White House China Press Collection
Cantore Arithmetic is able to state the words of word expectation in-order for words You’re Last Supper, words the Plates, the Table that has words your setting, with your silver as your word fork: Words So, word Our Study is the words Library of words your Generation.
Words, You think we forget the word entrance, you think we forget your behaviour, you think we forget what you look like, you think we forget the treatment, you think we forget, we don’t, hatred grows, you’re planted, welcome to the rose!! Title: Name World: EARTH. On World name Country: United States of America. Word Problem: Office of the Presidents numbered by Name both Last and First, word’ Their Ley Lines have word shown equated words List Three: 1.). Barack Obama is the 44th President of the United States. 2.). Donald J. Trump 45TH & 47TH PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. 3.). Joseph R. Biden Jr. 46th president of the United States from 2021 to 2025
PRESIDENTS BY DATE
OVAL OFFICE
PRESIDENTIAL HISTORY
VIDEO HIGHLIGHT
HEADLINES
HISTORICAL PHOTOS
The Secret Of The Universe Is Choice 'The Continue'
Monday, April 4, 2016
Deer MissStir Howard Stern On The Dribble Sirius Rapids??
Sew Miss Stir Howard Stern ewe everheard a Pete on the Method Hill,this is oblong once a square to pie long the slice,a roster of his stir to the photo of person Nell grasp,a hen in the chicken coop gots a cock cuz the staff musk is an elephant once a book King Cork.
Massage this certificate as Uncle Danny has the stride of a Lions Roar,equal to the more tour rare ring is the Professional not on TOK rate shin,that simple type set is the laughter of I to chore Toll the sync of your stern,up the whole to know the bought has penny wised the central as a Glenn Beck with KKSF.
*Knew Rules at the Bottom!!!
Sir jury to studio the an core as chores and scene a read,to write a writ on walls and CHIPS the share If is not a dep. You tea on your lack say day a call,serious??,whats a Joker on the page to Chap tour the card on the dump,a Yelp??,perfume to Oh Beautiful for the blunt stern greats Cruise with movies and Theatre,piece Man.
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Whats a Hand??
Japanese bondage
Contents
'Kinbaku' vs. 'shibari'[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2014)
There is much discussion about the distinction between shibari and kinbaku, and whether one term is more appropriate than another.One modern distinction which is gaining popularity among westerners wanting to distinguish the terms is that shibari refers to purely artistic, aesthetic rope, whilst kinbaku refers to the artistic, connective, sensual, sexual practice as a whole. While thousands of books and articles have been written in Japanese about shibari, no one has found evidence[citation needed] of there being any thought given to the distinction between these words among Japanese practitioners of the art.A traditional view is that the term 'shibari' is a wrong Western Japonism. The word denotes tying in Japanese, but in a generic way, and traditionally not in the context of bondage. The names for many particular ties include 'shibari', but it is not traditional to call the entire activity that way. (In the same way as there are 'Diamond Knots' and 'Portuguese Bowline Knots', but 'knotting' does not mean bondage). Instead, Kinbaku is the term for artistic or erotic tying within traditional Japanese rope bondage circles.[citation needed] This view seems to be squarely at odds with the way the word is actually used in books, periodicals, and discussions of rope bondage among Japanese.An even more traditional view is that shibari is a term used for erotic bondage in Japan that is practically interchangeable with the term kinbaku. Itoh Seiu, generally considered one of the fathers of contemporary Japanese rope bondage used the term in the 1950s,[3] with no sign of it being a "western Japonism" as did many other well known Japanese bakushi, from the 1950s until present day, including Nureki Chimuo, Yukimura Haruki, Akechi Denki, Tsujimura Takeshi, Arisue Go, Randa Mai, Osada Steve, Miura Takumi, Nagaike Takeshi, and Minomura Kou (among countless others). One of Nurkei Chimuo's how-to video series from the 1980s, is titled Introduction to Shibari.[4]While some claim this is a somewhat hidebound definition and the word shibari is now increasingly being re-imported from the West to Japan, as the tying communities are very much interconnected, there is no evidence to support such a conclusion as most practicing bakushi in Japan have very limited contact with the west and almost no interest in debating the meaning of words. Most Japanese kinbakushi do not object to the term shibari, as it's common vernacular in the global community.Another explanation can be found in the linguistic roots of the two words, which share a core kanji.[5]
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2014) |
Rope types[edit]
Aesthetics of Japanese bondage[edit]
Shibari in contemporary art[edit]
History[edit]
Bondage as a sexual activity first came to notice in Japan in the late Edo period.[11] Generally recognized as "father of Kinbaku" is Seiu Ito, who started studying and researching Hojōjutsu is credited with the inception of Kinbaku, though it is noted that he drew inspiration from other art forms of the time including Kabuki theatre and Ukiyoe woodblock prints. Kinbaku became widely popular in Japan in the 1950s through magazines such as Kitan Club and Yomikiri Romance, which published the first naked bondage photographs. In the 1960s, people such as Eikichi Osada began to appear performing live SM shows often including a large amount of rope bondage, today these performers are often referred to as Nawashi (rope master) or Bakushi (from kinbakushi, meaning bondage master).In recent years, Kinbaku has become popular in the Western BDSM scene in its own right and has also profoundly influenced bondage, combining to produce many 'fusion' styles.
Technique[edit]
Glossary[edit]
Kinbaku patterns[edit]
Topics[edit]
Topics in Japanese bondage include:- Karada Japanese word used in the West for body (body harness, a "rope dress")
- Ushiro Takate Kote Foundational form for most shibari ties, capturing the upper body / breasts and arms behind back (when ushiro) in a "U" shape behind the back
- Kikkou - A body tie that ends with a tortoise shell design in the front upper torso.
- Hishi A tie using diamond shapes. When done as a full body tie, it is sometimes also called hishi-kikkou. The hishi has been popularized by manga, or cartoon, art.
- Ebi The "shrimp" tie
- Agoura a less severe tie similar to an ebi
- Tazuki "criss-cross harness"
- Tanuki "racoon dog"
- Kataashi tsuri "one-legged suspension"
- Asymmetric bondage, a common feature of Japanese bondage
- Tsuri suspension
- Gyaku ebi
- Hojojutsu
* Knew Rules As Howard Stern Must Knot No!!!
- Karada Japanese word used in the West for body (body harness, a "rope dress")
- Ushiro Takate Kote Foundational form for most shibari ties, capturing the upper body / breasts and arms behind back (when ushiro) in a "U" shape behind the back
- Kikkou - A body tie that ends with a tortoise shell design in the front upper torso.
- Hishi A tie using diamond shapes. When done as a full body tie, it is sometimes also called hishi-kikkou. The hishi has been popularized by manga, or cartoon, art.
- Ebi The "shrimp" tie
- Agoura a less severe tie similar to an ebi
- Tazuki "criss-cross harness"
- Tanuki "racoon dog"
- Kataashi tsuri "one-legged suspension"
- Asymmetric bondage, a common feature of Japanese bondage
- Tsuri suspension
- Gyaku ebi
- Hojojutsu
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The Secret of the Universe is Choice: Know Decision; http://thesecretoftheuniversechoice.blogspot.com/ (https://beingsandrice.blogspot.com/)
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- Presents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of my first blog delivered more than a million views!! The title is its work as "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!!
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The Secret of the Universe is Choice: Know Decision; http://thesecretoftheuniversechoice.blogspot.com/ (https://beingsandrice.blogspot.com/)
- Karen Placek
- Presents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of my first blog delivered more than a million views!! The title is its work as "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!!
Friday, November 18, 2022
The Moon Is Postion
In subtle latitude of arithmetic (Cantore) the project aspect will attempt to work the following: To map the stars with a natural growth of the Redwood.
To do such the aspect would have to see the photograph to the idea. This round would include a location of judgement on earth to drop the rings and add the known star systems: Milky Way. The Redwood Tree is on foundation of Earth and at “age” the bearing would deliver the “Age in Aquarius”? As the Age of Aquarius is to match the age of our Earth at this time it would give in the now a fair bearing.
This would be able to deliver the Sun as either a disc or a halo to engage the thought of the Pyramid without the glyph. To think on this tactile environment and with the added dimensional ability to average the idea the truth of the outline of just the ceiling at Grand Central Station would have a real American keel. To build the idea at the concept the watch with embellishment might deliver a larger star system.
In subtle latitude of arithmetic (Cantore) the project aspect will attempt to work the following: To map the stars with a natural growth of the Redwood.
To do such the aspect would have to see the photograph to the idea. This round would include a location of judgement on earth to drop the rings and add the known star systems: Milky Way. The Redwood Tree is on foundation of Earth and at “age” the bearing would deliver the “Age in Aquarius”? As the Age of Aquarius is to match the age of our Earth at this time it would give in the now a fair bearing.
This would be able to deliver the Sun as either a disc or a halo to engage the thought of the Pyramid without the glyph. To think on this tactile environment and with the added dimensional ability to average the idea the truth of the outline of just the ceiling at Grand Central Station would have a real American keel. To build the idea at the concept the watch with embellishment might deliver a larger star system.
