unfeasible plan!" "The audacity of a dreamer!" sneered the pessimistic, for well they knew that a gateway through granite needed the resonance supplied by bonds and coined securities, ere the hidden treasures of the caverns would be made to surrender.
The young man, whose fortune was then locked in the rigid fastnesses, heeded not the hissing voices of harpies, but, by his own individual effort, alone and unaided, secured the right of franchise to those remote recesses.
His subsequent tasks were to obtain and retain the confidence of capitalists at home and abroad; to maintain control of political power in Washington, in London, and San Francisco; to make frequent marine and overland voyages extending over two hemispheres; to watch, at the same time, the progress of work at the mines, and act as their superintendent.
These were Herculean tasks, combined with hazardous venture, manual toil, and diplomacy unparalleled in the history of Courts, Kingdoms or Republics.
After the merits of the enterprise were fully understood and recognized, there followed even more desperate struggles to maintain it against conspiracies combined to thrust Mr. Sutro out, that others might appropriate the result of his efforts.
Only faith, preeminent and unswerving, in the project sought, coupled with unremitting industry, could have carried such plans to successful completion. It was accomplished however, exactly as proposed, and occupied its originator, fourteen years of such effort as few men could have approached.
The tunnel, linked inseparably with the name of Sutro, was finished October, 1878. Its dimensions were 10 feet high, 12 feet wide, 20,500 feet long, with North and South branches having 3600 feet in the aggregate, making its entire length more than five miles.
Its cost, without interest, was $4,500,000; including interest, $6,500,000.
From the corporation he had organized Mr. Sutro at length relinquished all monetary interest, retaining an amount to his credit of not less than $5,000,000. With it he returned to San Francisco, his favorite city, there to permanently reside.
About this time the "sand-
From a close study of the soil and its varied resources, the Seer of the sand hills knew that not a rood of the yellow dunes, sprayed by the swirling surf, would one day be worth less than its weight in gold, though it was then without shred of green, or glance of rill, or glint of bloom.
With the breadth of vision, unerring judgment, and prompt action which had brought the tunnel to successful completion, Mr. Sutro invested vastly in shore lands, believed, by the then doubting public to be worthless.
Men were employed for the improvement of those and acres, who, under the master's direction, pierced the subterranean depths by shafts and pumps; sent iron conduits through the stubborn hills in search of the needful water; blasted the rocks and had them cut into staircases, parapets, and the walls of lake-
Millions of tender seedlings were planted in the sear spaces and gently nurtured in the plastic sands, softened by soothing water brought from the summit stores.
These, Mr. Sutro calls the children of his age, for tree planting, with him, is a labor of love.
Those infant forests have grown to sturdy groves which skirt the horizon with swaying leaves.
Playgrounds, especially provided for children, are on those wooded hills, as well as reposeful places for gray-
At Sutro Heights, a superb suburb of the city of splendid eminences, situated upon a natural walled promontory, overlooking lone Tamalpais, the mist-
The more delicate exotics, formed to flourish in tropical climes, are sheltered from the harsh winds and dense fogs of that aerial altitude in a glass conservatory,—
The statuary, set in the niches, terraces, parterres, parapets, along the tree-
The residence, quaint and unique, is gemmed with speaking souvenirs of Mr. Sutro's many tours in every accessible part of the world, each an expression of taste, intelligence and appreciation for the best in human skill. The rich, the cultivated and traveled find there, environments of harmony, while the poor are not pained by ostentation nor cankering contrasts.
Among the visitors entertained at the white-
The mailed knights at the gates are hospitable.
The snowy-
Mr. Sutro has said in public print—
But Mr. Sutro does not, in his lofty eyrie, on the cliff's crest, surrender himself to the exclusive delights of entertainment.
Much of his well-
This is the Sutro Library, conceded by men of the highest scholarship to be one of the four great libraries of the United States. Three, hundred thousand volumes have already been collected by agents stationed in the best Continental book marts, and additions are being constantly made. Among the rarest tomes and incunabula, may be mentioned duplicates of the early printer's art, from the famous Munich Library, four thousand in number; folios of the classics from the monastery of Boxheim and the Duke of Dahlberg, the Sunderland Library and the confiscated monasteries of Bavaria.
There are Mexican works, relating to the war of independence, from the ancient archives of the Aztec capital; two thousand three hundred Japanese manuscripts were borne from the bright land of the "Morning Calm; " collections of Semitic philology, the chemical literature of the late Secretary Wells, of the English Society of Industrial Chemistry, have furnished about two thousand five hundred volumes. A complete military, architectural and botanical library contributes its golconda of treasure; antique and priceless scrolls from the Orient are preserved with the parchments of Maimonides, author of "Ram Bam," who was called the Light of Israel, the Star of the West, and the Great Eagle. Classics, poems, plays in all languages of the learned, are in those closely packed cases, book-
When completed, as designed, it will be accessible to every disciple of science, that being the special motive of its magnanimous founder.
The structure site chosen for this colossal collection of literary treasure is in Golden Gate Park, near the music stand. It will be fire proof and free to the public.
But not alone in the absorbing walks of the bibliophile, the charms of hospitality, the conflicting cares of exalted office does Mr. Sutro find entire concentration ; his active brain demands perpetual achievement.
The more recent of these achievements partaking of the form of baths, which rival in magnitude, utility and beauty, the famous abluvion resorts of Titus, Caracalla, Nero or Diocletian.
Those wonderful expressions of architectural skill —
This consists of a series of basins, blasted in the rock, which receive the water pure from Ocean's briny caverns, by a complete system of tunnels and canals, so ingeniously devised as to supply the receptacles with both hot and cold currents, and drain them, after use. Thus have the tides been harnessed and made subservient to the multitudes.
There are six swimming tanks, the largest being L-
Four are, each, twenty-
Spring-
Five hundred dressing rooms, perfectly ventila ted, heated, lighted by electricity, furnished with showers, soap, toweling, bathing suits and all necessary toilet articles are reached by the aid of spacious elevators and broad staircases, that lead likewise to arcades, pavilions, balustrades, promenades, alcoves and corridors adorned with tropical plants, fountains, flowers, pictures, bric-
The facade has a portico with four Ionic columns and pilasters which lead to a noble staircase, wide, gradual of ascent, bordered with broad-
This staircase touches the very rim of the reveling waves. The foyer, on Point Lobos avenue, is in the Greek Doric cast of architecture, and conveys those who favor driving, to a carriage way that winds among tall terraces, rough-
A distinctly noticeable feature of this stupendous establishment is a stage, constructed for the performance of operas, dramas, acrobatic exhibitions, and the display of any talent or skill contributable to public entertainment.
The seats, arranged in tiers, form an amphitheatre, facing the ocean side of the structure, and are walled with glass of many colors.
The most fantastic effects are caused by the filtering sun, the reaching surf, the arching sky, the curving clouds, and those radiant mosaics.
Whether the sunbeams are imprisoned and tempered, the glare of electricity softened, the great, green billows are broken in snowy embroidery upon the amber sands, or ivory fogs fold the fair battlements in a fond embrace, the result is equally inspiring, incomparable and indescribable.
A seating capacity is afforded for twenty-
A man, however, may build and yet not be a master architect, though his buttressed walls be as adamant, his shafts and spires and towers soar starward.
That structure, surpassing mortal conception, must bear harmony with humanity, else it is like unto the "baseless fabric" of a dream. From his vast and varied creations, it might be inferred that Mr. Sutro is a man of force rather than feeling, of rigor rather than repose; but the fallacy of this inference is proven by his treatment of the poor, which is always more deferential than of the rich.
So considerate of the unfortunate is this prince of finance, that he has been christened by a wag not wholly witless, the " Czar of the Scavengers."
In the winter of '93, when great suffering prevailed among the indigent unemployed of San Francisco, Mr. Sutro purchased tickets from the Salvation Army to the value of eight hundred dollars, as occasion required, which were distributed, upon application, and secured to their holders a least temporary relief.
His contributions to all public charity, since his arrival to opulence, have been munificent, and confined neither to race, creed nor class. His private alms are said to be limited only to the immediate needs of the individual.
A princely jpgt, consisting of twenty-
Personally, Mr. Sutro presents a rare combination of strength and simplicity —
This election is the signal of something more than an expression of sentiment. It means a vic tory of honest elements in monopoly-
The masses, long steeped in enfeebling apathy, engendered by a piratic plutocracy more dangerous and degrading than foreign-
To those who best know this soft-
Despair is lifted to hope by his bounty. Commerce is vitalized by his energy. Hospitals claim him as their benefactor.
Schools own him as their patron. Art finds in him a supporter. The feet of progress are sandaled by his silver. Invention, by his fostering patronage, has successfully wrestled with the hidden forces of nature. Science leans on him, while her starry vision scales the infinite.
Patriotism sings paeans for him, who in the hour of the State's struggle, sent the ringing gold of mercy to chime with the flashing steel of valor. In the life of all enterprise, the vigor of all progress, all expansive and ennobling unfoldment contained in the history of California, the name of Adolph Sutro is inseparably identified. To such there comes no age nor death nor oblivion.
quote by Peter Molner via Live Science:
Peter Molnar is a professor in geological sciences at the University of Colorado. His research focuses on aspects of how mountain ranges form and continental lithosphere deforms.
He is a winner of the Crafoord Prize[1] and a fellow of the American Geophysical Union. He won the Crafoord Prize in 2014 for discovering "the driving forces behind plate motions and the place of continents in the plate tectonic model of Earth's evolution. Innovatively combining geological and geophysical methods of inquiry with satellite measurements and modelling, the Laureate has also paved the way to a new understanding of the formation of mountain ranges and their role in global tectonics."
Platonic Academy
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Contents
Site
The site of the Academy was sacred to Athena; it had sheltered her religious cult since the Bronze Age. The site was perhaps also associated with the twin hero-gods Castor and Polydeuces (the Dioscuri), since the hero Akademos associated with the site was credited with revealing to the brothers where the abductorTheseus had hidden their sister Helen. Out of respect for its long tradition and its association with the Dioscuri – who were patron gods of Sparta – the Spartan army would not ravage these original ‘groves of Academe’ when they invaded Attica.[4] Their piety was not shared by the Roman Sulla, who axed the sacred olive trees of Athena in 86 BC to build siege engines.
Among the religious observances that took place at the Akademeia was a torchlit night race from altars within the city to Prometheus’ altar in the Akademeia. The road to Akademeia was lined with the gravestones of Athenians, and funeral games also took place in the area as well as a Dionysiacprocession from Athens to the Hekademeia and then back to the city.[5][6]
The site of the Academy[7] is located near Colonus, approximately, 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) north of Athens' Dipylon gates.[8]
Today
The site was rediscovered in the 20th century, in the modern Akadimia Platonos neighbourhood; considerable excavation has been accomplished and visiting the site is free.[9]Visitors today can visit the archaeological site of the Academy located on either side of the Cratylus street in the area of Colonos and Plato's Academy (Postal Code GR 10442). On either side of the Cratylus street are important monuments, including the Sacred House Geometric Era, the Gymnasium (1st century BC – 1st century AD), the Proto-Helladic Vaulted House and the Peristyle Building (4th century BC), which is perhaps the only major building that belonged to the actual Academy of Plato.