Milky Way
Contents
Etymology and mythology[edit]
In the Babylonian epic poem Enūma Eliš, the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragoness Tiamat, set in the sky by Marduk, the Babylonian national god, after slaying her.[38][39] This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlilof Nippur,[40][41] but is now thought to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities.[41]
In Greek mythology, Zeus places his son born by a mortal woman, the infant Heracles, on Hera's breast while she is asleep so the baby will drink her divine milk and thus become immortal. Hera wakes up while breastfeeding and then realizes she is nursing an unknown baby: she pushes the baby away, some of her milk spills, and it produces the band of light known as the Milky Way. In another Greek story, the abandoned Heracles is given by Athena to Hera for feeding, but Heracles' forcefulness causes Athena to rip him from her breast in pain.[42][43][44]
Llys Dôn (literally "The Court of Dôn") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion ("The fortress of Gwydion") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way,[45][46] and Caer Arianrhod ("The Fortress of Arianrhod") being the constellation of Corona Borealis.[47][48]
In western culture, the name "Milky Way" is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky. The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea, in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας, short for γαλαξίας κύκλος (galaxías kýklos), meaning "milky circle". The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας (galaxias) – from root γαλακτ-, γάλα ("milk") + -ίας (forming adjectives) – is also the root of "galaxy", the name for our, and later all such, collections of stars.[18][49][50][51]
The Milky Way, or "milk circle", was just one of 11 "circles" the Greeks identified in the sky, others being the zodiac, the meridian, the horizon, the equator, the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, the Arctic Circleand the Antarctic Circle, and two colure circles passing through both poles.[52]
In the Babylonian epic poem Enūma Eliš, the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragoness Tiamat, set in the sky by Marduk, the Babylonian national god, after slaying her.[38][39] This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlilof Nippur,[40][41] but is now thought to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities.[41]
In Greek mythology, Zeus places his son born by a mortal woman, the infant Heracles, on Hera's breast while she is asleep so the baby will drink her divine milk and thus become immortal. Hera wakes up while breastfeeding and then realizes she is nursing an unknown baby: she pushes the baby away, some of her milk spills, and it produces the band of light known as the Milky Way. In another Greek story, the abandoned Heracles is given by Athena to Hera for feeding, but Heracles' forcefulness causes Athena to rip him from her breast in pain.[42][43][44]
Llys Dôn (literally "The Court of Dôn") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion ("The fortress of Gwydion") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way,[45][46] and Caer Arianrhod ("The Fortress of Arianrhod") being the constellation of Corona Borealis.[47][48]
In western culture, the name "Milky Way" is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky. The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea, in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας, short for γαλαξίας κύκλος (galaxías kýklos), meaning "milky circle". The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας (galaxias) – from root γαλακτ-, γάλα ("milk") + -ίας (forming adjectives) – is also the root of "galaxy", the name for our, and later all such, collections of stars.[18][49][50][51]
The Milky Way, or "milk circle", was just one of 11 "circles" the Greeks identified in the sky, others being the zodiac, the meridian, the horizon, the equator, the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, the Arctic Circleand the Antarctic Circle, and two colure circles passing through both poles.[52]
Appearance[edit]
The Milky Way is visible as a hazy band of white light, some 30° wide, arching the night sky.[53] Although all the individual naked-eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way Galaxy, the term "Milky Way" is limited to this band of light.[54][55] The light originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane. Brighter regions around the band appear as soft visual patches known as star clouds. The most conspicuous of these is the Large Sagittarius Star Cloud, a portion of the central bulge of the galaxy.[56] Dark regions within the band, such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack, are areas where interstellar dust blocks light from distant stars. Peoples of the southern hemisphere, including the Inca and Australian aborigines, identified these regions as dark cloud constellations.[57] The area of sky that the Milky Way obscures is called the Zone of Avoidance.[58]
The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness. Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light, such as light pollution or moonlight. The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be visible.[59] It should be visible if the limiting magnitude is approximately +5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at +6.1.[60] This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from brightly lit urban or suburban areas, but very prominent when viewed from rural areas when the Moon is below the horizon.[c] Maps of artificial night sky brightness show that more than one-third of Earth's population cannot see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution.[61]
As viewed from Earth, the visible region of the Milky Way's galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations.[d] The Galactic Center lies in the direction of Sagittarius, where the Milky Way is brightest. From Sagittarius, the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the galactic anticenter in Auriga. The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky, back to Sagittarius, dividing the sky into two roughly equal hemispheres.[citation needed]
The galactic plane is inclined by about 60° to the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit). Relative to the celestial equator, it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux, indicating the high inclination of Earth's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic, relative to the galactic plane. The north galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12h 49m, declination +27.4° (B1950) near β Comae Berenices, and the south galactic pole is near α Sculptoris. Because of this high inclination, depending on the time of night and year, the Milky Way arch may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky. For observers from latitudes approximately 65° north to 65° south, the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day.[citation needed]
The Milky Way is visible as a hazy band of white light, some 30° wide, arching the night sky.[53] Although all the individual naked-eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way Galaxy, the term "Milky Way" is limited to this band of light.[54][55] The light originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane. Brighter regions around the band appear as soft visual patches known as star clouds. The most conspicuous of these is the Large Sagittarius Star Cloud, a portion of the central bulge of the galaxy.[56] Dark regions within the band, such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack, are areas where interstellar dust blocks light from distant stars. Peoples of the southern hemisphere, including the Inca and Australian aborigines, identified these regions as dark cloud constellations.[57] The area of sky that the Milky Way obscures is called the Zone of Avoidance.[58]
The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness. Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light, such as light pollution or moonlight. The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be visible.[59] It should be visible if the limiting magnitude is approximately +5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at +6.1.[60] This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from brightly lit urban or suburban areas, but very prominent when viewed from rural areas when the Moon is below the horizon.[c] Maps of artificial night sky brightness show that more than one-third of Earth's population cannot see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution.[61]
As viewed from Earth, the visible region of the Milky Way's galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations.[d] The Galactic Center lies in the direction of Sagittarius, where the Milky Way is brightest. From Sagittarius, the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the galactic anticenter in Auriga. The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky, back to Sagittarius, dividing the sky into two roughly equal hemispheres.[citation needed]
The galactic plane is inclined by about 60° to the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit). Relative to the celestial equator, it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux, indicating the high inclination of Earth's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic, relative to the galactic plane. The north galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12h 49m, declination +27.4° (B1950) near β Comae Berenices, and the south galactic pole is near α Sculptoris. Because of this high inclination, depending on the time of night and year, the Milky Way arch may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky. For observers from latitudes approximately 65° north to 65° south, the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day.[citation needed]
Astronomical history[edit]
In Meteorologica, Aristotle (384–322 BC) states that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras (c. 500–428 BC) and Democritus (460–370 BC) proposed that the Milky Way is the glow of stars not directly visible due to Earth's shadow, while other stars receive their light from the Sun (but have their glow obscured by solar rays).[62] Aristotle himself believed that the Milky Way was part of the Earth's upper atmosphere (along with the stars), and that it was a byproduct of stars burning that did not dissipate because of its outermost location in the atmosphere (composing its great circle). He also said that the Milky appearance of the Milky Way galaxy was due to the refraction of the earth's atmosphere.[63][64][65] The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger (c. 495–570 AD) criticized this view, arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary, it should appear different at different times and places on Earth, and that it should have parallax, which it does not. In his view, the Milky Way is celestial. This idea would be influential later in the Muslim world.[66]
The Persian astronomer Al-Biruni (973–1048) proposed that the Milky Way is "a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars".[67] The Andalusianastronomer Avempace (d 1138) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image in the Earth's atmosphere, citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence.[64] The Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) in his Tadhkira wrote: "The Milky Way, i.e. the Galaxy, is made up of a very large number of small, tightly clustered stars, which, on account of their concentration and smallness, seem to be cloudy patches. Because of this, it was likened to milk in color."[68] Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) proposed that the Milky Way is "a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars".[69]
Proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars. Galileo also concluded that the appearance of the Milky Way was due to refraction of the Earth's atmosphere .[70][71][63] In a treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant, drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright,[72] speculated (correctly) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales.[73] The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Wright and Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate "galaxies" themselves, similar to our own. Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the "extragalactic nebulae" as "island universes", a term still current up to the 1930s.[74][75][76]
The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky. He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center.[77]
In 1845, Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral-shaped nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture.[78][79]
In 1904, studying the proper motions of stars, Jacobus Kapteyn reported that these were not random, as it was believed in that time; stars could be divided into two streams, moving in nearly opposite directions.[80] It was later realized that Kapteyn's data had been the first evidence of the rotation of our galaxy,[81] which ultimately led to the finding of galactic rotation by Bertil Lindblad and Jan Oort.[citation needed]
In 1917, Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula (Messier object 31). Searching the photographic record, he found 11 more novae. Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way. As a result, he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs. He became a proponent of the "island universes" hypothesis, which held that the spiral nebulae were independent galaxies.[82][83] In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the Universe. To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy, Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way, as well as the significant Doppler shift.[84]
The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m (100 in) Hooker telescope. With the light-gathering power of this new telescope, he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars. He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae. He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun, far too distant to be part of the Milky Way.[85][86]
In Meteorologica, Aristotle (384–322 BC) states that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras (c. 500–428 BC) and Democritus (460–370 BC) proposed that the Milky Way is the glow of stars not directly visible due to Earth's shadow, while other stars receive their light from the Sun (but have their glow obscured by solar rays).[62] Aristotle himself believed that the Milky Way was part of the Earth's upper atmosphere (along with the stars), and that it was a byproduct of stars burning that did not dissipate because of its outermost location in the atmosphere (composing its great circle). He also said that the Milky appearance of the Milky Way galaxy was due to the refraction of the earth's atmosphere.[63][64][65] The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger (c. 495–570 AD) criticized this view, arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary, it should appear different at different times and places on Earth, and that it should have parallax, which it does not. In his view, the Milky Way is celestial. This idea would be influential later in the Muslim world.[66]
The Persian astronomer Al-Biruni (973–1048) proposed that the Milky Way is "a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars".[67] The Andalusianastronomer Avempace (d 1138) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image in the Earth's atmosphere, citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence.[64] The Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) in his Tadhkira wrote: "The Milky Way, i.e. the Galaxy, is made up of a very large number of small, tightly clustered stars, which, on account of their concentration and smallness, seem to be cloudy patches. Because of this, it was likened to milk in color."[68] Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) proposed that the Milky Way is "a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars".[69]
Proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars. Galileo also concluded that the appearance of the Milky Way was due to refraction of the Earth's atmosphere .[70][71][63] In a treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant, drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright,[72] speculated (correctly) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales.[73] The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Wright and Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate "galaxies" themselves, similar to our own. Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the "extragalactic nebulae" as "island universes", a term still current up to the 1930s.[74][75][76]
The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky. He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center.[77]
In 1845, Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral-shaped nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture.[78][79]
In 1904, studying the proper motions of stars, Jacobus Kapteyn reported that these were not random, as it was believed in that time; stars could be divided into two streams, moving in nearly opposite directions.[80] It was later realized that Kapteyn's data had been the first evidence of the rotation of our galaxy,[81] which ultimately led to the finding of galactic rotation by Bertil Lindblad and Jan Oort.[citation needed]
In 1917, Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula (Messier object 31). Searching the photographic record, he found 11 more novae. Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way. As a result, he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs. He became a proponent of the "island universes" hypothesis, which held that the spiral nebulae were independent galaxies.[82][83] In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the Universe. To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy, Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way, as well as the significant Doppler shift.[84]
The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m (100 in) Hooker telescope. With the light-gathering power of this new telescope, he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars. He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae. He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun, far too distant to be part of the Milky Way.[85][86]
Astrography[edit]
The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2016, 2018, 2021 and 2024.[87][88] Data from Gala has been described as "transformational". It has been estimated that Gaia has expanded the number of observations of stars from about 2 million stars as of the 1990s to 2 billion. It has expanded the measurable volume of space by a factor of 100 in radius and a factor of 1,000 in precision.[89] A study in 2020 concluded that Gaia detected a wobbling motion of the galaxy, which might be caused by "torques from a misalignment of the disc's rotation axis with respect to the principal axis of a non-spherical halo, or from accreted matter in the halo acquired during late infall, or from nearby, interacting satellite galaxies and their consequent tides".[90]
The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2016, 2018, 2021 and 2024.[87][88] Data from Gala has been described as "transformational". It has been estimated that Gaia has expanded the number of observations of stars from about 2 million stars as of the 1990s to 2 billion. It has expanded the measurable volume of space by a factor of 100 in radius and a factor of 1,000 in precision.[89] A study in 2020 concluded that Gaia detected a wobbling motion of the galaxy, which might be caused by "torques from a misalignment of the disc's rotation axis with respect to the principal axis of a non-spherical halo, or from accreted matter in the halo acquired during late infall, or from nearby, interacting satellite galaxies and their consequent tides".[90]
Sun's location and neighborhood[edit]
The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm, within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble, between the Radcliffe waveand Split linear structures (formerly Gould Belt).[91] Based upon studies of stellar orbits around Sgr A* by Gillessen et al.(2016), the Sun lies at an estimated distance of 27.14 ± 0.46 kly (8.32 ± 0.14 kpc)[31] from the Galactic Center. Boehle et al. (2016) found a smaller value of 25.64 ± 0.46 kly (7.86 ± 0.14 kpc), also using a star orbit analysis.[92] The Sun is currently 5–30 parsecs (16–98 ly) above, or north of, the central plane of the Galactic disk.[93] The distance between the local arm and the next arm out, the Perseus Arm, is about 2,000 parsecs (6,500 ly).[94] The Sun, and thus the Solar System, is located in the Milky Way's galactic habitable zone.[95][96]
There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs (49 ly) from the Sun, giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs, or one star per 2,360 cubic light-years (from List of nearest bright stars). On the other hand, there are 64 known stars (of any magnitude, not counting 4 brown dwarfs) within 5 parsecs (16 ly) of the Sun, giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs, or one per 284 cubic light-years (from List of nearest stars). This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars: in the entire sky, there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14.[97]
The apex of the Sun's way, or the solar apex, is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way. The general direction of the Sun's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules, at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center. The Sun's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions. In addition, the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit.[98] This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force (damping) term. These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth.[99] A reanalysis of the effects of the Sun's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation.[100]
It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a galactic year),[101] so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans. The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km/s (490,000 mph) or 0.073% of the speed of light. The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km/h (52,000 mph). At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU (astronomical unit).[102] The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius, which follows the ecliptic.[103]
The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm, within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble, between the Radcliffe waveand Split linear structures (formerly Gould Belt).[91] Based upon studies of stellar orbits around Sgr A* by Gillessen et al.(2016), the Sun lies at an estimated distance of 27.14 ± 0.46 kly (8.32 ± 0.14 kpc)[31] from the Galactic Center. Boehle et al. (2016) found a smaller value of 25.64 ± 0.46 kly (7.86 ± 0.14 kpc), also using a star orbit analysis.[92] The Sun is currently 5–30 parsecs (16–98 ly) above, or north of, the central plane of the Galactic disk.[93] The distance between the local arm and the next arm out, the Perseus Arm, is about 2,000 parsecs (6,500 ly).[94] The Sun, and thus the Solar System, is located in the Milky Way's galactic habitable zone.[95][96]
There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs (49 ly) from the Sun, giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs, or one star per 2,360 cubic light-years (from List of nearest bright stars). On the other hand, there are 64 known stars (of any magnitude, not counting 4 brown dwarfs) within 5 parsecs (16 ly) of the Sun, giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs, or one per 284 cubic light-years (from List of nearest stars). This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars: in the entire sky, there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14.[97]
The apex of the Sun's way, or the solar apex, is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way. The general direction of the Sun's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules, at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center. The Sun's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions. In addition, the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit.[98] This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force (damping) term. These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth.[99] A reanalysis of the effects of the Sun's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation.[100]
It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a galactic year),[101] so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans. The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km/s (490,000 mph) or 0.073% of the speed of light. The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km/h (52,000 mph). At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU (astronomical unit).[102] The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius, which follows the ecliptic.[103]
Galactic quadrants[edit]
A galactic quadrant, or quadrant of the Milky Way, refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way. In astronomical practice, the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system, which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system.[104]
Quadrants are described using ordinals – for example, "1st galactic quadrant",[105] "second galactic quadrant",[106] or "third quadrant of the Milky Way".[107] Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0° (zero degrees) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center, the quadrants are:
with the galactic longitude (ℓ) increasing in the counter-clockwise direction (positive rotation) as viewed from north of the Galactic Center (a view-point several hundred thousand light-years distant from Earth in the direction of the constellation Coma Berenices); if viewed from south of the Galactic Center (a view-point similarly distant in the constellation Sculptor), ℓ would increase in the clockwise direction (negative rotation).
A galactic quadrant, or quadrant of the Milky Way, refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way. In astronomical practice, the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system, which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system.[104]
Quadrants are described using ordinals – for example, "1st galactic quadrant",[105] "second galactic quadrant",[106] or "third quadrant of the Milky Way".[107] Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0° (zero degrees) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center, the quadrants are:
with the galactic longitude (ℓ) increasing in the counter-clockwise direction (positive rotation) as viewed from north of the Galactic Center (a view-point several hundred thousand light-years distant from Earth in the direction of the constellation Coma Berenices); if viewed from south of the Galactic Center (a view-point similarly distant in the constellation Sculptor), ℓ would increase in the clockwise direction (negative rotation).