History
What was later to be known as Plato's school probably originated around the time Plato inherited the property at the age of thirty, with informal gatherings which included Theaetetus of Sunium, Archytas of Tarentum, Leodamas of Thasos, and Neoclides.[10] According to Debra Nails, Speusippus "joined the group in about 390 BC". She claims, "It is not until Eudoxus of Cnidos arrives in the mid-380s BC that Eudemus recognizes a formal Academy." There is no historical record of the exact time the school was officially founded, but modern scholars generally agree that the time was the mid-380s, probably sometime after 387 BC, when Plato is thought to have returned from his first visit to Italy and Sicily.[11] Originally, the meetings were held on Plato's property as often as they were at the nearby Academy gymnasium; this remained so throughout the fourth century.[12]Though the Academic club was exclusive and not open to the public,[13] it did not, at least during Plato's time, charge fees for membership.[14] Therefore, there was probably not at that time a "school" in the sense of a clear distinction between teachers and students, or even a formal curriculum.[15] There was, however, a distinction between senior and junior members.[16] Two women are known to have studied with Plato at the Academy, Axiothea of Phliusand Lasthenia of Mantinea.[17]
In at least Plato's time, the school did not have any particular doctrine to teach; rather, Plato (and probably other associates of his) posed problems to be studied and solved by the others.[18] There is evidence of lectures given, most notably Plato's lecture "On the Good"; but probably the use of dialecticwas more common.[19] According to an unverifiable story, dated of some 700 years after the founding of the school, above the entrance to the Academy was inscribed the phrase "Let None But Geometers Enter Here."[20]
Many have imagined that the Academic curriculum would have closely resembled the one canvassed in Plato's Republic.[21] Others, however, have argued that such a picture ignores the obvious peculiar arrangements of the ideal society envisioned in that dialogue.[22] The subjects of study almost certainly included mathematics as well as the philosophical topics with which the Platonic dialogues deal, but there is little reliable evidence.[23] There is some evidence for what today would be considered strictly scientific research: Simplicius reports that Plato had instructed the other members to discover the simplest explanation of the observable, irregular motion of heavenly bodies: "by hypothesizing what uniform and ordered motions is it possible to save the appearances relating to planetary motions."[24] (According to Simplicius, Plato's colleague Eudoxus was the first to have worked on this problem.)
Plato's Academy is often said to have been a school for would-be politicians in the ancient world, and to have had many illustrious alumni.[25] In a recent survey of the evidence, Malcolm Schofield, however, has argued that it is difficult to know to what extent the Academy was interested in practical (i.e., non-theoretical) politics since much of our evidence "reflects ancient polemic for or against Plato".[26]
The three Platonic eras
Old Academy
Plato's immediate successors as "Scholarch" of the Academy were Speusippus (347–339 BC), Xenocrates (339–314 BC), Polemo (314–269 BC), and Crates (c. 269–266 BC). Other notable members of the Academy include Aristotle, Heraclides, Eudoxus, Philip of Opus, and Crantor.Middle Academy
Around 266 BC Arcesilaus became Scholarch. Under Arcesilaus (c. 266–241 BC), the Academy strongly emphasized a version of Academic skepticismclosely similar to Pyrrhonism.[28] Arcesilaus was followed by Lacydes of Cyrene (241–215 BC), Evander and Telecles (jointly) (205 – c. 165 BC), and Hegesinus (c. 160 BC).New Academy
The New or Third Academy begins with Carneades, in 155 BC, the fourth Scholarch in succession from Arcesilaus. It was still largely skeptical, denying the possibility of knowing an absolute truth. Carneades was followed by Clitomachus (129 – c. 110 BC) and Philo of Larissa ("the last undisputed head of the Academy," c. 110–84 BC).[29][30] According to Jonathan Barnes, "It seems likely that Philo was the last Platonist geographically connected to the Academy."[31]Around 90 BC, Philo's student Antiochus of Ascalon began teaching his own rival version of Platonism rejecting Skepticism and advocating Stoicism, which began a new phase known as Middle Platonism.
Destruction of the Academy
The destruction of the Academy seems to have been so severe as to make the reconstruction and re-opening of the Academy impossible.[34] When Antiochus returned to Athens from Alexandria, c. 84 BC, he resumed his teaching but not in the Academy. Cicero, who studied under him in 79/8 BC, refers to Antiochus teaching in a gymnasium called Ptolemy. Cicero describes a visit to the site of the Academy one afternoon, which was "quiet and deserted at that hour of the day".[35]
Neoplatonic Academy
Despite the Platonic Academy being destroyed in the first century BC, the philosophers continued to teach Platonism in Athens during the Roman era, but it was not until the early 5th century (c. 410) that a revived academy (which had no connection with the original Academy) was established by some leading Neoplatonists.[36] The origins of Neoplatonist teaching in Athens are uncertain, but when Proclus arrived in Athens in the early 430s, he found Plutarch of Athens and his colleague Syrianus teaching in an Academy there. The Neoplatonists in Athens called themselves "successors" (diadochoi, but of Plato) and presented themselves as an uninterrupted tradition reaching back to Plato, but there cannot have actually been any geographical, institutional, economic or personal continuity with the original academy.[37] The school seems to have been a private foundation, conducted in a large house which Proclus eventually inherited from Plutarch and Syrianus.[38] The heads of the Neoplatonic Academy were Plutarch of Athens, Syrianus, Proclus, Marinus, Isidore, and finally Damascius. The Neoplatonic Academy reached its apex under Proclus (died 485).The last "Greek" philosophers of the revived Neoplatonic Academy in the 6th century were drawn from various parts of the Hellenistic cultural world and suggest the broad syncretism of the common culture (see koine): Five of the seven Academy philosophers mentioned by Agathias were Syriac in their cultural origin: Hermias and Diogenes (both from Phoenicia), Isidorus of Gaza, Damascius of Syria, Iamblichus of Coele-Syria and perhaps even Simplicius of Cilicia.[37]
In 529 the emperor Justinian ended the funding of the revived Neoplatonic Academy. However, other philosophical schools continued in Constantinople, Antioch, and Alexandria, which were the centres of Justinian's empire.[39]
The last Scholarch of the Neoplatonic Academy was Damascius (d. 540). According to Agathias, its remaining members looked for protection under the rule of Sassanid king Khosrau I in his capital at Ctesiphon, carrying with them precious scrolls of literature and philosophy, and to a lesser degree of science. After a peace treaty between the Persian and the Byzantine empire in 532, their personal security (an early document in the history of freedom of religion) was guaranteed.
It has been speculated that the Neoplatonic Academy did not altogether disappear.[37][40] After his exile, Simplicius (and perhaps some others) may have travelled to Harran, near Edessa. From there, the students of an Academy-in-exile could have survived into the 9th century, long enough to facilitate an Arabic revival of the Neoplatonist commentary tradition in Baghdad,[40] Beginning with the foundation of the House of Wisdom in 832; one of the major centers of learning in the intervening period (6th to 8th centuries) was the Academy of Gundishapur in Sassanid Persia.[clarification needed]
See also
Notes
- Richard Sorabji, (2005), The Philosophy of the Commentators, 200–600 AD: Psychology (with Ethics and Religion), page 11. Cornell University Press
| Library resources about Platonic Academy |
References
- Baltes, M. 1993. "Plato's School, the Academy." Hermathena, (155): 5-26.
- Brunt, P. A. 1993. "Plato's Academy and Politics." In Studies in Greek History and Thought. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Cherniss, H. 1945. The Riddle of the Early Academy. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- Dancy, R. M. 1991. Two Studies in the Early Academy. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
- Dillon, J. M. 1979. "The Academy in the Middle Platonic Period." Dionysius, 3: 63-77.
- Dillon, J. 2003. The Heirs of Plato. A Study of the Old Academy, 347–274 BC. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Dorandi, T. 1999. "Chronology: The Academy." In The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy. Edited by Keimpe Algra, Jonathan Barnes, Jaap Mansfeld, and Malcolm Schofield, 31–35. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
- Glucker, J. 1978. Antiochus and the Late Academy. Gƶttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
- Lynch, J. P. 1972. Aristotle's School: A Study of a Greek Educational Institution. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Murray, J. S. 2006. "Searching for Plato's Academy, 1929-1940." Mouseion: Journal of the Classical Association of Canada, 6 (2): 219-56
- Russell, J. H. 2012. "When Philosophers Rule: The Platonic Academy and Statesmanship." History of Political Thought, 33 (2): 209-230.
- Wallach, J. R. 2002. "The Platonic Academy and Democracy." Polis (Exeter), 19 (1-2): 7-27
- Watts, E. 2007. "Creating the Academy: Historical Discourse and the Shape of Community in the Old Academy." The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 127: 106–122.
- Wycherley, R. 1961. "Peripatos: The Athenian Philosophical Scene--I." Greece & Rome, 8(2), 152-163.
- Wycherley, R. 1962. Peripatos: The Athenian Philosophical Scene--II. Greece & Rome, 9(1), 2-21.
- Zhmud, Leonid. 2006. "Science in the Platonic Academy.: In The Origin of the History of Science in Classical Antiquity. By Leonid Zhmud, 82–116. Berlin: De Gruyter.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Platonic Academy. |
 | Wikisource has the text of a 1911 EncyclopƦdia Britannica article about Platonic Academy. |
"Academy". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.- The Academy, entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Directions to the archaeological site of Plato's Academy, other useful information, and some photos
Languages
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- Presents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of my first blog delivered more than a million views!! The title is its work as "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!!
Saturday, February 28, 2026
Words this is a First, Mark Class at the Front Door of 22 22nd Avenue, West Clay Park, San Francisco, California. Serial Names to Serial Killers is words Your Rolodex!! Words, And, word we have Serial Numbers..::: Title: The Convenience of Storage for You Mother Fucking Fools is word Equated. And. for the Man in Paso Robles behind the Counter at the Feed & Ranch Supply[Feed Industry Statistics There are nearly 5,650 U.S. animal food manufacturing facilities serving America's domestic livestock and pets each year. so words You are not alone and this is written on a Blog, on a word Computation, and the Cows know, that means Flying U Rodeo Company. 320 5th Street Marysville, California 95901 (530)742-8249] , WORD THEY CANNOT HEAR THE ROLODEX, so word fine!!!!!!!!!!!
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Word watch, word Watch, word WATCH are words you’re next from the Film Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978) | Original Trailer [HD] | Coolidge Corner Theatre as ER or er goes to Dr. Ziegler.
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Oct 26, 2015 · A team of physicists experimentally realized this thought experiment using light. Their work is described in the Physical Review Letters.
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Words, We moved to 22 22nd Avenue, where my mother said you’re busted, words that is Cantore Arithmetic in eh are only.
- Karen Placek
- Presents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of my first blog delivered more than a million views!! The title is its work as "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!!
Tuesday, October 31, 2017
"That being said" Author Known
once you see simplicity you once again
Duration: 4:54
Posted: May 28, 2016
so, A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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Saturday, June 21, 2014
The Key Is To Know The Dooring
If All I Have Is Time I'll Resolve The Product Lines To Beal
Tuesday, June 24, 2014
At The Tip Of The Tongues Nipping Be Dare
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Friday, July 4, 2014
4th Of July ~ Friday Editor Post Press
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Monday, February 2, 2026
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WILL YOU PLEASE ADMIT THIS IS HAPPENING
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English Folk Verse (c.1870)
Perhaps most widely known in America from its use in the movie V for Vendetta
Saturday, June 21, 2014
The Love Is In The Brand Named
Sunday, August 9, 2015
A Ton Null Inn Thear Ee`d
Time is very interesting. Our lives are made of time. Nobody knows what time is. You go in one direction and you gain time. You go in the other direction and you lose time. Airplanes now fly so fast that time stands still. A Plane can fly as fast as the earth revolves past the sun. A baby born in a plane flying in the right direction could theoretically live its whole life of many years without living through one day. It would have a long birthday. Its whole life would be its birthday. Suppose the plane should fly faster. The baby would be minus an old man. There is one place in the United States, and there time is different in every direction. The time belt follows the Snake River. The river makes an ox-bow bend. From within the ox-bow you shoot a long-range rifle north, east, south, or west. The bullet will land almost an hour before it was fired. The ox-bow is completely surrounded by another time belt. Time is all anyone has in the world. It is fluid. Nobody has ever found a good way of measuring it.
Saturday, June 28, 2014
The Apocalypse Means Revealing Hear A Revelation
Wednesday, June 18, 2014
Inc.
Sunday, June 29, 2014
Picture Stick With One Eye Opened
Trades Our Enlightening Traits Are Hards My Revelation Chapter 22 Continued Book One Astro Knots Inn The Begin
Friday, June 20, 2014
B.D.S.M. Ordered Mastery Served Religion Talking Host Extract ~ Whom To What I'll State Fare In Surgence
Saturday, July 19, 2014
There Is No Dot In I
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I settled with the reason to begin building a structure rather than becoming torn to shreds by consumed,
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the strict Carriage of the stern harnessed to believe that ground is rolled by man can only encourage stature,
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top soil can be lost should the Farm not control the crops verses the rest of the field itself from no fertilizer.
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in the case of forced isolation in a life of evolution from birth to now the missing piece is seen in done,
could it thereby have been could it thereby actually be this simple to explain as the total price of my brain.