Size and mass[edit]
Size[edit]
The Milky Way is one of the two largest galaxies in the Local Group (the other being the Andromeda Galaxy), although the size for its galactic disc and how much it defines the isophotal diameter is not well understood.[109] It is estimated that the significant bulk of stars in the galaxy lies within the 26 kiloparsecs (80,000 light-years) diameter, and that the number of stars beyond the outermost disc dramatically reduces to a very low number, with respect to an extrapolation of the exponential disk with the scale length of the inner disc.[110][109]
There are several methods being used in astronomy in defining the size of a galaxy, and each of them can yield different results with respect to one another. The most commonly employed method is the D25 standard – the isophote where the photometric brightness of a galaxy in the B-band (445 nm wavelength of light, in the blue part of the visible spectrum) reaches 25 mag/arcsec2.[111] An estimate from 1997 by Goodwin and others compared the distribution of Cepheid variable stars in 17 other spiral galaxies to the ones in the Milky Way, and modelling the relationship to their surface brightnesses. This gave an isophotal diameter for the Milky Way at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,590 light-years), by assuming that the galactic disc is well represented by an exponential disc and adopting a central surface brightness of the galaxy (µ0) of 22.1±0.3 B-mag/arcsec−2 and a disk scale length (h) of 5.0 ± 0.5 kpc (16,000 ± 1,600 ly).[112][8][113] This is significantly smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy's isophotal diameter, and slightly below the mean isophotal sizes of the galaxies being at 28.3 kpc (92,000 ly).[8] The paper concludes that the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy were not overly large spiral galaxies and as well as one of the largest known (if the former not being the largest) as previously widely believed, but rather average ordinary spiral galaxies.[114] To compare the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter (24.3 mm (0.955 in)), the Milky Way would be approximately at least the greatest north–south line of the contiguous United States.[115] An even older study from 1978 gave a lower diameter for Milky Way about 23 kpc (75,000 ly).[8]
A 2015 paper discovered that there is a ring-like filament of stars called Triangulum–Andromeda Ring (TriAnd Ring) rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane, which alongside Monoceros Ring were both suggested to be primarily the result of disk oscillations and wrapping around the Milky Way, at a diameter of at least 50 kpc (160,000 ly),[116] which may be part of the Milky Way's outer disk itself, hence making the stellar disk larger by increasing to this size.[117] However, a more recent 2018 paper later somewhat ruled out this hypothesis, and supported a conclusion that the Monoceros Ring, A13 and TriAnd Ring were stellar overdensities rather kicked out from the main stellar disk, with the velocity dispersion of the RR Lyrae stars found to be higher and consistent with halo membership.[118] Another 2018 study revealed the very probable presence of disk stars at 26–31.5 kpc (84,800–103,000 ly) from the Galactic Center or perhaps even farther, significantly beyond approximately 13–20 kpc (40,000–70,000 ly), in which it was once believed to be the abrupt drop-off of the stellar density of the disk, meaning that few or no stars were expected to be above this limit, save for stars that belong to the old population of the galactic halo.[109][119][120]
A 2020 study predicted the edge of the Milky Way's dark matter halo being around 292 ± 61 kpc (952,000 ± 199,000 ly), which translates to a diameter of 584 ± 122 kpc (1.905 ± 0.3979 Mly).[23][24] The Milky Way's stellar disk is also estimated to be approximately up to 1.35 kpc (4,000 ly) thick.[121][122]
The Milky Way is one of the two largest galaxies in the Local Group (the other being the Andromeda Galaxy), although the size for its galactic disc and how much it defines the isophotal diameter is not well understood.[109] It is estimated that the significant bulk of stars in the galaxy lies within the 26 kiloparsecs (80,000 light-years) diameter, and that the number of stars beyond the outermost disc dramatically reduces to a very low number, with respect to an extrapolation of the exponential disk with the scale length of the inner disc.[110][109]
There are several methods being used in astronomy in defining the size of a galaxy, and each of them can yield different results with respect to one another. The most commonly employed method is the D25 standard – the isophote where the photometric brightness of a galaxy in the B-band (445 nm wavelength of light, in the blue part of the visible spectrum) reaches 25 mag/arcsec2.[111] An estimate from 1997 by Goodwin and others compared the distribution of Cepheid variable stars in 17 other spiral galaxies to the ones in the Milky Way, and modelling the relationship to their surface brightnesses. This gave an isophotal diameter for the Milky Way at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,590 light-years), by assuming that the galactic disc is well represented by an exponential disc and adopting a central surface brightness of the galaxy (µ0) of 22.1±0.3 B-mag/arcsec−2 and a disk scale length (h) of 5.0 ± 0.5 kpc (16,000 ± 1,600 ly).[112][8][113] This is significantly smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy's isophotal diameter, and slightly below the mean isophotal sizes of the galaxies being at 28.3 kpc (92,000 ly).[8] The paper concludes that the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy were not overly large spiral galaxies and as well as one of the largest known (if the former not being the largest) as previously widely believed, but rather average ordinary spiral galaxies.[114] To compare the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter (24.3 mm (0.955 in)), the Milky Way would be approximately at least the greatest north–south line of the contiguous United States.[115] An even older study from 1978 gave a lower diameter for Milky Way about 23 kpc (75,000 ly).[8]
A 2015 paper discovered that there is a ring-like filament of stars called Triangulum–Andromeda Ring (TriAnd Ring) rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane, which alongside Monoceros Ring were both suggested to be primarily the result of disk oscillations and wrapping around the Milky Way, at a diameter of at least 50 kpc (160,000 ly),[116] which may be part of the Milky Way's outer disk itself, hence making the stellar disk larger by increasing to this size.[117] However, a more recent 2018 paper later somewhat ruled out this hypothesis, and supported a conclusion that the Monoceros Ring, A13 and TriAnd Ring were stellar overdensities rather kicked out from the main stellar disk, with the velocity dispersion of the RR Lyrae stars found to be higher and consistent with halo membership.[118] Another 2018 study revealed the very probable presence of disk stars at 26–31.5 kpc (84,800–103,000 ly) from the Galactic Center or perhaps even farther, significantly beyond approximately 13–20 kpc (40,000–70,000 ly), in which it was once believed to be the abrupt drop-off of the stellar density of the disk, meaning that few or no stars were expected to be above this limit, save for stars that belong to the old population of the galactic halo.[109][119][120]
A 2020 study predicted the edge of the Milky Way's dark matter halo being around 292 ± 61 kpc (952,000 ± 199,000 ly), which translates to a diameter of 584 ± 122 kpc (1.905 ± 0.3979 Mly).[23][24] The Milky Way's stellar disk is also estimated to be approximately up to 1.35 kpc (4,000 ly) thick.[121][122]
Mass[edit]
Contents[edit]
The Milky Way contains between 100 and 400 billion stars[9][10] and at least that many planets.[140] An exact figure would depend on counting the number of very-low-mass stars, which are difficult to detect, especially at distances of more than 300 ly (90 pc) from the Sun. As a comparison, the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion (1012) stars.[141] The Milky Way may contain ten billion white dwarfs, a billion neutron stars, and a hundred million stellar black holes.[e][142][143] Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium. This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars,[144] whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light-years for the colder gas to thousands of light-years for warmer gas.[145][146]
The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars. Rather, the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way. For reasons that are not understood, beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 light years (13 kpc) from the center, the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius.[110] Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical galactic halo of stars and globular clusters that extends farther outward, but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly (55 kpc).[147] At this distance or beyond, the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds. Hence, such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way. The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around −20.9.[148][149][f]
Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way,[29][150] and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars.[151][152] The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system Kepler-32 by the Kepler space observatory.[30] A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth-sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way.[153] On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way.[154][155][156] 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars.[157] The nearest exoplanet may be 4.2 light-years away, orbiting the red dwarf Proxima Centauri, according to a 2016 study.[158] Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants,[29] though harder to detect at great distances given their small size. Besides exoplanets, "exocomets", comets beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way.[159] More recently, in November 2020, over 300 million habitable exoplanets are estimated to exist in the Milky Way Galaxy.[160]
The Milky Way contains between 100 and 400 billion stars[9][10] and at least that many planets.[140] An exact figure would depend on counting the number of very-low-mass stars, which are difficult to detect, especially at distances of more than 300 ly (90 pc) from the Sun. As a comparison, the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion (1012) stars.[141] The Milky Way may contain ten billion white dwarfs, a billion neutron stars, and a hundred million stellar black holes.[e][142][143] Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium. This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars,[144] whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light-years for the colder gas to thousands of light-years for warmer gas.[145][146]
The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars. Rather, the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way. For reasons that are not understood, beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 light years (13 kpc) from the center, the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius.[110] Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical galactic halo of stars and globular clusters that extends farther outward, but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly (55 kpc).[147] At this distance or beyond, the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds. Hence, such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way. The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around −20.9.[148][149][f]
Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way,[29][150] and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars.[151][152] The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system Kepler-32 by the Kepler space observatory.[30] A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth-sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way.[153] On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way.[154][155][156] 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars.[157] The nearest exoplanet may be 4.2 light-years away, orbiting the red dwarf Proxima Centauri, according to a 2016 study.[158] Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants,[29] though harder to detect at great distances given their small size. Besides exoplanets, "exocomets", comets beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way.[159] More recently, in November 2020, over 300 million habitable exoplanets are estimated to exist in the Milky Way Galaxy.[160]
Structure[edit]
The Milky Way consists of a bar-shaped core region surrounded by a warped disk of gas, dust and stars.[162][163] The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification, which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms.[5] Astronomers first began to conjecture that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy, rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy, in the 1960s.[164][165][166] These conjectures were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way's central bar to be larger than previously thought.[167]
The Milky Way consists of a bar-shaped core region surrounded by a warped disk of gas, dust and stars.[162][163] The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification, which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms.[5] Astronomers first began to conjecture that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy, rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy, in the 1960s.[164][165][166] These conjectures were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way's central bar to be larger than previously thought.[167]
Galactic Center[edit]
Gamma rays and x-rays[edit]
Since 1970, various gamma-ray detection missions have discovered 511-keV gamma rays coming from the general direction of the Galactic Center. These gamma rays are produced by positrons (antielectrons) annihilating with electrons. In 2008 it was found that the distribution of the sources of the gamma rays resembles the distribution of low-mass X-ray binaries, seeming to indicate that these X-ray binaries are sending positrons (and electrons) into interstellar space where they slow down and annihilate.[186][187][188] The observations were both made by NASA and ESA's satellites. In 1970 gamma ray detectors found that the emitting region was about 10,000 light-years across with a luminosity of about 10,000 suns.[187]
In 2010, two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy gamma-emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core, using data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light-years (7.7 kpc) (or about 1/4 of the galaxy's estimated diameter); they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night-sky of the southern hemisphere.[189][190] Subsequently, observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles. These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly (200 pc) of the Milky Way.[191]
Later, on January 5, 2015, NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*.[161]