Counter Courting
Saturday, June 21, 2014
Experience The Rares
Sunday, July 6, 2014
It's Just A Livered
Monday, July 14, 2014
Time is Like Keep a Wave
Monday, June 30, 2014
It's Been A While
Wednesday, July 2, 2014
Public Informational Postings Know Contact
Wednesday, July 9, 2014
It Is Just How I Deal
Saturday, June 21, 2014
If All I Have Is Time I'll Resolve The Product Lines To Beal
Friday, July 4, 2014
Doodling Dude
Tuesday, July 15, 2014
Know Love For Home Bounders Lost At Sad ~ Perk Directions? ~ Knew Way Immediately If Not Sooner
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as times in the lap topped communication is still Held by Prim in delivery of the Introduced via a Site Comp.,
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the pass did not mirror a flirting with Death provides amply recording Past Lives in a Narrowing of Time Self
too having ability in ignorance never Tempo`ing to bitter sweets the Cream mere Sugar added to Honey bits.
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in the Constance of Warring over exactly what has ended up being the evidential Proof written by mistake i,
to have had the dot point the alphabet skull was very nearly not my intention rather the error of my life hide.
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Nigh the Fortnight to the grove saving Trees marketedly increasing the sent Sender key striking preventives,
no longer the Air carrier verses Time Aged questing the Wire hodge throwing down Purpose for Hymn salts.
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bass in acoustics marvel my Mind even Today at the capture of the booming tyranny in a World catch Ride.
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not archaic in sound the envelope delivered the brought in a Mastery of a Quantum sheet Ballet of Instruct,
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flawed never until I opened the box of Pandora to the Web in crawling the bugged brought to Taskings!!
Oddly Repeated However Believable Wound
Monday, June 30, 2014
Evolution Gods Blunt
Sunday, June 29, 2014
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- Presents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of my first blog delivered more than a million views!! The title is its work as "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!!
Friday, November 18, 2022
The Moon Is Postion
In subtle latitude of arithmetic (Cantore) the project aspect will attempt to work the following: To map the stars with a natural growth of the Redwood.
To do such the aspect would have to see the photograph to the idea. This round would include a location of judgement on earth to drop the rings and add the known star systems: Milky Way. The Redwood Tree is on foundation of Earth and at “age” the bearing would deliver the “Age in Aquarius”? As the Age of Aquarius is to match the age of our Earth at this time it would give in the now a fair bearing.
This would be able to deliver the Sun as either a disc or a halo to engage the thought of the Pyramid without the glyph. To think on this tactile environment and with the added dimensional ability to average the idea the truth of the outline of just the ceiling at Grand Central Station would have a real American keel. To build the idea at the concept the watch with embellishment might deliver a larger star system.
Milky Way
The Milky Way[b] is the galaxy that includes our Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye. The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea, from the Greek Ī³Ī±Ī»Ī±ĪŗĻĪ¹ĪŗĻĻ ĪŗĻĪŗĪ»ĪæĻ (galaktikos kĆ½klos), meaning "milky circle".[18][19][20] From Earth, the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk-shaped structure is viewed from within. Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610. Until the early 1920s, most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe.[21] Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis,[22] observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies.
The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with an estimated D25 isophotal diameter of 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,590 light-years),[8] but only about 1,000 light years thick at the spiral arms (more at the bulge). Recent simulations suggest that a dark matter area, also containing some visible stars, may extend up to a diameter of almost 2 million light-years (613 kpc).[23][24] The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies, which form part of the Virgo Supercluster, which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster.[25][26]
It is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars[27][28] and at least that number of planets.[29][30] The Solar System is located at a radius of about 27,000 light-years (8.3 kpc) from the Galactic Center,[31] on the inner edge of the Orion Arm, one of the spiral-shaped concentrations of gas and dust. The stars in the innermost 10,000 light-years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge. The Galactic Center is an intense radio source known as Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole of 4.100 (± 0.034) million solar masses.[32][33] Stars and gases at a wide range of distances from the Galactic Center orbit at approximately 220 kilometers per second. The constant rotational speed appears to contradict the laws of Keplerian dynamics and suggests that much (about 90%)[34][35] of the mass of the Milky Way is invisible to telescopes, neither emitting nor absorbing electromagnetic radiation. This conjectural mass has been termed "dark matter".[36] The rotational period is about 212 million years at the radius of the Sun.[13]
The Milky Way as a whole is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second with respect to extragalactic frames of reference. The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang.[37]
Etymology and mythology[edit]
In the Babylonian epic poem Enūma EliŔ, the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragoness Tiamat, set in the sky by Marduk, the Babylonian national god, after slaying her.[38][39] This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlilof Nippur,[40][41] but is now thought to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities.[41]
In Greek mythology, Zeus places his son born by a mortal woman, the infant Heracles, on Hera's breast while she is asleep so the baby will drink her divine milk and thus become immortal. Hera wakes up while breastfeeding and then realizes she is nursing an unknown baby: she pushes the baby away, some of her milk spills, and it produces the band of light known as the Milky Way. In another Greek story, the abandoned Heracles is given by Athena to Hera for feeding, but Heracles' forcefulness causes Athena to rip him from her breast in pain.[42][43][44]
Llys DĆ“n (literally "The Court of DĆ“n") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of DĆ“n's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion ("The fortress of Gwydion") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way,[45][46] and Caer Arianrhod ("The Fortress of Arianrhod") being the constellation of Corona Borealis.[47][48]
In western culture, the name "Milky Way" is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky. The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea, in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek Ī³Ī±Ī»Ī±Ī¾ĪÆĪ±Ļ, short for Ī³Ī±Ī»Ī±Ī¾ĪÆĪ±Ļ ĪŗĻĪŗĪ»ĪæĻ (galaxĆas kĆ½klos), meaning "milky circle". The Ancient Greek Ī³Ī±Ī»Ī±Ī¾ĪÆĪ±Ļ (galaxias) – from root Ī³Ī±Ī»Ī±ĪŗĻ-, Ī³Ī¬Ī»Ī± ("milk") + -ĪÆĪ±Ļ (forming adjectives) – is also the root of "galaxy", the name for our, and later all such, collections of stars.[18][49][50][51]
The Milky Way, or "milk circle", was just one of 11 "circles" the Greeks identified in the sky, others being the zodiac, the meridian, the horizon, the equator, the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, the Arctic Circleand the Antarctic Circle, and two colure circles passing through both poles.[52]
Appearance[edit]
The Milky Way is visible as a hazy band of white light, some 30° wide, arching the night sky.[53] Although all the individual naked-eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way Galaxy, the term "Milky Way" is limited to this band of light.[54][55] The light originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane. Brighter regions around the band appear as soft visual patches known as star clouds. The most conspicuous of these is the Large Sagittarius Star Cloud, a portion of the central bulge of the galaxy.[56] Dark regions within the band, such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack, are areas where interstellar dust blocks light from distant stars. Peoples of the southern hemisphere, including the Inca and Australian aborigines, identified these regions as dark cloud constellations.[57] The area of sky that the Milky Way obscures is called the Zone of Avoidance.[58]
The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness. Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light, such as light pollution or moonlight. The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be visible.[59] It should be visible if the limiting magnitude is approximately +5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at +6.1.[60] This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from brightly lit urban or suburban areas, but very prominent when viewed from rural areas when the Moon is below the horizon.[c] Maps of artificial night sky brightness show that more than one-third of Earth's population cannot see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution.[61]
As viewed from Earth, the visible region of the Milky Way's galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations.[d] The Galactic Center lies in the direction of Sagittarius, where the Milky Way is brightest. From Sagittarius, the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the galactic anticenter in Auriga. The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky, back to Sagittarius, dividing the sky into two roughly equal hemispheres.[citation needed]
The galactic plane is inclined by about 60° to the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit). Relative to the celestial equator, it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux, indicating the high inclination of Earth's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic, relative to the galactic plane. The north galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12h 49m, declination +27.4° (B1950) near Ī² Comae Berenices, and the south galactic pole is near Ī± Sculptoris. Because of this high inclination, depending on the time of night and year, the Milky Way arch may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky. For observers from latitudes approximately 65° north to 65° south, the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day.[citation needed]
Astronomical history[edit]
In Meteorologica, Aristotle (384–322 BC) states that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras (c. 500–428 BC) and Democritus (460–370 BC) proposed that the Milky Way is the glow of stars not directly visible due to Earth's shadow, while other stars receive their light from the Sun (but have their glow obscured by solar rays).[62] Aristotle himself believed that the Milky Way was part of the Earth's upper atmosphere (along with the stars), and that it was a byproduct of stars burning that did not dissipate because of its outermost location in the atmosphere (composing its great circle). He also said that the Milky appearance of the Milky Way galaxy was due to the refraction of the earth's atmosphere.[63][64][65] The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger (c. 495–570 AD) criticized this view, arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary, it should appear different at different times and places on Earth, and that it should have parallax, which it does not. In his view, the Milky Way is celestial. This idea would be influential later in the Muslim world.[66]
The Persian astronomer Al-Biruni (973–1048) proposed that the Milky Way is "a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars".[67] The Andalusianastronomer Avempace (d 1138) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image in the Earth's atmosphere, citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence.[64] The Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) in his Tadhkira wrote: "The Milky Way, i.e. the Galaxy, is made up of a very large number of small, tightly clustered stars, which, on account of their concentration and smallness, seem to be cloudy patches. Because of this, it was likened to milk in color."[68] Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) proposed that the Milky Way is "a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars".[69]
Proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars. Galileo also concluded that the appearance of the Milky Way was due to refraction of the Earth's atmosphere .[70][71][63] In a treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant, drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright,[72] speculated (correctly) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales.[73] The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Wright and Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate "galaxies" themselves, similar to our own. Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the "extragalactic nebulae" as "island universes", a term still current up to the 1930s.[74][75][76]
The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky. He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center.[77]
In 1845, Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral-shaped nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture.[78][79]
In 1904, studying the proper motions of stars, Jacobus Kapteyn reported that these were not random, as it was believed in that time; stars could be divided into two streams, moving in nearly opposite directions.[80] It was later realized that Kapteyn's data had been the first evidence of the rotation of our galaxy,[81] which ultimately led to the finding of galactic rotation by Bertil Lindblad and Jan Oort.[citation needed]
In 1917, Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula (Messier object 31). Searching the photographic record, he found 11 more novae. Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way. As a result, he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs. He became a proponent of the "island universes" hypothesis, which held that the spiral nebulae were independent galaxies.[82][83] In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the Universe. To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy, Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way, as well as the significant Doppler shift.[84]
The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m (100 in) Hooker telescope. With the light-gathering power of this new telescope, he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars. He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae. He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun, far too distant to be part of the Milky Way.[85][86]
Astrography[edit]
The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2016, 2018, 2021 and 2024.[87][88] Data from Gala has been described as "transformational". It has been estimated that Gaia has expanded the number of observations of stars from about 2 million stars as of the 1990s to 2 billion. It has expanded the measurable volume of space by a factor of 100 in radius and a factor of 1,000 in precision.[89] A study in 2020 concluded that Gaia detected a wobbling motion of the galaxy, which might be caused by "torques from a misalignment of the disc's rotation axis with respect to the principal axis of a non-spherical halo, or from accreted matter in the halo acquired during late infall, or from nearby, interacting satellite galaxies and their consequent tides".[90]
Sun's location and neighborhood[edit]
The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm, within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble, between the Radcliffe waveand Split linear structures (formerly Gould Belt).[91] Based upon studies of stellar orbits around Sgr A* by Gillessen et al.(2016), the Sun lies at an estimated distance of 27.14 ± 0.46 kly (8.32 ± 0.14 kpc)[31] from the Galactic Center. Boehle et al. (2016) found a smaller value of 25.64 ± 0.46 kly (7.86 ± 0.14 kpc), also using a star orbit analysis.[92] The Sun is currently 5–30 parsecs (16–98 ly) above, or north of, the central plane of the Galactic disk.[93] The distance between the local arm and the next arm out, the Perseus Arm, is about 2,000 parsecs (6,500 ly).[94] The Sun, and thus the Solar System, is located in the Milky Way's galactic habitable zone.[95][96]
There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs (49 ly) from the Sun, giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs, or one star per 2,360 cubic light-years (from List of nearest bright stars). On the other hand, there are 64 known stars (of any magnitude, not counting 4 brown dwarfs) within 5 parsecs (16 ly) of the Sun, giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs, or one per 284 cubic light-years (from List of nearest stars). This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars: in the entire sky, there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14.[97]
The apex of the Sun's way, or the solar apex, is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way. The general direction of the Sun's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules, at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center. The Sun's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions. In addition, the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit.[98] This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force (damping) term. These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth.[99] A reanalysis of the effects of the Sun's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation.[100]
It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a galactic year),[101] so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans. The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km/s (490,000 mph) or 0.073% of the speed of light. The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km/h (52,000 mph). At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU (astronomical unit).[102] The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius, which follows the ecliptic.[103]
Galactic quadrants[edit]
A galactic quadrant, or quadrant of the Milky Way, refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way. In astronomical practice, the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system, which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system.[104]
Quadrants are described using ordinals – for example, "1st galactic quadrant",[105] "second galactic quadrant",[106] or "third quadrant of the Milky Way".[107] Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0° (zero degrees) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center, the quadrants are:
with the galactic longitude (ā) increasing in the counter-clockwise direction (positive rotation) as viewed from north of the Galactic Center (a view-point several hundred thousand light-years distant from Earth in the direction of the constellation Coma Berenices); if viewed from south of the Galactic Center (a view-point similarly distant in the constellation Sculptor), ā would increase in the clockwise direction (negative rotation).