Since 1970, various gamma-ray detection missions have discovered 511-keV gamma rays coming from the general direction of the Galactic Center. These gamma rays are produced by positrons (antielectrons) annihilating with electrons. In 2008 it was found that the distribution of the sources of the gamma rays resembles the distribution of low-mass X-ray binaries, seeming to indicate that these X-ray binaries are sending positrons (and electrons) into interstellar space where they slow down and annihilate.[186][187][188] The observations were both made by NASA and ESA's satellites. In 1970 gamma ray detectors found that the emitting region was about 10,000 light-years across with a luminosity of about 10,000 suns.[187]
In 2010, two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy gamma-emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core, using data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light-years (7.7 kpc) (or about 1/4 of the galaxy's estimated diameter); they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night-sky of the southern hemisphere.[189][190] Subsequently, observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles. These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly (200 pc) of the Milky Way.[191]
Later, on January 5, 2015, NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*.[161]
Spiral arms[edit]
Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bar, the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms.[192] Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation, as traced by H II regions[193][194] and molecular clouds.[195]
The Milky Way's spiral structure is uncertain, and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way's arms.[196] Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun,[194][197] because galaxies commonly have arms that branch, merge, twist unexpectedly, and feature a degree of irregularity.[171][197][198] The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm[194] emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique, and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way.[197] Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7° to 25°.[144][199] There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way Galaxy's center.[200] These are named as follows, with the positions of the arms shown in the image below:
Color Arm(s) turquoise Near 3 kpc Arm and Perseus Arm blue Norma and Outer arm (Along with extension discovered in 2004[201]) green Scutum–Centaurus Arm red Carina–Sagittarius Arm There are at least two smaller arms or spurs, including: orange Orion–Cygnus Arm (which contains the Sun and Solar System)
Two spiral arms, the Scutum–Centaurus arm and the Carina–Sagittarius arm, have tangent points inside the Sun's orbit about the center of the Milky Way. If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk, it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point. Two surveys of near-infrared light, which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction, detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum–Centaurus arm but not in the Carina–Sagittarius arm: the Scutum–Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30% more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm.[199][202] This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms: the Perseus arm and the Scutum–Centaurus arm. The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars.[196] In December 2013, astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star-forming regions matches the four-arm spiral description of the Milky Way.[203][204][205] Thus, the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars. The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear.[205]
The Near 3 kpc Arm (also called the Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply the 3 kpc Arm) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 centimeter radio measurements of HI (atomic hydrogen).[206][207] It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km/s. It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center. The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame (Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian). It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc (about 10,000 ly) from the Galactic Center.[207][208]
A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy.[209]
It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns: an inner one, formed by the Sagittarius arm, that rotates fast and an outer one, formed by the Carina and Perseus arms, whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound. In this scenario, suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms, the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring,[210] and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm.[211]
Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring (or Outer Ring), a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago. However, several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way.[212] The structure of the Milky Way's disk is warped along an "S" curve.[213]
Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bar, the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms.[192] Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation, as traced by H II regions[193][194] and molecular clouds.[195]
The Milky Way's spiral structure is uncertain, and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way's arms.[196] Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun,[194][197] because galaxies commonly have arms that branch, merge, twist unexpectedly, and feature a degree of irregularity.[171][197][198] The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm[194] emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique, and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way.[197] Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7° to 25°.[144][199] There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way Galaxy's center.[200] These are named as follows, with the positions of the arms shown in the image below:
| Color | Arm(s) |
|---|---|
| turquoise | Near 3 kpc Arm and Perseus Arm |
| blue | Norma and Outer arm (Along with extension discovered in 2004[201]) |
| green | Scutum–Centaurus Arm |
| red | Carina–Sagittarius Arm |
| There are at least two smaller arms or spurs, including: | |
| orange | Orion–Cygnus Arm (which contains the Sun and Solar System) |
.jpg)
Two spiral arms, the Scutum–Centaurus arm and the Carina–Sagittarius arm, have tangent points inside the Sun's orbit about the center of the Milky Way. If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk, it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point. Two surveys of near-infrared light, which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction, detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum–Centaurus arm but not in the Carina–Sagittarius arm: the Scutum–Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30% more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm.[199][202] This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms: the Perseus arm and the Scutum–Centaurus arm. The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars.[196] In December 2013, astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star-forming regions matches the four-arm spiral description of the Milky Way.[203][204][205] Thus, the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars. The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear.[205]
The Near 3 kpc Arm (also called the Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply the 3 kpc Arm) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 centimeter radio measurements of HI (atomic hydrogen).[206][207] It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km/s. It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center. The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame (Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian). It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc (about 10,000 ly) from the Galactic Center.[207][208]
A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy.[209]
It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns: an inner one, formed by the Sagittarius arm, that rotates fast and an outer one, formed by the Carina and Perseus arms, whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound. In this scenario, suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms, the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring,[210] and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm.[211]
Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring (or Outer Ring), a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago. However, several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way.[212] The structure of the Milky Way's disk is warped along an "S" curve.[213]
Halo[edit]
Gaseous halo[edit]
Galactic rotation[edit]
The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially, meaning that the rotation period varies with location. As is typical for spiral galaxies, the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center. Away from the central bulge or outer rim, the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 ± 10 km/s (470,000 ± 22,000 mph).[229] Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled. This is unlike the situation within the Solar System, where two-body gravitational dynamics dominate, and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them. The rotation curve (shown in the figure) describes this rotation. Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low, whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation.[citation needed]
If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars, gas, and other baryonic (ordinary) matter, the rotational speed would decrease with distance from the center. However, the observed curve is relatively flat, indicating that there is additional mass that cannot be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation. This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter.[36] The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies, the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies. Alternatively, a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve.[230]
.JPG)
The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially, meaning that the rotation period varies with location. As is typical for spiral galaxies, the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center. Away from the central bulge or outer rim, the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 ± 10 km/s (470,000 ± 22,000 mph).[229] Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled. This is unlike the situation within the Solar System, where two-body gravitational dynamics dominate, and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them. The rotation curve (shown in the figure) describes this rotation. Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low, whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation.[citation needed]
If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars, gas, and other baryonic (ordinary) matter, the rotational speed would decrease with distance from the center. However, the observed curve is relatively flat, indicating that there is additional mass that cannot be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation. This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter.[36] The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies, the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies. Alternatively, a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve.[230]
Formation[edit]
History[edit]
Age and cosmological history[edit]
Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way, which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way. The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long-lived radioactive elements such as thorium-232 and uranium-238, then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance, a technique called nucleocosmochronology. These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082-001[245] and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD +17° 3248.[246] Once a white dwarf is formed, it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops. By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature, an age estimate can be made. With this technique, the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years. Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years, and a 95% confidence upper limit of 16 billion years.[247]
In November 2018, astronomers reported the discovery of one of the oldest stars in the universe. About 13.5 billion-years-old, 2MASS J18082002-5104378 B is a tiny ultra metal-poor (UMP) star made almost entirely of materials released from the Big Bang, and is possibly one of the first stars. The discovery of the star in the Milky Way galaxy suggests that the galaxy may be at least 3 billion years older than previously thought.[248][249][250]
Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80-billion-year age of the Universe. In 2007, a star in the galactic halo, HE 1523-0901, was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old. As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time, this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way.[251] This estimate was made using the UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R-process. The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes, from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology.[251]Another star, HD 140283, is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old.[37][252]
According to observations utilizing adaptive optics to correct for Earth's atmospheric distortion, stars in the galaxy's bulge date to about 12.8 billion years old.[253]
The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology. Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago. These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk.[254] Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation, 10 to 8 billion years ago, when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before.[255]
The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed but seem to be the result of a break-up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light-years in diameter and 50,000 light-years wide.[256] Close encounters between galaxies, like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas, which, over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at an arbitrary angle to the main disc.[257]
Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way, which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way. The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long-lived radioactive elements such as thorium-232 and uranium-238, then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance, a technique called nucleocosmochronology. These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082-001[245] and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD +17° 3248.[246] Once a white dwarf is formed, it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops. By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature, an age estimate can be made. With this technique, the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years. Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years, and a 95% confidence upper limit of 16 billion years.[247]
In November 2018, astronomers reported the discovery of one of the oldest stars in the universe. About 13.5 billion-years-old, 2MASS J18082002-5104378 B is a tiny ultra metal-poor (UMP) star made almost entirely of materials released from the Big Bang, and is possibly one of the first stars. The discovery of the star in the Milky Way galaxy suggests that the galaxy may be at least 3 billion years older than previously thought.[248][249][250]
Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80-billion-year age of the Universe. In 2007, a star in the galactic halo, HE 1523-0901, was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old. As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time, this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way.[251] This estimate was made using the UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R-process. The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes, from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology.[251]Another star, HD 140283, is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old.[37][252]
According to observations utilizing adaptive optics to correct for Earth's atmospheric distortion, stars in the galaxy's bulge date to about 12.8 billion years old.[253]
The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology. Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago. These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk.[254] Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation, 10 to 8 billion years ago, when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before.[255]
The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed but seem to be the result of a break-up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light-years in diameter and 50,000 light-years wide.[256] Close encounters between galaxies, like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas, which, over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at an arbitrary angle to the main disc.[257]
Intergalactic neighbourhood[edit]
The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group, surrounded by a Local Void, itself being part of the Local Sheet[258] and in turn the Virgo Supercluster. Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids, devoid of many galaxies, the Microscopium Void to the "north", the Sculptor Void to the "left", the Boötes Void to the "right" and the Canes-Major Void to the "south". These voids change shape over time, creating filamentous structures of galaxies. The Virgo Supercluster, for instance, is being drawn towards the Great Attractor,[259]which in turn forms part of a greater structure, called Laniakea.[260]
Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way. The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 32,200 light-years.[261] It has a close companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud. The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100° of the sky. The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way.[262] Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf (the closest), Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, and Leo I Dwarf. The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light-years in diameter. These include Carina Dwarf, Draco Dwarf, and Leo II Dwarf. There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way, which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015.[263] There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way, such as the progenitor of Omega Centauri.[264]
In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction.[265] This came as a surprise: according to standard cosmology, the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos, and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions. This discrepancy is still not fully explained.[266]
In January 2006, researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way, causing vibrations when they pass through its edges. Previously, these two galaxies, at around 2% of the mass of the Milky Way, were considered too small to influence the Milky Way. However, in a computer model, the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way.[267]
Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km/s (220,000 to 310,000 mph). In 4.3 billion years, there may be an Andromeda–Milky Way collision, depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies' relative motion. If they collide, the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low,[268] but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy[269] over the course of about six billion years.[270]
.png)
.png)
The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group, surrounded by a Local Void, itself being part of the Local Sheet[258] and in turn the Virgo Supercluster. Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids, devoid of many galaxies, the Microscopium Void to the "north", the Sculptor Void to the "left", the Boötes Void to the "right" and the Canes-Major Void to the "south". These voids change shape over time, creating filamentous structures of galaxies. The Virgo Supercluster, for instance, is being drawn towards the Great Attractor,[259]which in turn forms part of a greater structure, called Laniakea.[260]
Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way. The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 32,200 light-years.[261] It has a close companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud. The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100° of the sky. The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way.[262] Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf (the closest), Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, and Leo I Dwarf. The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light-years in diameter. These include Carina Dwarf, Draco Dwarf, and Leo II Dwarf. There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way, which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015.[263] There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way, such as the progenitor of Omega Centauri.[264]
In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction.[265] This came as a surprise: according to standard cosmology, the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos, and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions. This discrepancy is still not fully explained.[266]
In January 2006, researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way, causing vibrations when they pass through its edges. Previously, these two galaxies, at around 2% of the mass of the Milky Way, were considered too small to influence the Milky Way. However, in a computer model, the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way.[267]
Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km/s (220,000 to 310,000 mph). In 4.3 billion years, there may be an Andromeda–Milky Way collision, depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies' relative motion. If they collide, the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low,[268] but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy[269] over the course of about six billion years.[270]
Velocity[edit]
Although special relativity states that there is no "preferred" inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way, the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference.
One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow, the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space. Individual galaxies, including the Milky Way, have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow. Thus, to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow, one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local, random motions. A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow. Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km/s (1,400,000 mph) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference.[271][272] The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters, including the Shapley Supercluster, behind it.[273] The Local Group (a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing, among others, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster, centered near the Virgo Cluster: although they are moving away from each other at 967 km/s (2,160,000 mph) as part of the Hubble flow, this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster.[274]
Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background (CMB), in which the CMB temperature is least distorted by Doppler shift (zero dipole moment). The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km/s (1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph)[16] with respect to this frame, toward 10.5 right ascension, −24° declination (J2000 epoch, near the center of Hydra). This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) as a dipole contribution to the CMB, as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue-shifted in the direction of the motion and red-shifted in the opposite direction.[16]
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Although special relativity states that there is no "preferred" inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way, the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference.
One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow, the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space. Individual galaxies, including the Milky Way, have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow. Thus, to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow, one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local, random motions. A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow. Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km/s (1,400,000 mph) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference.[271][272] The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters, including the Shapley Supercluster, behind it.[273] The Local Group (a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing, among others, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster, centered near the Virgo Cluster: although they are moving away from each other at 967 km/s (2,160,000 mph) as part of the Hubble flow, this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster.[274]
Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background (CMB), in which the CMB temperature is least distorted by Doppler shift (zero dipole moment). The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km/s (1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph)[16] with respect to this frame, toward 10.5 right ascension, −24° declination (J2000 epoch, near the center of Hydra). This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) as a dipole contribution to the CMB, as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue-shifted in the direction of the motion and red-shifted in the opposite direction.[16]
An Independent Mind, Knot Logic
An Independent Mind, Knot Logic
Title: The word necessary is for word done and word seen, REM Sleep is one thing, a word equated word Device of word dreaming, so this is not really a dream when you word might understand it, so be word frightened.
Relevant post: Sunday, March 15, 2026 Ranger from the word Wyoming at word Park word night:::AMA stands for the Initials word of[Amerian ...
Relevant post: Sunday, March 15, 2026 Ranger from the word Wyoming at word Park word night:::AMA stands for the Initials word of[Amerian ...
Karen A. Placek, aka Karen Placek, K.A.P., KAP
- Karen Placek
- Presents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of my first blog delivered more than a million views!! The title is its work as "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!!
- Karen Placek
- Presents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of my first blog delivered more than a million views!! The title is its work as "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!!
Old Testament
- The Prophet: The name Obadiah means "servant of Yahweh".
- Context (Edom vs. Israel): Edomites were descendants of Esau, and Israelites were descendants of Jacob, twin brothers with a long history of conflict. The book was likely written after 586 B.C., when Edom aided Babylon in the destruction of Jerusalem.
- Core Message:
- Judgment of Edom: The book condemns Edom for pride in their mountain fortresses and for aiding in the destruction of Jerusalem, specifically for capturing fleeing Israelites and looting. The Day of the Lord: A prophetic theme where God punishes not just Edom, but all nations that act wickedly, delivering justice for the mistreated. Restoration: The final verses promise the restoration of Israel and that "the kingdom shall be the Lord’s".
The Secret of the Universe is Choice: Know Decision; http://thesecretoftheuniversechoice.blogspot.com/ (https://beingsandrice.blogspot.com/)
- Karen Placek
- Presents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of my first blog delivered more than a million views!! The title is its work as "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!!
Friday, February 20, 2026
ATTENTION JIM CANTORE: Title: Words This is _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ and that is word this Picture, as the Name Jim Cantore equated word Crayon[CRAYON] so word Pencil[pencil[PENCIL[window[WINDOW]]]], now instead of a word Individual believing word They or they are God or god or GOD or gaud, Gaud, GAUD, Mr. Jim Cantore may believe himself to be word precept. Words’ These words are for word Named Dr. Bryon Kilgore as Dr. Louis Vuksinick had word wonders!!!!!!
https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/search.php?hs=1&q=wonders
and,
with the word numbered 55 RESULTS, Cantore Arithmetic is able to state CALIFORNIA goes to 55 MPH - 1974 News Report as in Cantore Arithmetic words next are equated Numbers 55 for the word Campaign Numbers 5:5 “And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,”.
So, for Storm word state word he is able to type in “And the LORD on my blogs DMV::: Words typed on by blog on Blogspot.com are in the word of the the Typed the way of “And the LORD DMV
Cantore Arithmetic, words The push of Space to word Territory, a Planet ley::: Jim Cantore's Top Three Hurricanes. Word gate, or word Gate, or Word GATE is available for word space, word Space, Word SPACE!!!!!!!
So, on my blogs on Blogspot.com type in words the way of Gate
so, A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
now, you are able to word apply 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
the way of mayor 26th[words Jerry Dyer is the 26th Mayor of Fresno]
Clydey is able to type in words the way of tamara or wammy could of been wammie
Shareston is able to type words the way of landle or word the way of hanover.
and Kelsey is able to type in the way of eddie or weddie
or
and
on Canal Street in your word Recorded as a word report Jim Cantore’s Top Three Hurricanes word You said Canal Street, so word Canal equated word Street, word gate equated word weather, word Gates equated word space, and so on.
So, in Cantore Arithmetic word You equated word Passionate.
Duration: 4:54
Posted: Jan 1, 2012
1. the way of _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _
2. the wave of Ocean to Lake to Sand the Wave, how tall is it
Wednesday, August 27, 2025
Title: There is no equation for this word, so, Marc Klaas is able to mark class w/ Mr. John Walsh for word parody!!
Cantore _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ ::: for word You, _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ is in word done at pick up the piece as you are word reported.
Words Three Hurricanes as word Hurri is not word derivative[Derivative[DERIVATIVE]] and word cane is able at word known, Cain, so your Three Planets are Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego and that equated words A Hebrew Man, and, A Human Man.
Words a Planet Ley is equated word storm only, the impact of word Storm equated word earthquake!! Word Thats a wave, so, that word equated words a wave, eh wave, so b Land.
The word known is our Planet and should our Planet storm and be word bombed where is the word push[Push[PUSH]].
Words Dependent on the word Winds kjv the word hit to word Wash is the word stream[word storm].
1.
Leys
You searched for
"REPORTED" in the KJV Bible
12 RESULTS - PAGE 1 OF 1 - SORT BY BOOK ORDER - FEEDBACK
- Acts 16:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Which was well reported of by the brethren that were at Lystra and Iconium.
- Nehemiah 6:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Also they reported his good deeds before me, and uttered my words to him. And Tobiah sent letters to put me in fear.
- Acts 4:23chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And being let go, they went to their own company, and reported all that the chief priests and elders had said unto them.
- Romans 3:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And not rather, (as we be slanderously reported, and as some affirm that we say,) Let us do evil, that good may come? whose damnation is just.
- Ezekiel 9:11chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And, behold, the man clothed with linen, which had the inkhorn by his side, reportedthe matter, saying, I have done as thou hast commanded me.
- 1 Corinthians 5:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- It is reported commonly that there is fornication among you, and such fornication as is not so much as named among the Gentiles, that one should have his father's wife.
- Matthew 28:15chapter context similar meaning copy save
- So they took the money, and did as they were taught: and this saying is commonly reported among the Jews until this day.
- Nehemiah 6:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And thou hast also appointed prophets to preach of thee at Jerusalem, saying, There is a king in Judah: and now shall it be reported to the king according to these words. Come now therefore, and let us take counsel together.
- Nehemiah 6:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Wherein was written, It is reported among the heathen, and Gashmu saith it, that thou and the Jews think to rebel: for which cause thou buildest the wall, that thou mayest be their king, according to these words.
- Esther 1:17chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For this deed of the queen shall come abroad unto all women, so that they shall despise their husbands in their eyes, when it shall be reported, The king Ahasuerus commanded Vashti the queen to be brought in before him, but she came not.
- 1 Timothy 5:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Well reported of for good works; if she have brought up children, if she have lodged strangers, if she have washed the saints' feet, if she have relieved the afflicted, if she have diligently followed every good work.
- 1 Peter 1:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Unto whom it was revealed, that not unto themselves, but unto us they did minister the things, which are now reported unto you by them that have preached the gospel unto you with the Holy Ghost sent down from heaven; which things the angels desire to look into.
Saturday, August 2, 2025
Title word tittle. THIS IS AN emergency[EMERGENCY] FOR WORDS HIS FAMILY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Jack Hanna has a name. Word Named Jack Hanna(Mr. Jack Hanna) word has a whole name[Jack Bushnell Hanna] and word he equated words a retired zookeeper and animal expert who served as the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium's director from 1978–1992. Nicknamed "Jungle Jack", he's credit: Word sort[Sort[sorted[SORT]]]!!
Cantore Arithmetic ia able to state words BIGFORK, Mont. – As a sunset paints equated words’ in worded sentence of word sort[words sunset pinks].
1.). The Secret of the Universe is Choice
Friday, May 10, 2013
The Human Race, A Run?!
Tuesday, July 29, 2014
The Riding Club
I was in a thought about the Man does Blunt lope the Pony of with using only soap as rub to work out,
Monday, July 28, 2014
Dimensional Locks Walk ~ James Blunt True Flame
I have these dreams in which I'm full awake in a sort of wierdly sake,
Tuesday, July 29, 2014
The Riding Club
I was in a thought about the Man does Blunt lope the Pony of with using only soap as rub to work out,
Sunday, June 1, 2014
No Judgement Just Conceptuals
Sunday, June 26, 2016
'Y' At Per^Rent.The^Sees Does The Sign Describe 'The Come' As 'A' An Not 'Be' Sea On The Alphabet Off Sleeve Of Jacket, As Jacket, Yet Yields A Deed???
Prof. Funkhouser
2/7/05
Weitz, “The Role of Theory in Aesthetics”
http://comp.uark.edu/~efunkho/09ArtNotes.pdf
*The chief concern of aesthetic theory has been to come up with necessary and sufficient
conditions for something to count as a work of art—this is an inquiry into the nature,
essence, or Form of art.
--Weitz contends that this is not a productive line of inquiry, as there are no such
necessary and sufficient conditions to be found.
*Weitz then turns to considering various, failed definitions of ‘art’: e.g., Formalism (art
as significant form), Emotionalism (art as the expression of emotion through a public,
sensuous medium), Intuitionism (art as “an awareness, non-conceptual in character, of the
unique individuality of things”), Organicism (art as a complex of interrelated parts), and
Voluntarism (art as the unique combination of imagination, language, and harmony).
*Following Wittegenstein, Weitz says that, instead of looking for the Form of art (or at
least before doing so), we should examine how the word or concept ‘art’ is used in our
language.
--Wittgenstein’s example: What is a game?
There are no necessary and sufficient conditions—only family resemblances.
“Knowing what a game is is not knowing some real definition or theory but being
able to recognize and explain games and to decide which among imaginary and
new examples would or would not be called “games”.” (15)
--There are paradigm cases of both games and works of art.
Open concept: “A concept is open if its conditions of application are emendable and
corrigible; i.e., if a situation or case can be imagined or secured which would call for
some sort of decision on our part to extend the use of the concept to cover this, or to close
the concept and invent a new one to deal with the new case and its new property.” (15)
--Because no necessary and sufficient conditions exist for being a work of art, art
is an open concept.
--Weitz claims that only logical and mathematical concepts are closed. (15)
Q: Is Weitz correct in this claim?
--We do not discover the appropriate applications for open concepts, we decide on
them.
*Weitz claims that the novelty and adventurousness of art makes it incapable of
definition. (16)
Q: But, given that Weitz thinks most concepts are open, are these properties of
art even relevant to its openness? Would the existence of necessary and sufficient
conditions for art limit the creativity and adventurousness of the art world?
*Instead of searching for a definition, we should investigate how the concept of art is
actually used and in what circumstances it is correctly employed.
--It is both descriptive and evaluative.
--Weitz’s “criteria of recognition”, for the descriptive use of ‘art’: “some sort of
artifact, made by human skill, ingenuity, and imagination, which embodies in its
sensuous, public medium—stone, wood, sounds, words, etc.—certain
distinguishable elements and relations.” (16)
--No individual criterion provides a necessary condition, but each work of art
necessarily meets one (some) of these criteria.
--Weitz’s “criteria of evaluation”, for the evaluative use of ‘art’: Is all art, by
definition, successful art?
*Weitz concludes by suggesting that we view the traditional definitions of ‘art’ as
offering points of emphasis—recommendations as to where artists should return their
focus.
Tuesday, August 30, 2016
Took both these off my google plus as they may be considered rude and I don't want to offend anyone
_________________________________________________________________________________
Note to self:
Removed 2 posts on 8/30/2016 at 2:33 PM and am keeping them in this area of my computer storage so that they can be easily seen should anyone feel that they need to look at whatever I may be writing or deciding to delete due to the high viewing numbers I believe this is the easiest thing to do in order to remain totally honest while deciding that I do indeed have the freedom of speech but rude may be a topic that is .... well who really knows these days.
________________________________________________________________________________
With all the National Media and their constant on subject of violence and horrific shootings in the streets of the United States why is the International Spy Shop ( https://www.internationalspyshop.com/ ) or why is this 'type of store' not been asked to close, move, shutdown, or why has not one person done a story on this type of 'tourist attraction' ?? The pictures alone are a terrible pass to the psyche?? The horror should shamble your dance to a full bore freeze. As yesterday in the City, I did the tourist thing and in-doing the 'Tourist Thing' I went to see a tourist attraction that actually to point and to be more to the point will include the bit-word as history in example?? The Balclutha !!!!
The Balclutha is a three-masted, steel-hulled, square-rigged ship built to carry a variety of cargo all over the world and the National Park Service opened a pier down on the wharf to include that set of incredible boats as well, as the Balclutha listed https://www.nps.gov/safr/learn/historyculture/balclutha.htm is at their harbor museum.
Being that Vessel specific was included in the 'free of charge' wonderful offer to experience and as the National Park Service offered four days this past week for all of us to be able to go see our local sights I had made the decision to go after seeing the advertised on the local News and decided to take them up on their generosity.
The Balclutha Launched in 1886 by the Charles Connell and Company shipyard near Glasgow, Scotland, the ship carried goods around Cape Horn (tip of South America) 17 times. It took a crew of about 26 men to handle the ship at sea with her complex rigging and 25 sails.
This incredible Vessel moored down on the wharf and has been in the Bay Area for all to view both coming and going, by plane, boat, ship, cars and a friend of mind used to Crew as a volunteer when I was a kid so indeed it was a huge part of my life always. As he had told me many a story and absolutely loved doing education, in fact he used to take kids to the ...well that's a segway and I should stick to this story and not go off on my mothers work with Student League of San Francisco, back to my story. He loved to work the lines and I thought to finally go. The moment was meant to be a memory magical, as this friend also, sadly and ultimately ended up by I guess some weird traditional thing taking a giant leap of faith, the only draw-back was it happened to be the gasping, suffocating reality to I as he took his life by jumping off the bridge which is why I never went to go see the Balclutha. For it was a painful and really difficult horror and at the same time this amazing man that had an amazing life, and, as in one such accomplishment, he went to night school (the years to be understood as he did so many things on a daily basis) and graduated from Hastings School of Law http://www.uchastings.edu/ becoming a lawyer, degree specific. As I remember this was really a big commitment, causing tons of stress to him, but he stuck with it and when he passed the Bar the world was his oyster and that degree was truly not a pearl, it was however a moment I will never forget.