Size and mass[edit]
Size[edit]
The Milky Way is one of the two largest galaxies in the Local Group (the other being the Andromeda Galaxy), although the size for its galactic disc and how much it defines the isophotal diameter is not well understood.[109] It is estimated that the significant bulk of stars in the galaxy lies within the 26 kiloparsecs (80,000 light-years) diameter, and that the number of stars beyond the outermost disc dramatically reduces to a very low number, with respect to an extrapolation of the exponential disk with the scale length of the inner disc.[110][109]
There are several methods being used in astronomy in defining the size of a galaxy, and each of them can yield different results with respect to one another. The most commonly employed method is the D25 standard – the isophote where the photometric brightness of a galaxy in the B-band (445 nm wavelength of light, in the blue part of the visible spectrum) reaches 25 mag/arcsec2.[111] An estimate from 1997 by Goodwin and others compared the distribution of Cepheid variable stars in 17 other spiral galaxies to the ones in the Milky Way, and modelling the relationship to their surface brightnesses. This gave an isophotal diameter for the Milky Way at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,590 light-years), by assuming that the galactic disc is well represented by an exponential disc and adopting a central surface brightness of the galaxy (Āµ0) of 22.1±0.3 B-mag/arcsec−2 and a disk scale length (h) of 5.0 ± 0.5 kpc (16,000 ± 1,600 ly).[112][8][113] This is significantly smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy's isophotal diameter, and slightly below the mean isophotal sizes of the galaxies being at 28.3 kpc (92,000 ly).[8] The paper concludes that the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy were not overly large spiral galaxies and as well as one of the largest known (if the former not being the largest) as previously widely believed, but rather average ordinary spiral galaxies.[114] To compare the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter (24.3 mm (0.955 in)), the Milky Way would be approximately at least the greatest north–south line of the contiguous United States.[115] An even older study from 1978 gave a lower diameter for Milky Way about 23 kpc (75,000 ly).[8]
A 2015 paper discovered that there is a ring-like filament of stars called Triangulum–Andromeda Ring (TriAnd Ring) rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane, which alongside Monoceros Ring were both suggested to be primarily the result of disk oscillations and wrapping around the Milky Way, at a diameter of at least 50 kpc (160,000 ly),[116] which may be part of the Milky Way's outer disk itself, hence making the stellar disk larger by increasing to this size.[117] However, a more recent 2018 paper later somewhat ruled out this hypothesis, and supported a conclusion that the Monoceros Ring, A13 and TriAnd Ring were stellar overdensities rather kicked out from the main stellar disk, with the velocity dispersion of the RR Lyrae stars found to be higher and consistent with halo membership.[118] Another 2018 study revealed the very probable presence of disk stars at 26–31.5 kpc (84,800–103,000 ly) from the Galactic Center or perhaps even farther, significantly beyond approximately 13–20 kpc (40,000–70,000 ly), in which it was once believed to be the abrupt drop-off of the stellar density of the disk, meaning that few or no stars were expected to be above this limit, save for stars that belong to the old population of the galactic halo.[109][119][120]
A 2020 study predicted the edge of the Milky Way's dark matter halo being around 292 ± 61 kpc (952,000 ± 199,000 ly), which translates to a diameter of 584 ± 122 kpc (1.905 ± 0.3979 Mly).[23][24] The Milky Way's stellar disk is also estimated to be approximately up to 1.35 kpc (4,000 ly) thick.[121][122]
Mass[edit]
The Milky Way is approximately 890 billion to 1.54 trillion times the mass of the Sun in total (8.9×1011 to 1.54×1012 solar masses),[34][35][123] although stars and planets make up only a small part of this. Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. The low end of the estimate range is 5.8×1011 solar masses (M☉), somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy.[124][125][126] Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s (570,000 mph) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way.[127] Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius, this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive, roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7×1011 M☉ within 160,000 ly (49 kpc) of its center.[128] In 2010, a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kiloparsecs is 7×1011 M☉.[129] According to a study published in 2014, the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5×1011 M☉,[130] but this is only half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy.[130] A recent 2019 mass estimate for the Milky Way is 1.29×1012 M☉.[131]
Much of the mass of the Milky Way seems to be dark matter, an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter. A dark matter halo is conjectured to spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs (kpc) from the Galactic Center. Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1–1.5×1012 M☉.[132][133][134] 2013 and 2014 studies indicate a range in mass, as large as 4.5×1012 M☉[135] and as small as 8×1011 M☉.[136] By comparison, the total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6×1010 M☉[137]and 6.43×1010 M☉.[132] In addition to the stars, there is also interstellar gas, comprising 90% hydrogen and 10% helium by mass,[138] with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one-third as molecular hydrogen.[139] The mass of the Milky Way's interstellar gas is equal to between 10%[139] and 15%[138] of the total mass of its stars. Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1% of the total mass of the gas.[138]
In March 2019, astronomers reported that the virial mass of the Milky Way galaxy is 1.54 trillion solar masses within a radius of about 39.5 kpc (130,000 ly), over twice as much as was determined in earlier studies, and suggesting that about 90% of the mass of the galaxy is dark matter.[34][35]
Contents[edit]
The Milky Way contains between 100 and 400 billion stars[9][10] and at least that many planets.[140] An exact figure would depend on counting the number of very-low-mass stars, which are difficult to detect, especially at distances of more than 300 ly (90 pc) from the Sun. As a comparison, the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion (1012) stars.[141] The Milky Way may contain ten billion white dwarfs, a billion neutron stars, and a hundred million stellar black holes.[e][142][143] Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium. This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars,[144] whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light-years for the colder gas to thousands of light-years for warmer gas.[145][146]
The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars. Rather, the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way. For reasons that are not understood, beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 light years (13 kpc) from the center, the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius.[110] Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical galactic halo of stars and globular clusters that extends farther outward, but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly (55 kpc).[147] At this distance or beyond, the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds. Hence, such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way. The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around −20.9.[148][149][f]
Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way,[29][150] and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars.[151][152] The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system Kepler-32 by the Kepler space observatory.[30] A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth-sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way.[153] On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way.[154][155][156] 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars.[157] The nearest exoplanet may be 4.2 light-years away, orbiting the red dwarf Proxima Centauri, according to a 2016 study.[158] Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants,[29] though harder to detect at great distances given their small size. Besides exoplanets, "exocomets", comets beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way.[159] More recently, in November 2020, over 300 million habitable exoplanets are estimated to exist in the Milky Way Galaxy.[160]
Structure[edit]
The Milky Way consists of a bar-shaped core region surrounded by a warped disk of gas, dust and stars.[162][163] The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification, which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms.[5] Astronomers first began to conjecture that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy, rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy, in the 1960s.[164][165][166] These conjectures were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way's central bar to be larger than previously thought.[167]
Galactic Center[edit]
The Sun is 25,000–28,000 ly (7.7–8.6 kpc) from the Galactic Center. This value is estimated using geometric-based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles, with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range.[168][92][31][169][170][171]In the inner few kiloparsecs (around 10,000 light-years radius) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge.[172] It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies, and that instead it only has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar.[173] However, confusion in the literature between the (peanut shell)-shaped structure created by instabilities in the bar, versus a possible bulge with an expected half-light radius of 0.5 kpc, abounds.[174]
The Galactic Center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A* (pronounced Sagittarius A-star). The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A* harbors a massive, compact object.[175] This concentration of mass is best explained as a supermassive black hole[g][168][176](SMBH) with an estimated mass of 4.1–4.5 million times the mass of the Sun.[176] The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an inactive galactic nucleus, being estimated at 1×10−5 M☉ per year.[177] Observations indicate that there are SMBHs located near the center of most normal galaxies.[178][179]
The nature of the Milky Way's bar is actively debated, with estimates for its half-length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc (3,000–16,000 ly) and 10–50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center.[170][171][180] Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars, one nestled within the other.[181] However, RR Lyrae-type stars do not trace a prominent Galactic bar.[171][182][183] The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the "5 kpc ring" that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way, as well as most of the Milky Way's star formation activity. Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy, it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way.[184] X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar[177] and the Galactic ridge.[185]
Gamma rays and x-rays[edit]
Since 1970, various gamma-ray detection missions have discovered 511-keV gamma rays coming from the general direction of the Galactic Center. These gamma rays are produced by positrons (antielectrons) annihilating with electrons. In 2008 it was found that the distribution of the sources of the gamma rays resembles the distribution of low-mass X-ray binaries, seeming to indicate that these X-ray binaries are sending positrons (and electrons) into interstellar space where they slow down and annihilate.[186][187][188] The observations were both made by NASA and ESA's satellites. In 1970 gamma ray detectors found that the emitting region was about 10,000 light-years across with a luminosity of about 10,000 suns.[187]
In 2010, two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy gamma-emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core, using data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light-years (7.7 kpc) (or about 1/4 of the galaxy's estimated diameter); they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night-sky of the southern hemisphere.[189][190] Subsequently, observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles. These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly (200 pc) of the Milky Way.[191]
Later, on January 5, 2015, NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*.[161]
Spiral arms[edit]
Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bar, the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms.[192] Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation, as traced by H II regions[193][194] and molecular clouds.[195]
The Milky Way's spiral structure is uncertain, and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way's arms.[196] Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun,[194][197] because galaxies commonly have arms that branch, merge, twist unexpectedly, and feature a degree of irregularity.[171][197][198] The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm[194] emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique, and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way.[197] Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7° to 25°.[144][199] There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way Galaxy's center.[200] These are named as follows, with the positions of the arms shown in the image below:
| Color | Arm(s) |
|---|---|
| turquoise | Near 3 kpc Arm and Perseus Arm |
| blue | Norma and Outer arm (Along with extension discovered in 2004[201]) |
| green | Scutum–Centaurus Arm |
| red | Carina–Sagittarius Arm |
| There are at least two smaller arms or spurs, including: | |
| orange | Orion–Cygnus Arm (which contains the Sun and Solar System) |
.jpg)
Two spiral arms, the Scutum–Centaurus arm and the Carina–Sagittarius arm, have tangent points inside the Sun's orbit about the center of the Milky Way. If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk, it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point. Two surveys of near-infrared light, which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction, detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum–Centaurus arm but not in the Carina–Sagittarius arm: the Scutum–Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30% more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm.[199][202] This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms: the Perseus arm and the Scutum–Centaurus arm. The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars.[196] In December 2013, astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star-forming regions matches the four-arm spiral description of the Milky Way.[203][204][205] Thus, the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars. The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear.[205]
The Near 3 kpc Arm (also called the Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply the 3 kpc Arm) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 centimeter radio measurements of HI (atomic hydrogen).[206][207] It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km/s. It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center. The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame (Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian). It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc (about 10,000 ly) from the Galactic Center.[207][208]
A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy.[209]
It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns: an inner one, formed by the Sagittarius arm, that rotates fast and an outer one, formed by the Carina and Perseus arms, whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound. In this scenario, suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms, the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring,[210] and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm.[211]
Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring (or Outer Ring), a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago. However, several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way.[212] The structure of the Milky Way's disk is warped along an "S" curve.[213]
Halo[edit]
The Galactic disk is surrounded by a spheroidal halo of old stars and globular clusters, of which 90% lie within 100,000 light-years (30 kpc) of the Galactic Center.[214] However, a few globular clusters have been found farther, such as PAL 4 and AM 1 at more than 200,000 light-years from the Galactic Center. About 40% of the Milky Way's clusters are on retrograde orbits, which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation.[215] The globular clusters can follow rosette orbits about the Milky Way, in contrast to the elliptical orbit of a planet around a star.[216]
Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths, the halo component does not. Active star formation takes place in the disk (especially in the spiral arms, which represent areas of high density), but does not take place in the halo, as there is little cool gas to collapse into stars.[101] Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk.[217]
Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way's structure. With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) extends much farther than previously thought,[218] the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending farther is apparent, and this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the Cygnus Arm[201][219] and of a similar extension of the Scutum–Centaurus Arm.[220] With the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart. Similarly, with the discovery of the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy, it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk.[citation needed]
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure (spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models. The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way. The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way. This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light-years (9 kpc) away.[221]
Gaseous halo[edit]