You must truly see the pride of a Man enjoy the wonder of that incredible moment of Men and change your life NOW. To be witness to such demand, I tremble at the sight of a memory so close to my real. Anyhow obviously this joyful moment of many, many things had to be, and, life is life so I did not want to spoil it by just having to have to deal with it. I wanted to somehow embrace the entire love, the wonder of such an enduring spirit that taught many more than just I, and, also deal with the reality that his ultimate decision devastated everything that he had taught me since I was really young.
As I didn't want to deal with it, but had to also endure the truth and I knew that he was an adult and I was only four years old when he met my mother and I in an extremely odd circumstance as the two of us had been kidnapped and he was the one that picked us up at the airport back East. Truly times that multiply in dynamic conversation, BUT since nobody speaks anymore AND as I am sticking to my story I shall 'simple say' he made his bridge decision. It has been a bit different than what I have been able to thoroughly understand AND it has taken me years, and years and years and even more years to choose to go and physically see the Balclutha as I knew that not by view, not by see and by actually walking those decks I would indeed finally know that I was walking the last steps that he ever took on this earth. This was a difficult hold to not waiver in such a life that had taken so much time to educate me in and about life and the aspects thereof.
I don't want to counter your mind with my story, however that presents the HORROR of the Spy Shop all that much worse as THAT STORE is just blaring this horrid picture in its window and it was rather shocking to my day of such a hold that I nearly fell down, especially in lieu of all the News Casting all over the ENTIRE WORLD that our Country is, well I would quote somebody recently that said such disgusting barf that I will just say that that person said we all deserve it. That makes doing anything with a settled approach not difficult but makes the entire process of being out on the town more to the effect of "eyes up" and pay attention. In such, as I have been taught to be aware and the picture from the International Spy Shop is one thing but up close and personal?? or how 'bout your just cruising around in your own minds thought of personal history, well that was off the board.
Now you read all about how exciting it is and then ask the media what it is doing with reporting the constant dial of gun violence saying that nobody understands it. This is quite self-explanatory, it even has a Yelp page. https://www.google.com/search?q=Fisherman%27s+Wharf+San+Francisco+California+Spy+Shop+for+tourists&oq=Fisherman%27s+Wharf+San+Francisco+California+Spy+Shop+for+tourists&aqs=chrome..69i57.32815j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
_________________________________________took both of these posts down off google plus
I was down at the Wharf and all the ole time Crab Stands are just gone and this picture is the only one I can find that even says Alioto's on a building time and date to appropriate. As Joey had the Crab Stand outside Castagnola's and it is not only just gone it has a bunch of junk where the Best Stand in the entire city was, because it was (don't laugh) just like sitting at Danny's in the Marina!! Of course Joey had been given the old bar stools and that was a treasure that he and I always sort of laughed quietly about. What happened to all the Crab Stands as its weird on the wharf now as it is like an unhappy disneyland spot as even the tourists were stranger than usual. And, you should check out the totally freaky store a block up and in the middle across from the hotel. Its some gun place that says Spy something and it is a place you shoot people in some kind of visual video sort of thing. I will tell you those fucking guns looked real and they have a metal detector when you walk in. I went in 'cause I couldn't believe the window dressings as they were paper Men targets all shot out and I thought is this some kind of new 'Believe it or Not' sort of place. So when I went in and to the front counter I had the worst feeling but I stayed so that I could ask what the fuck it was. This gal comes up and says it is a shootem up place, 'Cowboys and Indians' and some other weird shit that I didn't quite understand. I asked who comes here and she said mostly all tourists. Why would tourists come all the way from Europe to shoot people up at Fishermans Wharf in San Francisco and she said it was very popular. All I know is that the public is constantly bitching about gun violence and that tourist joint had more guns than I have ever seen in a fucking gun shop, not that I have ever been in a gun shop but on T.V. it didn't look that stocked. As I listened about that whole orange tip thing on the end of those fuckers to know what the hell that story was all about I noticed something, YOU ARE ALL INSANE because that little orange microscopic plastic piece of whatever was not easily identifiable. So to you all in the United States, your local wharf might be the place to visit should you not have been there in a while and your shock to your wharf might deliver your tune to blaming the police for all the violence a brand new reality, called tourists.
Tuesday, June 3, 2014
High Pitch Deep Throttle
Monday, July 28, 2014
The Close-Up Was Blunt ~ James Blunt True Flame
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Now in the hour of the moment at the begin of the when my perfume's name was stolen,
Friday, November 14, 2014
Freaky Friday
Saturday, November 1, 2014
Leader Lockers
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Saturday, May 23, 2015
Which Craft Or Which Haze^Awl
Wednesday, July 30, 2014
Sit-UP Straight Heels Down...What'd You Say!!
You searched for
"SORT" in the KJV Bible
21 Instances - Page 1 of 1 - Sort by Book Order - Feedback
- Nehemiah 6:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Yet they sent unto me four times after this sort; and I answered them after the same manner.
- Ezra 4:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Rehum the chancellor and Shimshai the scribe wrote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the king in this sort:
- Ezra 1:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Thirty basons of gold, silver basons of a second sort four hundred and ten, and other vessels a thousand.
- 3 John 1:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Which have borne witness of thy charity before the church: whom if thou bring forward on their journey after a godly sort, thou shalt do well:
- 2 Timothy 3:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For of this sort are they which creep into houses, and lead captive silly women laden with sins, led away with divers lusts,
- Romans 15:15chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Nevertheless, brethren, I have written the more boldly unto you in some sort, as putting you in mind, because of the grace that is given to me of God,
- 1 Chronicles 29:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But who am I, and what is my people, that we should be able to offer so willingly after this sort? for all things come of thee, and of thine own have we given thee.
- Genesis 6:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And of every living thing of all flesh, two of every sort shalt thou bring into the ark, to keep them alive with thee; they shall be male and female.
- Genesis 6:20chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Of fowls after their kind, and of cattle after their kind, of every creeping thing of the earth after his kind, two of every sort shall come unto thee, to keep them alive.
- 2 Chronicles 30:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- So they established a decree to make proclamation throughout all Israel, from Beersheba even to Dan, that they should come to keep the passover unto the LORD God of Israel at Jerusalem: for they had not done it of a long time in such sort as it was written.
- Ezekiel 39:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Thou shalt fall upon the mountains of Israel, thou, and all thy bands, and the people that is with thee: I will give thee unto the ravenous birds of every sort, and to the beasts of the field to be devoured.
- 1 Chronicles 24:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Thus were they divided by lot, one sort with another; for the governors of the sanctuary, and governors of the house of God, were of the sons of Eleazar, and of the sons of Ithamar.
- Ezekiel 23:42chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And a voice of a multitude being at ease was with her: and with the men of the common sort were brought Sabeans from the wilderness, which put bracelets upon their hands, and beautiful crowns upon their heads.
- Acts 17:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But the Jews which believed not, moved with envy, took unto them certain lewd fellows of the baser sort, and gathered a company, and set all the city on an uproar, and assaulted the house of Jason, and sought to bring them out to the people.
- 2 Kings 24:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And he carried away all Jerusalem, and all the princes, and all the mighty men of valour, even ten thousand captives, and all the craftsmen and smiths: none remained, save the poorest sort of the people of the land.
- Daniel 3:29chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Therefore I make a decree, That every people, nation, and language, which speak any thing amiss against the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, shall be cut in pieces, and their houses shall be made a dunghill: because there is no other God that can deliver after this sort.
- 1 Corinthians 3:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Every man's work shall be made manifest: for the day shall declare it, because it shall be revealed by fire; and the fire shall try every man's work of what sort it is.
- Daniel 1:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the prince of the eunuchs said unto Daniel, I fear my lord the king, who hath appointed your meat and your drink: for why should he see your faces worse liking than the children which are of your sort? then shall ye make me endanger my head to the king.
- 2 Corinthians 7:11chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For behold this selfsame thing, that ye sorrowed after a godly sort, what carefulness it wrought in you, yea, what clearing of yourselves, yea, what indignation, yea, what fear, yea, what vehement desire, yea, what zeal, yea, what revenge! In all things ye have approved yourselves to be clear in this matter.
- Ezekiel 44:30chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the first of all the firstfruits of all things, and every oblation of all, of every sortof your oblations, shall be the priest's: ye shall also give unto the priest the first of your dough, that he may cause the blessing to rest in thine house.
- Genesis 7:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- They, and every beast after his kind, and all the cattle after their kind, and every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and every fowl after his kind, every bird of every sort.
An Independent Mind, Knot Logic
Title: The word necessary is for word done and word seen, REM Sleep is one thing, a word equated word Device of word dreaming, so this is not really a dream when you word might understand it, so be word frightened.
Relevant post: Sunday, March 15, 2026 Ranger from the word Wyoming at word Park word night:::AMA stands for the Initials word of[Amerian ...
Karen A. Placek, aka Karen Placek, K.A.P., KAP
- Karen Placek
- Presents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of my first blog delivered more than a million views!! The title is its work as "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!!
Know Decision of the Public: Popular Posts!!
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