In addition to the stellar halo, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, XMM-Newton, and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is a gaseous halo with a large amount of hot gas. The halo extends for hundreds of thousand of light-years, much farther than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself.[222][223][224] The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K (1.8 and 4.5 million °F).[225]
Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one-sixth as much baryonic (ordinary) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old. However, only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way.[226] If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed, it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way.[226]
Galactic rotation[edit]
.JPG)
The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially, meaning that the rotation period varies with location. As is typical for spiral galaxies, the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center. Away from the central bulge or outer rim, the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 ± 10 km/s (470,000 ± 22,000 mph).[229] Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled. This is unlike the situation within the Solar System, where two-body gravitational dynamics dominate, and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them. The rotation curve (shown in the figure) describes this rotation. Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low, whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation.[citation needed]
If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars, gas, and other baryonic (ordinary) matter, the rotational speed would decrease with distance from the center. However, the observed curve is relatively flat, indicating that there is additional mass that cannot be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation. This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter.[36] The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies, the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies. Alternatively, a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve.[230]
Formation[edit]
History[edit]
The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang 13.61 billion years ago.[231][232][233] Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed. Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies.[231] Nonetheless, these stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way. Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars, the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly. Due to conservation of angular momentum, this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk. Therefore, later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk. Most younger stars, including the Sun, are observed to be in the disk.[234][235]
Since the first stars began to form, the Milky Way has grown through both galaxy mergers (particularly early in the Milky Way's growth) and accretion of gas directly from the Galactic halo.[235] The Milky Way is currently accreting material from several small galaxies, including two of its largest satellite galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, through the Magellanic Stream. Direct accretion of gas is observed in high-velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud.[236][237] Cosmological simulations indicate that, 11 billion years ago, it merged with a particularly large galaxy that has been labeled the Kraken.[238][239]However, properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass, angular momentum, and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years. This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies; its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with relatively large galaxies.[240][241]
According to recent studies, the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the galaxy color–magnitude diagram is known as the "green valley", a region populated by galaxies in transition from the "blue cloud" (galaxies actively forming new stars) to the "red sequence" (galaxies that lack star formation). Star-formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star-forming gas in the interstellar medium. In simulated galaxies with similar properties, star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now, even accounting for the expected, short-term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy.[242] In fact, measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies.[243]
Age and cosmological history[edit]
Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way, which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way. The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long-lived radioactive elements such as thorium-232 and uranium-238, then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance, a technique called nucleocosmochronology. These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082-001[245] and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD +17° 3248.[246] Once a white dwarf is formed, it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops. By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature, an age estimate can be made. With this technique, the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years. Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years, and a 95% confidence upper limit of 16 billion years.[247]
In November 2018, astronomers reported the discovery of one of the oldest stars in the universe. About 13.5 billion-years-old, 2MASS J18082002-5104378 B is a tiny ultra metal-poor (UMP) star made almost entirely of materials released from the Big Bang, and is possibly one of the first stars. The discovery of the star in the Milky Way galaxy suggests that the galaxy may be at least 3 billion years older than previously thought.[248][249][250]
Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80-billion-year age of the Universe. In 2007, a star in the galactic halo, HE 1523-0901, was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old. As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time, this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way.[251] This estimate was made using the UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R-process. The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes, from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology.[251]Another star, HD 140283, is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old.[37][252]
According to observations utilizing adaptive optics to correct for Earth's atmospheric distortion, stars in the galaxy's bulge date to about 12.8 billion years old.[253]
The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology. Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago. These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk.[254] Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation, 10 to 8 billion years ago, when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before.[255]
The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed but seem to be the result of a break-up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light-years in diameter and 50,000 light-years wide.[256] Close encounters between galaxies, like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas, which, over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at an arbitrary angle to the main disc.[257]
Intergalactic neighbourhood[edit]
.png)
.png)
The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group, surrounded by a Local Void, itself being part of the Local Sheet[258] and in turn the Virgo Supercluster. Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids, devoid of many galaxies, the Microscopium Void to the "north", the Sculptor Void to the "left", the Boƶtes Void to the "right" and the Canes-Major Void to the "south". These voids change shape over time, creating filamentous structures of galaxies. The Virgo Supercluster, for instance, is being drawn towards the Great Attractor,[259]which in turn forms part of a greater structure, called Laniakea.[260]
Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way. The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 32,200 light-years.[261] It has a close companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud. The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100° of the sky. The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way.[262] Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf (the closest), Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, and Leo I Dwarf. The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light-years in diameter. These include Carina Dwarf, Draco Dwarf, and Leo II Dwarf. There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way, which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015.[263] There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way, such as the progenitor of Omega Centauri.[264]
In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction.[265] This came as a surprise: according to standard cosmology, the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos, and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions. This discrepancy is still not fully explained.[266]
In January 2006, researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way, causing vibrations when they pass through its edges. Previously, these two galaxies, at around 2% of the mass of the Milky Way, were considered too small to influence the Milky Way. However, in a computer model, the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way.[267]
Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km/s (220,000 to 310,000 mph). In 4.3 billion years, there may be an Andromeda–Milky Way collision, depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies' relative motion. If they collide, the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low,[268] but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy[269] over the course of about six billion years.[270]
Velocity[edit]
Although special relativity states that there is no "preferred" inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way, the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference.
One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow, the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space. Individual galaxies, including the Milky Way, have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow. Thus, to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow, one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local, random motions. A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow. Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km/s (1,400,000 mph) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference.[271][272] The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters, including the Shapley Supercluster, behind it.[273] The Local Group (a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing, among others, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster, centered near the Virgo Cluster: although they are moving away from each other at 967 km/s (2,160,000 mph) as part of the Hubble flow, this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster.[274]
Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background (CMB), in which the CMB temperature is least distorted by Doppler shift (zero dipole moment). The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km/s (1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph)[16] with respect to this frame, toward 10.5 right ascension, −24° declination (J2000 epoch, near the center of Hydra). This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) as a dipole contribution to the CMB, as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue-shifted in the direction of the motion and red-shifted in the opposite direction.[16]
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Karen A. Placek, aka Karen Placek, K.A.P., KAP
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You searched for
"LOVE" in the KJV Bible
DID YOU MEAN?
281 RESULTS - PAGE 1 OF 10 - SORT BY BOOK ORDER - FEEDBACK
- Luke 6:32chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For if ye love them which love you, what thank have ye? for sinners also love those that love them.
- 1 John 4:18chapter context similar meaning copy save
- There is no fear in love; but perfect love casteth out fear: because fear hath torment. He that feareth is not made perfect in love.
- Hosea 3:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Then said the LORD unto me, Go yet, love a woman beloved of her friend, yet an adulteress, according to the love of the LORD toward the children of Israel, who look to other gods, and love flagons of wine.
- 1 Thessalonians 4:9chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But as touching brotherly love ye need not that I write unto you: for ye yourselves are taught of God to love one another.
- 2 Samuel 1:26chapter context similar meaning copy save
- I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan: very pleasant hast thou been unto me: thy love to me was wonderful, passing the love of women.
- Titus 2:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- That they may teach the young women to be sober, to love their husbands, to lovetheir children,
- 1 John 5:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- By this we know that we love the children of God, when we love God, and keep his commandments.
- 1 John 4:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- No man hath seen God at any time. If we love one another, God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfected in us.
- Matthew 5:46chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For if ye love them which love you, what reward have ye? do not even the publicans the same?
- Romans 13:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Love worketh no ill to his neighbour: therefore love is the fulfilling of the law.
- Proverbs 8:17chapter context similar meaning copy save
- I love them that love me; and those that seek me early shall find me.
- 1 John 2:15chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man love the world, the love of the Father is not in him.
- Mark 12:38chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And he said unto them in his doctrine, Beware of the scribes, which love to go in long clothing, and love salutations in the marketplaces,
- John 15:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- If ye keep my commandments, ye shall abide in my love; even as I have kept my Father's commandments, and abide in his love.
- 1 John 4:16chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And we have known and believed the love that God hath to us. God is love; and he that dwelleth in love dwelleth in God, and God in him.
- 1 Peter 1:22chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Seeing ye have purified your souls in obeying the truth through the Spirit unto unfeigned love of the brethren, see that ye love one another with a pure heart fervently:
- Song of Solomon 8:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Many waters cannot quench love, neither can the floods drown it: if a man would give all the substance of his house for love, it would utterly be contemned.
- Song of Solomon 4:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- How fair is thy love, my sister, my spouse! how much better is thy love than wine! and the smell of thine ointments than all spices!
- 1 John 4:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Beloved, let us love one another: for love is of God; and every one that loveth is born of God, and knoweth God.
- Song of Solomon 1:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Draw me, we will run after thee: the king hath brought me into his chambers: we will be glad and rejoice in thee, we will remember thy love more than wine: the upright love thee.
- John 13:34chapter context similar meaning copy save
- A new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another.
- John 14:23chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Jesus answered and said unto him, If a man love me, he will keep my words: and my Father will love him, and we will come unto him, and make our abode with him.
- 1 John 4:20chapter context similar meaning copy save
- If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar: for he that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, how can he love God whom he hath not seen?
- Mark 12:33chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And to love him with all the heart, and with all the understanding, and with all the soul, and with all the strength, and to love his neighbour as himself, is more than all whole burnt offerings and sacrifices.
- John 14:15chapter context similar meaning copy save
- If ye love me, keep my commandments.
- Hebrews 13:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Let brotherly love continue.
- 1 John 4:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- We love him, because he first loved us.
- Proverbs 27:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Open rebuke is better than secret love.
- 2 Corinthians 11:11chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Wherefore? because I love you not? God knoweth.
- Psalms 119:113chapter context similar meaning copy save
- SAMECH. I hate vain thoughts: but thy law do I love.
You searched for
"LEND" in the KJV Bible
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- Luke 6:34chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And if ye lend to them of whom ye hope to receive, what thank have ye? for sinners also lend to sinners, to receive as much again.
- Deuteronomy 28:44chapter context similar meaning copy save
- He shall lend to thee, and thou shalt not lend to him: he shall be the head, and thou shalt be the tail.
- Deuteronomy 23:20chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Unto a stranger thou mayest lend upon usury; but unto thy brother thou shalt not lend upon usury: that the LORD thy God may bless thee in all that thou settest thine hand to in the land whither thou goest to possess it.
- Leviticus 25:37chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase.
- Deuteronomy 24:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- When thou dost lend thy brother any thing, thou shalt not go into his house to fetch his pledge.
- Deuteronomy 15:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But thou shalt open thine hand wide unto him, and shalt surely lend him sufficient for his need, in that which he wanteth.
- Deuteronomy 24:11chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Thou shalt stand abroad, and the man to whom thou dost lend shall bring out the pledge abroad unto thee.
- Deuteronomy 23:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Thou shalt not lend upon usury to thy brother; usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of any thing that is lent upon usury:
- Exodus 22:25chapter context similar meaning copy save
- If thou lend money to any of my people that is poor by thee, thou shalt not be to him as an usurer, neither shalt thou lay upon him usury.
- Luke 11:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And he said unto them, Which of you shall have a friend, and shall go unto him at midnight, and say unto him, Friend, lend me three loaves;
- Luke 6:35chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But love ye your enemies, and do good, and lend, hoping for nothing again; and your reward shall be great, and ye shall be the children of the Highest: for he is kind unto the unthankful and to the evil.
- Deuteronomy 28:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The LORD shall open unto thee his good treasure, the heaven to give the rain unto thy land in his season, and to bless all the work of thine hand: and thou shalt lendunto many nations, and thou shalt not borrow.
- Deuteronomy 15:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For the LORD thy God blesseth thee, as he promised thee: and thou shalt lend unto many nations, but thou shalt not borrow; and thou shalt reign over many nations, but they shall not reign over thee.
PetSmart
 | |
 PetSmart location in Modesto, California | |
| Formerly | PetFood Warehouse, PETsMART |
|---|---|
| Company type | Private |
| Industry | Retail |
| Founded | August 14, 1986in Phoenix, Arizona |
| Founder | Jim Dougherty |
| Headquarters | , United States |
Number of locations | 1,600+ (2020)[1] |
Area served | United States Canada |
Key people | Ken C. Hicks (CEO) |
| Products | Pet food, pet supplies |
| Services | Grooming, training, PetsHotel, Doggie Day Camp |
| Revenue |  $7 billion (2020)[2] |
| Owner | BC Partners Apollo Global Management |
Number of employees | 56,000 (2020)[3] |
| Divisions | PetSmart Charities |
| Website | www |
PetSmart Inc. is a privately held American chain of pet superstores, which sell pet products, services, and small pets. As of 2020, PetSmart has more than 1,650 stores in the United States and Canada.[1] PetSmart stores sell pet food, pet supplies, pet accessories, and small pets. Stores also provide services including grooming, dog daycare, dog and cat boarding, veterinary care via in-store third-party clinics, and dog training. They also offer dog and cat adoption via in-store adoption centers facilitated by the non-profit PetSmart Charities.
Founded in 1986 by Jim and Janice Dougherty, the company opened its first two stores in 1987 in Phoenix, Arizona, under the name PetFood Warehouse, as warehouse-type stores that sold pet food in bulk at discount prices. Under new leadership the company changed its name to Pet Smart in 1989 and, along with expanding around the country, began a long-term shift away from visually unappealing discount warehouse stores to attractive stores that sold pet food and supplies and offered services such as grooming, adoption events, and vet visits. The company went public via an IPO in 1993, and thereafter increased its nationwide expansion and the types of goods and services it offered.
After opening nearly 300 stores in the United States, in 1996, the company expanded to Canada. Around the same time, it also bought and renamed a pet-store chain in the UK, but the over-priced purchase was a failure financially and operationally, and PETsMART sold the UK chain at a substantial loss to rival UK pet-store Pets at Home, in late 1999. The failed UK expansion brought a loss in profitability and a low point for PETsMART stock in 2000. The company's third CEO, Phil Francis, re-tooled the company by emphasizing employee training and customer service, overhauling operations and systems, redesigning stores for visual appeal, and marketing PETsMART as a one-stop shop for pet products and services. By 2002, the company had fully integrated its in-store, online, and catalog sales. Francis also led the opening of an average of 100 new stores per year from 2002 through 2009.
In 2005, the company changed its name to PetSmart and refocused its branding on "pet parents" who considered their pets part of their families. Differentiating itself by emphasizing its channel-exclusive brands and its in-store services such as grooming, dog training, day care and boarding, veterinary care, and adoption centers, the company nonetheless experienced encroaching competition from big-box stores and online e-tailers. The company was acquired by a private equity consortium led by BC Partners in March 2015. In May 2017 PetSmart purchased the online pet-products e-tailer Chewy as a largely independent subsidiary. Chewy went public in an IPO in June 2019; As of March 2021, PetSmart no longer owns Chewy and they are independently operated companies.
Company history
[edit]Founding and expansion 1986–1993
[edit]PetSmart is originally started as Pet Food Warehouse in 1986. The initial two stores opened their doors in 1987 in Phoenix. Jim and Janice Dougherty conceived the idea of a chain of discount pet-food warehouses, and, with the initial financial backing of Phillips-Van Heusen Corporation, incorporated under the name Pacific Coast Distributing in 1986.[4][5][6] In 1987 they opened their first two superstores, in the Phoenix, Arizona, area, under the name PetFood Warehouse, offering pet food in large quantities for low prices, a new concept at the time.[7][8][4][9] The stores welcomed customers and their pets, which was a first for the retail industry.[4] In 1988 they opened five additional stores in Arizona, Colorado, and Texas,[10] and PetFood Warehouse stores began working with local animal welfare groups to hold fundraising and pet adoption events.[citation needed]
By 1989 PetSmart (name changed from Petfood Warehouse in 1988) continued to grow and began the search for new investors. The company also hired retail veteran Samuel J. Parker as president and CEO. Jim Dougherty retired from PetSmart in January, 1991; thereafter he was retained on a consulting basis with the company. Janice Dougherty retired in 1992. Under Parker's direction, that year the company added pet grooming services in some stores,[6] and departments for birds, fish, and small pets were added.[11] In 1990 mobile vet clinics were brought to stores to administer vaccinations.[6] Parker also redesigned stores to be more inviting, covering cement floors with tiles, widening and brightening aisles, and adding pet accessories and supplies.[12][5]
Parker also led expansion into new markets in the southwest and California, and in 1992 PETsMART opened its 50th store and registered a profit for the first time.[11][5] In-house grooming centers, veterinary clinics, and pet adoption centers began to be included in stores to create one-stop pet stores for services and supplies,[13][11][10] and in 1992 PETsMART introduced its own private-label premium and value brands of cat and dog foods.[13] In-store obedience training was offered.[14] In 1993 Parker was elected Chairman of the company in addition to being President and CEO.[15]
IPO, new services and expansion 1993–1998
[edit]In July 1993, the company went public on the NASDAQ under the ticker "PETM".[14][12] The infusion of capital allowed CEO Parker to expand aggressively across the country, and also to acquire regional and competing companies, in an effort to become the national leader in pet stores in an increasingly competitive market.[10][6][12][16] Its 100th store was opened in 1994.[4]
In 1994, PETsMART Charities, Inc. – now PetSmart Charities – was formed, an independent nonprofit organization to help save the lives of homeless pets by partnering with animal shelters.[17][11] PETsMART had decided not to sell dogs and cats because of the hundreds of thousands of animals that are euthanized each year.[18] Instead, via PetSmart Charities it donates space inside its stores to local humane societies and animal shelters for them to display homeless animals that customers can adopt.[18] PetSmart Charities also offers grant funding and donations to animal-welfare programs and organizations.[17] As of 2020, the organization had facilitated the adoption of more than 9 million dogs and cats.[19]
Also in 1994, PETsMART signed a deal with Banfield Pet Hospital clinics to include their veterinary clinics, initially called VetSmart, in PETsMART stores.[20][6] PetSmart received rent and a share of the profits from the clinics, and had a 20% ownership of Banfield.[20][6][21] By 1996 each new PETsMART store included a clinic,[10] and by 1997 there were vet clinics in 213 North American stores.[13]
PETsMART entered the mail-order catalog business in April 1995,[22] and by 1996 had acquired the leading pet-products catalog business in North America and a major equine products catalog business.[6][13][10] PETsMART Direct, which encompassed several catalogs, was formed in October 1996.[22][15][18][23]
In 1996, the company opened its first eight Canadian stores,[6] and spread to the UK by acquiring and renaming Pet City, the UK's largest pet-products chain which had 50 stores at the time.[6][24][25] Petsmart.com was initiated as an information website.[13] By end of year PETsMART had 320 stores.[13]
Parker had retired as CEO in 1995, naming Mark Hansen as his successor CEO while Parker remained on as chairman.[10][26][15]Years of rapid expansion eventually exacerbated the company's lack of an adequate inventory infrastructure, resulting in heavy losses being reported in early 1997.[27][28] Hansen resigned that year and Parker was brought back in to revive the company as chairman and CEO.[15][26][10] He initiated a series of "Back to Basics" initiatives to get the company on track,[15] and after it returned to profitability[18] he resigned again in March 1998, whereupon board member Phil Francis became president and CEO.[26][15][6]
New leadership begins 1998–2000
[edit]New CEO Francis, a supermarket-chain veteran,[27] emphasized employee training and customer service,[10] and smaller stores with improved and more attractive design.[6] He led PETsMART to increasingly leave behind the warehouse concept in favor of shopper experience, eventually focusing on providing shoppers with a combination of attractive prices, variety, customer service, in-store experience, and ancillary services.[6] He also implemented major efficiencies and cost cuts in payroll, inventory, distribution, supply chain, and purchasing.[27][6]
In 1998 PETsMART opened its 500th store, and by year's end had 423 stores in the U.S., 93 stores in the UK, and 18 in Canada.[13]
Under Francis's direction, in 1999 the company launched an ad campaign promoting PETsMART as a one-stop shop for pet products and services.[6] Medical Management International (MMI), the holding company of Banfield Pet Hospitals, managed all vet clinics in company stores by 1999, and PETsMART acquired a 36% stake in MMI.[13] Eventually, in 2007 PetSmart sold off part of its stake in Banfield/MMI[29] and divested the rest of the stake in 2015,[30] and in 2018 the company began recruiting independent veterinary operators to house clinics inside its stores which did not yet have one.[31][32][33][34]
Also in 1999, to compete with Pets.com, via a joint venture with Idealab the website Petsmart.com became an e-commerce site and a subsidiary of PETsMART.[35][27][10][36][37] In 2000 PETsMART increased its 49.9% stake[18] in Petsmart.com to 81%,[38][39] and in January 2002 acquired the site outright for an additional $9.5 million.[40][41] It fully integrated its online operations and marketing with its existing brick-and-mortar business and with its direct-marketing catalog business.[40][37][16] In December 2000 it had also acquired the domain name Pets.com from the newly defunct e-tailer, and redirected all of its web traffic to Petsmart.com.[36][42]
The 1996 overpriced acquisition of the British chain store Pet City and its transformation into PETsMART UK had proved disastrous financially and operationally,[43][10] and in late 1999 PETsMART sold its acquisition back to a different UK pet retailer, Pets at Home, at a substantial loss.[44][45][10]
Rejuvenation and North American growth 2000–2005
[edit]Although sales went up by over 5% in 2000, the company recorded a $31 million loss for the year,[40] and in mid 2000 its stock price hit an all-time low.[46][13][6][47] In an attempt to bolster growth, the company adopted a new vision statement, "to provide Total Lifetime Care for every pet, every parent, every time."[48][46][49] PETsMART began remodeling all of its stores, creating a new store format that was warmer and friendlier and organized by pet type, and adding emphasis on in-store customer service;[13][18][46][16] by the end of 2003, all stores had the new format.[6] In 2000 the company also re-prioritized and expanded its in-store services such as dog training and grooming.[48][46][13] It also acquired the pet boarding company PetsHotels Plus;[47][13] afterwards, two in-store PETsMART PetsHotels were tested in 2002 in Phoenix.[6] By the end of 2008 over 100 stores had PetsHotels offering daycare for dogs and boarding for dogs and cats,[50][11] and by 2020 there were eight stand-alone PetsHotels and hotels in 207 stores.[34]
In 2001, the company laid out a three-year plan to expand in-store services and products and provide high-quality customer service,[40] and began an extensive training program for its employees, to help them identify customers' needs and provide solutions.[48] In line with its new vision statement, a new ad campaign debuted, "All You Need for the Life of Your Pet".[6]
By early 2002, PETsMART's stock had recovered, more than quadrupling from its low in mid 2000.[16] By the end of 2002 there were Banfield Pet Hospitals in more than half of its 583 stores,[13] PETsMART had eight distribution centers around the country,[13] and the company embarked on a major new expansion opening an average of 100 new stores annually between 2002 and 2009.[6][40]
In 2004, the company launched its PetPerks loyalty card program, which offered promotional discounts and customization to shoppers, allowing PETsMART to also individually promote services or products a given customer had not yet used and to determine the effectiveness of each promotion and the strongest customer brand loyalties.[13][6][47] The company also tested its new concept, Doggie Day Camp daycare for dogs, in a store in Pasadena.[51]
Rename and rebranding 2005–2013
[edit]In 2005, PETsMART rebranded itself PetSmart and embraced a new concept and image which focused on "pet parents" and the trend of humanizing pets.[47][52][53] It introduced a major television ad campaign appealing to pet owners who treated their pets as children or considered them family members.[52][54] The rebranding emphasized the company's focus on being a petcare company which provided services as well as numerous specialty products rather than simply being a big-box discount mart.[52][51][47][13] A new store format, including revamped signage and displays, easier navigation, and in-store pet training centers, accompanied the change in focus.[40][51][13] PetSmart tightened its focus further in 2007 by exiting its equine business.[55]
By 2008 PetSmart had 1000 stores in the U.S. and Canada.[40]
By the mid to late 2000s PetSmart was beginning to experience significant competition from Amazon,[56][57][58][59] Walmart,[60][61] and Target;[61][57][60] Walmart had entered heavily into the pet supplies market and was also beginning to offer services such as grooming.[53][62][63] The company's direct competitor is Petco, a nationwide big-box pet supplies retailer that was sold to private equity owners in 2006.[61][64]
In June 2009, Bob Moran, President and Chief Operating Officer of PetSmart, became CEO, succeeding Francis, who became executive chairman of the board until 2012.[65][66] Moran's vision was to slow the opening of new stores, and to focus instead on improving store productivity by pursuing the company's differentiation strategy, and on reaching its target market and improving its customer focus, especially regarding the humanization of animals.[6][62]
In 2010 PetSmart began to launch a series of exclusive products based on partnerships with high-profile entities like GNC and Martha Stewart, leading to the GNC Pets and Martha Stewart Pets lines.[67][68] These were followed by other exclusive product partnerships, including with Bret Michaels, Toys "R" Us, Marvel Comics, and Tommy Bahama[62][69] and in 2017 with Ellen DeGeneres.[70]
In a planned management succession, after four years at the helm of the company, Moran retired as CEO in June 2013 and was replaced by then President and COO David K. Lenhardt.[71][72]
Private equity ownership 2014 to present
[edit]Although it continued to differentiate itself by stressing and broadening its in-store services such as boarding, grooming, dog training, and veterinary care,[56][8] by 2014, with the increasing competition from online e-tailers PetSmart's profits began to slide, prompting activist investors to call for a buy-out of the company beginning in mid 2014.[73][74][75]
The winner in the bidding war was a consortium of private equity investors led by BC Partners,[76][77][78] which completed a leveraged buyout of PetSmart for $8.7 billion in March 2015.[75][79][80] The company ceased trading on the NASDAQ, and Lenhardt stepped down as CEO, replaced by Michael Massey, formerly CEO of Payless ShoeSource's parent Collective Brands.[79][81][82][83]
Massey and BC Partners replaced seven senior PetSmart managers and a significant portion of VP-level employees, and reorganized the company for quick decision-making.[78] Massey strategically shifted pricing, recalculated inventory shipping, reduced expenses, improved profit margins, and created a 30-person sourcing team in Asia for PetSmart's hard goods.[78]
This overhaul led to an initial increase in profitability,[78] followed by declining sales in PetSmart's brick-and-mortar stores due to online competition.[84][85] To combat this PetSmart purchased the still-unprofitable yet popular pet e-commerce site Chewy as a largely independent subsidiary in May 2017 for $3.35 billion.[86][84][87][88][89] Added to its debt acquired from its 2015 leveraged buyout, this brought PetSmart's total debt load to $8 billion,[84][74][90] which reached $8.6 billion as of February 2019.[91]
PetSmart CEO Massey abruptly resigned in August 2017; pending a replacement Raymond Svider, managing partner at BC Partners, served as executive chairman and oversaw the company with its senior leadership team.[92][93] In May 2018 J.K. Symancyk, previously CEO of Academy Sports + Outdoors, was appointed the new CEO.[94] In June 2018, PetSmart transferred a 20% stake in Chewy to its BC Partners–led parent holding company, and also transferred a 16.5% holding in Chewy to a wholly owned "unrestricted subsidiary" of PetSmart;[84][95][96][97][98] these transactions kept a substantial portion of Chewy out of reach of PetSmart's creditors.[84][96][97]
Chewy went public in an IPO in June 2019.[99][100][101] PetSmart used the proceeds of the IPO to pay down some of its debt.[34]Chewy temporarily remained an independent subsidiary of PetSmart, with PetSmart as its majority owner.[101][100] In late 2020, it was announced that Chewy and PetSmart would split to operate as separate companies.[102]
Leadership
[edit]Since 1989 the CEOs of the company have been:
- Samuel J. Parker (1989–1995)[26]
- Mark Hansen (1995–1997)[103][104][105]
- Samuel J. Parker (interim; 1997–1998)[26]
- Phil Francis (1998–2009)[15][65]
- Bob Moran (2009–2013)[103][65][72]
- David Lenhardt (2013–2015)[72][83]
- Michael J. Massey (2015–2017)[83][92]
- J.K. Symancyk (2018–2024)[106]
- Ken C. Hicks (2024-Present)[107]
Controversies
[edit]In January 2016, PETA released details of an investigation of Holmes Farm, a major supplier of live animals to Petsmart, Petco and Pet Supplies Plus, which highlighted abusive conditions at what is described as a complex of "filthy, windowless warehouses." Small animals such as rabbits, hamsters, rats, mice and gerbils were confined to overcrowded bins and often drank from contaminated water bowls or had no water altogether. Cats, who freely roamed around the facilities, regularly jumped in and out of bins and preyed on the animals within them. PETA's investigators reported that, during their observations, injured animals never received veterinary care, but instead were piled by the dozens in "feces-smeared coolers" and then gassed to death with carbon monoxide; others were put into ziplock bags and frozen to death. Over the span of roughly three months, PETA’s investigator found hundreds of dead animals at the complex, often in habitats which contained no drinking water.[108][109] In May 2016, PetSmart ceased utilizing the rodent dealer Holmes Farm, Inc. in Barto, Pennsylvania, after the dealer was cited for multiple infractions by the U.S. Department of Agriculture during an inspection.[110] The USDA inspection of the rodent dealer had followed the undercover investigation launched in late 2015 by the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA).[110][111]
In February 2016, another PETA investigation discovered rampant abuse and neglect at Mack, an Ohio reptile mill and a supplier for Petsmart, including, among other things, frogs, lizards, turtles and other animals being "crammed into filthy, crowded plastic bins stacked into shelving units like old bank statements. Living beings deprived of water for days or even weeks. Sick and injured animals denied veterinary care. Emaciated, severely dehydrated animals desperate for water. Animals cruelly killed by being gassed or frozen to death." The investigation did not find any abuse from PetSmart employees. The company released a statement saying “We are reviewing the matter internally, and if we find that our standards have not been met, we will take appropriate action immediately."[112][113]
An undercover operation by a PETA employee who got jobs at three PetSmart stores in Arizona,[114] Florida,[115] and Tennessee[114]led to a raid of a PetSmart store in Nashville by authorities in March 2018.[116][117] Six sick or injured small animals – a guinea pig, mice, and hamsters[118] – were confiscated from the store and sent to a veterinary hospital after video and photos were presented by the PETA operative.[116][118] Three employees of the Nashville store – the store manager, assistant store manager, and customer engagement manager – pleaded guilty to animal cruelty in June 2018 and were sentenced to 20 hours of community service and ordered to pay the veterinary bills for the animals seized by Nashville animal care and control authorities.[119] In June 2018 PetSmart filed suit against the undercover employee, on the grounds that she failed to disclose on her job application that she was a paid PETA operative, took secret surveillance videos and photos, and withheld medical care from the animals in question, instead filming them to produce an exposĆ©.[120][121][122] In May 2019 PetSmart added PETA to the lawsuit as a defendant, describing it as a "militant, activist organization" that has "a long history of conducting unlawful, covert operations and infiltrations to eradicate pet ownership".[120][needs update]
In September 2018 NJ Advance Media published the results of a nine-month investigation documenting 47 cases across 14 states since 2008 in which families said their dog had died during or shortly after a grooming visit to PetSmart.[123][124][125][126] Thirty-two of the cases occurred after the start of 2015, the year the private-equity buyout of the company was finalized.[123] In PetSmart's response it said "We reviewed the list of pet names that NJ Advance Media provided, and any assertion that there is a systemic problem is false and fabricated."[127]
In 2021 and 2022 reports published by Vice Media, United for Respect, and World Animal Protection found that since the company was acquired by private equity firm BC Partners in a 2014 leveraged buyout, cost cutting has resulted in unsafe working conditions, inadequate training, understaffing, lack of supplies, consolidation of jobs, and increased animal deaths at multiple PetSmart stores, with freezers overfilled with dead animals. Former employees have reported that PetSmart managers would ask them to take dead animals with them after their shift to dispose of them off the clock.[128][129][130][131]
In July 2025, PetSmart was sued by Colorado Attorney General Phil Weiser, with the lawsuit alleging that the company tricked prospective dog groomers into signing training repayment agreement provision contracts (or TRAPs), "that required them to stay with the company for years or risk paying thousands of dollars."[132]
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- ^ a b c d e DiNapoli, Jessica; Brumpton, Harry. "PetSmart taps advisers to trim $8 billion debt pile: sources". Reuters. June 6, 2018.
- ^ Gottfried, Miriam. "How PetSmart Swallowed Chewy—and Proved the Doubters Wrong". Wall Street Journal. October 1, 2019 .
- ^ "PetSmart Completes Acquisition of Chewy". Business Wire. May 31, 2017.
- ^ Totten, Steven. "This is how PetSmart was able to acquire Chewy". Phoenix Business Journal. May 19, 2017.
- ^ "PetSmart Enters Agreement to Acquire Chewy". Pet Product News. April 18, 2017.
- ^ Rocco, Matthew. "PetSmart’s Chewy files for IPO". Financial Times. April 29, 2019.
- ^ Safdar, Khadeeja; Gottfried, Miriam. "PetSmart vs. Petco: A Dogfight That Neither One Is Winning". Wall Street Journal. February 20, 2019.
- ^ Syed, Sarah; Porter, Kiel. "An $8.7 Billion Burden Casts Doubt Over BC Partners Newest Fund". Bloomberg News. May 1, 2019.
- ^ a b Wilson, Marianne. "PetSmart CEO resigns". Chain Store Age. August 11, 2017.
- ^ Ronalds-Hannon, Eliza; Robinson, Phoebe. "PetSmart Lenders Are Worried About a Chewy.com Spinoff". Bloomberg News. December 7, 2017.
- ^ Biswas, Soma. "PetSmart Names New CEO as Retailer Grapples With Retail Disruption". Wall Street Journal. May 22, 2018.
- ^ Biswas, Soma. "PetSmart Sues Citibank in Escalating Battle With Lenders". Wall Street Journal. June 28, 2018.
- ^ a b Scigliuzzo, Davide. "Chewy worries don't dent PetSmart bond rally". IFR Extra. June 4, 2018.
- ^ a b Scaggs, Alexandra. "PetSmart gives shares of its growth engine to PE sponsor". Financial Times. June 5, 2018.
- ^ Biswas, Soma. "PetSmart Spinning Off Stake in Chewy.com to Private-Equity Owner". Wall Street Journal. June 5, 2018.
- ^ Franklin, Joshua. "PetSmart's Chewy gets Wall Street tails wagging with $1 billion IPO". Reuters. June 13, 2019.
- ^ a b Hirsch, Lauren; Picker, Leslie. "Chewy.com, PetSmart’s online business, prices IPO at $22 a share, above expected range". CNBC. June 13, 2019.
- ^ a b Pounds, Marcia Heroux; Hurtibise, Ron. "Chewy.com’s stock soars in initial public offering". Sun-Sentinel. June 14, 2019.
- ^ "Reports: Chewy, PetSmart Split to Operate as Separate Entities". Pet Age. October 28, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
- ^ a b Hogan, Gypsy. "Fleming Picks New Leader Exec Bringing Ups, Downs, Unknowns". The Oklahoman. December 6, 1998.
- ^ PETsMART, Inc. "From DEF 14A - Other definitive proxy statements". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. May 16, 1997.
- ^ Gonderinger, Lisa. "PetSmart puts $25M account review on hold". Phoenix Business Journal. July 27, 1997.
- ^ Acosta, Gina. "Former Walmart exec becomes CEO at PetSmart". Retail Leader. May 21, 2018.
- ^ "PetSmart Names Ken Hicks as Chief Executive Officer" (Press release).
- ^ Animals Frozen Alive, Crudely Gassed at Petco, PetSmart Supplier Mill. PETA, January 19, 2016.
- ^ Lobrutto, Christina (January 21, 2016). "PETA video shows alleged animal abuse at Petco, PetSmart supplier mill in Pa". PhillyVoice. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
- ^ a b "PetSmart cuts ties with rodent dealer under federal abuse probe". WWL-TV. May 26, 2016.
- ^ Wiles, Russ. "USDA uncovers abuse at rodent supplier that PETA claims is used by PetSmart". USA Today. May 24, 2016.
- ^ Reptiles Suffer, Left to Die at Another Massive PetSmart Supplier Mill. PETA, February 29, 2016.
- ^ Wiles, Russ (February 29, 2016). "PETA claims reptile abuse by PetSmart supplier in Ohio". Retrieved February 14, 2016.
- ^ a b "PETA ExposƩ Reveals Suffering At PetSmart, Including Peoria Store". Arizona Daily Independent. March 29, 2018.
- ^ White, D'Ann Lawrence. "Brandon PetSmart Under Fire As Tampa Store Cleared In Dog's Death". Patch. May 9, 2018.
- ^ a b Alund, Natalie Neysa. "Nashville PetSmart raided, sick animals confiscated after videos, photos surface". USA Today. March 29, 2018.
- ^ Arradondo, Briona; Apel, Kara. "6 animals seized after raid at Bellevue PetSmart". WSMV. March 29, 2018.
- ^ a b Gibson, Kate. "PetSmart raid could lead to animal abuse charges". CBS News. March 30, 2018.
- ^ Lind, J.R. "Bellevue PetSmart Employees Plead Guilty To Animal Cruelty". Patch. June 28, 2018.
- ^ a b "PetSmart Adds PETA to ‘Smear Campaign’ Lawsuit". Pet Product News. May 14, 2019.
- ^ WTVF. "PetSmart suing PETA activist over undercover stings". KNXV-TV. June 26, 2018.
- ^ Ludwig, Hayden. "Taking PETA Radicals to Court". Capital Research Center. February 13, 2019.
- ^ a b Nieto-MuƱoz, Sophie; Napoliello, Alex. "Groomed then Gone". NJ Advance Media. NJ.com. September 20, 2018.
- ^ "Dogs are dying after groomings at PetSmart and families are left wondering why". The Oregonian. September 20, 2018.
- ^ "2019 NJ SPJ Signature Awards". New Jersey Chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists. June 2019.
- ^ Peterson, Pia. "O.M.G. Look at That Dog!". New York Times. October 20, 2018.
- ^ "PetSmart Response".[dead link] NJ.com. September 2018.
- ^ Gurley, Lauren Kaori (March 9, 2022). "Some Understaffed PetSmarts Are Dealing With Freezers Overflowing With Dead Pets". Vice. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
- ^ Mishler, Jennifer (March 11, 2022). "Dead Animals Are Piling Up in PetSmart's Freezers". Sentient Media. Retrieved March 14,2022.
- ^ "Greed Unleashed: PetSmart, BC Partners, and what happens when private equity preys on workers and pets" (PDF). United for Respect. September 2021.
- ^ Holtz, Liz Cabrera (March 9, 2022). "PetSmart's Unsafe Working Conditions Are Killing Animals". World Animal Protection. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
- ^ Garrison, Robert (July 29, 2025). "Colorado AG sues PetSmart for allegedly deceiving dog groomers". Denver 7 Colorado News (KMGH). Archived from the original on August 15, 2025. Retrieved September 17, 2025.
External links
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| United States | |
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| Germany | |
| Elsewhere |
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- Retail companies of the United States
- Companies based in Phoenix, Arizona
- Pets in the United States
- American companies established in 1986
- Retail companies established in 1986
- Pet stores
- 1986 establishments in Arizona
- 2015 mergers and acquisitions
- Private equity portfolio companies
- Companies formerly listed on the Nasdaq
- 1993 initial public offerings
You searched for
"WATCH" in the KJV Bible
57 RESULTS - PAGE 1 OF 2 - SORT BY BOOK ORDER - FEEDBACK
- Luke 12:38chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And if he shall come in the second watch, or come in the third watch, and find them so, blessed are those servants.
- Habakkuk 2:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- I will stand upon my watch, and set me upon the tower, and will watch to see what he will say unto me, and what I shall answer when I am reproved.
- Judges 7:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- So Gideon, and the hundred men that were with him, came unto the outside of the camp in the beginning of the middle watch; and they had but newly set the watch: and they blew the trumpets, and brake the pitchers that were in their hands.
- Psalms 130:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- My soul waiteth for the Lord more than they that watch for the morning: I say, more than they that watch for the morning.
- Job 7:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Am I a sea, or a whale, that thou settest a watch over me?
- Psalms 102:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- I watch, and am as a sparrow alone upon the house top.
- Colossians 4:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Continue in prayer, and watch in the same with thanksgiving;
- Psalms 141:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Set a watch, O LORD, before my mouth; keep the door of my lips.
- 1 Corinthians 16:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Watch ye, stand fast in the faith, quit you like men, be strong.
- Matthew 24:42chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Watch therefore: for ye know not what hour your Lord doth come.
- Matthew 27:65chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Pilate said unto them, Ye have a watch: go your way, make it as sure as ye can.
- Mark 13:33chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Take ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is.
- 1 Peter 4:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But the end of all things is at hand: be ye therefore sober, and watch unto prayer.
- Psalms 90:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For a thousand years in thy sight are but as yesterday when it is past, and as a watch in the night.
- 2 Timothy 4:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But watch thou in all things, endure afflictions, do the work of an evangelist, make full proof of thy ministry.
- 1 Thessalonians 5:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Therefore let us not sleep, as do others; but let us watch and be sober.
- Job 14:16chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For now thou numberest my steps: dost thou not watch over my sin?
- Matthew 26:38chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Then saith he unto them, My soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death: tarry ye here, and watch with me.
- Mark 14:38chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Watch ye and pray, lest ye enter into temptation. The spirit truly is ready, but the flesh is weak.
- Genesis 31:49chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Mizpah; for he said, The LORD watch between me and thee, when we are absent one from another.
- Luke 2:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And there were in the same country shepherds abiding in the field, keeping watchover their flock by night.
- Matthew 26:41chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak.
- Matthew 14:25chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And in the fourth watch of the night Jesus went unto them, walking on the sea.
- Isaiah 21:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Prepare the table, watch in the watchtower, eat, drink: arise, ye princes, and anoint the shield.
- Matthew 25:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Watch therefore, for ye know neither the day nor the hour wherein the Son of man cometh.
- Acts 20:31chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Therefore watch, and remember, that by the space of three years I ceased not to warn every one night and day with tears.
- Mark 14:34chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And saith unto them, My soul is exceeding sorrowful unto death: tarry ye here, and watch.
- Matthew 27:66chapter context similar meaning copy save
- So they went, and made the sepulchre sure, sealing the stone, and setting a watch.
- Mark 13:35chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Watch ye therefore: for ye know not when the master of the house cometh, at even, or at midnight, or at the cockcrowing, or in the morning:
- Mark 13:37chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And what I say unto you I say unto all, Watch.
You searched for
"WHOM" in the KJV Bible
697 RESULTS - PAGE 1 OF 24 - SORT BY BOOK ORDER - FEEDBACK
- Romans 13:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute is due; custom to whomcustom; fear to whom fear; honour to whom honour.
- Daniel 5:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And for the majesty that he gave him, all people, nations, and languages, trembled and feared before him: whom he would he slew; and whom he would he kept alive; and whom he would he set up; and whom he would he put down.
- Jeremiah 8:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the host of heaven, whom they have loved, and whom they have served, and after whom they have walked, and whom they have sought, and whom they have worshipped: they shall not be gathered, nor be buried; they shall be for dung upon the face of the earth.
- Hebrews 12:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth.
- 1 Timothy 1:20chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Of whom is Hymenaeus and Alexander; whom I have delivered unto Satan, that they may learn not to blaspheme.
- Isaiah 42:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Behold my servant, whom I uphold; mine elect, in whom my soul delighteth; I have put my spirit upon him: he shall bring forth judgment to the Gentiles.
- Song of Solomon 3:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The watchmen that go about the city found me: to whom I said, Saw ye him whommy soul loveth?
- Proverbs 3:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For whom the LORD loveth he correcteth; even as a father the son in whom he delighteth.
- Matthew 12:18chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Behold my servant, whom I have chosen; my beloved, in whom my soul is well pleased: I will put my spirit upon him, and he shall shew judgment to the Gentiles.
- Hebrews 1:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Hath in these last days spoken unto us by his Son, whom he hath appointed heir of all things, by whom also he made the worlds;
- Isaiah 57:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Against whom do ye sport yourselves? against whom make ye a wide mouth, and draw out the tongue? are ye not children of transgression, a seed of falsehood,
- 1 Peter 1:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Whom having not seen, ye love; in whom, though now ye see him not, yet believing, ye rejoice with joy unspeakable and full of glory:
- 1 Samuel 24:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- After whom is the king of Israel come out? after whom dost thou pursue? after a dead dog, after a flea.
- Romans 9:18chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth.
- Romans 8:30chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Moreover whom he did predestinate, them he also called: and whom he called, them he also justified: and whom he justified, them he also glorified.
- Romans 6:16chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Know ye not, that to whom ye yield yourselves servants to obey, his servants ye are to whom ye obey; whether of sin unto death, or of obedience unto righteousness?
- Psalms 69:26chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For they persecute him whom thou hast smitten; and they talk to the grief of those whom thou hast wounded.
- 1 Timothy 6:16chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Who only hath immortality, dwelling in the light which no man can approach unto; whom no man hath seen, nor can see: to whom be honour and power everlasting. Amen.
- Leviticus 27:24chapter context similar meaning copy save
- In the year of the jubile the field shall return unto him of whom it was bought, even to him to whom the possession of the land did belong.
- Deuteronomy 32:17chapter context similar meaning copy save
- They sacrificed unto devils, not to God; to gods whom they knew not, to new gods that came newly up, whom your fathers feared not.
- Psalms 27:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- (A Psalm of David.) The LORD is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear? the LORD is the strength of my life; of whom shall I be afraid?
- Isaiah 28:9chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Whom shall he teach knowledge? and whom shall he make to understand doctrine? them that are weaned from the milk, and drawn from the breasts.
- Hebrews 2:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For it became him, for whom are all things, and by whom are all things, in bringing many sons unto glory, to make the captain of their salvation perfect through sufferings.
- 2 Samuel 23:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- These be the names of the mighty men whom David had: The Tachmonite that sat in the seat, chief among the captains; the same was Adino the Eznite: he lift up his spear against eight hundred, whom he slew at one time.
- Deuteronomy 9:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- A people great and tall, the children of the Anakims, whom thou knowest, and of whom thou hast heard say, Who can stand before the children of Anak!
- Numbers 23:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- How shall I curse, whom God hath not cursed? or how shall I defy, whom the LORD hath not defied?
- 2 Kings 19:22chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Whom hast thou reproached and blasphemed? and against whom hast thou exalted thy voice, and lifted up thine eyes on high? even against the Holy One of Israel.
- Ephesians 1:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- In whom ye also trusted, after that ye heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation: in whom also after that ye believed, ye were sealed with that holy Spirit of promise,
- Isaiah 37:23chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Whom hast thou reproached and blasphemed? and against whom hast thou exalted thy voice, and lifted up thine eyes on high? even against the Holy One of Israel.
- Ezekiel 23:28chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For thus saith the Lord GOD; Behold, I will deliver thee into the hand of them whomthou hatest, into the hand of them from whom thy mind is alienated:
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