Blade Runner

Blade Runner
Blade Runner
	Theatrical release poster by John Alvin
Directed by	Ridley Scott
Screenplay by	Hampton Fancher; David Peoples;
Based on	Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?; by Philip K. Dick
Produced by	Michael Deeley
Starring	Harrison Ford; Rutger Hauer; Sean Young; Edward James Olmos;
Cinematography	Jordan Cronenweth
Edited by	Terry Rawlings; Marsha Nakashima;
Music by	Vangelis
Production; companies	The Ladd Company; Shaw Brothers; Blade Runner Partnership;
Distributed by	Warner Bros. (worldwide); Shaw Brothers (Hong Kong);
Release dates	June 25, 1982 (United States); December 22, 1982 (Hong Kong);
Running time	117 minutes
Countries	United States; Hong Kong
Language	English
Budget	$30 million
Box office	$41.8 million

Blade Runner is a 1982 science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott from a screenplay by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples.^[7]^[8] Starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos, it is an adaptation of Philip K. Dick's 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on space colonies. When a fugitive group of advanced replicants led by Roy Batty (Hauer) escapes back to Earth, former cop Rick Deckard (Ford) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down.

Blade Runner initially underperformed in North American theaters and polarized critics; some praised its thematic complexity and visuals, while others critiqued its slow pacing and lack of action. The film's soundtrack, composed by Vangelis, was nominated in 1982 for a BAFTA and a Golden Globe as best original score. Blade Runner later became a cult film, and has since come to be regarded as one of the greatest science fiction films. Hailed for its production design depicting a high-tech but decaying future, the film is often regarded as both a leading example of neo-noir cinema and a foundational work of the cyberpunk^[9] genre. It has influenced many science fiction films, video games, anime, and television series. It also brought the work of Dick to Hollywood's attention and led to several film adaptations of his works. In 1993, it was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress.

Seven different versions of Blade Runner exist as a result of controversial changes requested by studio executives. A director's cut was released in 1992 after a strong response to test screenings of a workprint. This, in conjunction with the film's popularity as a video rental, made it one of the earliest films to be released on DVD. In 2007, Warner Bros. released The Final Cut, a 25th-anniversary digitally remastered version; this is the only version over which Scott retained artistic control.

The film is the first of the franchise of the same name. A sequel, titled Blade Runner 2049, was released in 2017 alongside a trilogy of short films covering the thirty-year span between the two films' settings. The anime series Blade Runner: Black Lotus was released in 2021.

Plot

In 2019 Los Angeles, former police officer Rick Deckard is detained by Officer Gaff, who likes to make origami figures, and is brought to his former supervisor, Bryant. Deckard, whose job as a "blade runner" was to track down bioengineered humanoids known as replicants and terminally "retire" them, is informed that four replicants are on Earth illegally. Deckard begins to leave, but Bryant makes veiled threats and Deckard stays. The two watch a video of a blade runner named Holden administering the Voight-Kampff test, which is designed to distinguish replicants from humans based on their emotional responses to questions. The test subject, Leon, shoots Holden on the second question. Bryant wants Deckard to retire Leon and three other Nexus-6 replicants: Roy Batty, Zhora, and Pris.

Bryant has Deckard meet with the CEO of the company that creates the replicants, Eldon Tyrell, so he can administer the V-K test on a Nexus-6 to see if it works on them. Tyrell expresses his interest in seeing the test fail first and asks him to administer it on his assistant Rachael. After a much longer than standard test, Deckard concludes privately to Tyrell that Rachael is a replicant who believes she is human. Tyrell explains that she is an experiment who has been given false memories to provide an "emotional cushion", and that she has no knowledge of her true nature.

In searching Leon's hotel room, Deckard finds photos and a scale from the skin of an animal, which is later identified as a synthetic snake scale. Deckard returns to his apartment, where Rachael is waiting. She tries to prove her humanity by showing him a family photo, but Deckard reveals that her memories are implants from Tyrell's niece, and she leaves in tears.

Replicants Roy and Leon meanwhile investigate a replicant eye-manufacturing laboratory and learn of J. F. Sebastian, a gifted genetic designer who works closely with Tyrell. Pris locates Sebastian and manipulates him to gain his trust.

A photograph from Leon's apartment and the snake scale lead Deckard to a strip club, where Zhora works. After a confrontation and chase, Deckard kills Zhora. Bryant also orders him to retire Rachael, who has disappeared from the Tyrell Corporation. Deckard spots Rachael in a crowd, but he is ambushed by Leon, who knocks the gun out of Deckard's hand and beats him. As Leon is about to kill Deckard, Rachael saves him by using Deckard's gun to kill Leon. They return to Deckard's apartment and, during a discussion, he promises not to track her down. As Rachael abruptly tries to leave, Deckard restrains her and forces her to kiss him, and she ultimately relents. Deckard leaves Rachael at his apartment and departs to search for the remaining replicants.

Roy arrives at Sebastian's apartment and tells Pris that the other replicants are dead. Sebastian reveals that because of a genetic premature aging disorder, his life will be cut short, like the replicants that were built with a four-year lifespan. Roy uses Sebastian to gain entrance to Tyrell's penthouse. He demands more life from his maker, which Tyrell says is impossible. Roy confesses that he has done "questionable things" but Tyrell dismisses this, praising Roy's advanced design and accomplishments in his short life. Roy kisses Tyrell and then kills him by crushing his eyes and skull. Sebastian tries to flee and is later reported dead.^{[nb 1]}

At Sebastian's apartment, Deckard is ambushed by Pris, but he kills her as Roy returns. Roy's body begins to fail as the end of his lifespan nears. He chases Deckard through the building and onto the roof. Deckard tries to jump onto another roof but is left hanging from the edge. Roy makes the jump with ease and, as Deckard's grip loosens, Roy hoists him onto the roof to save him. Before Roy dies, he laments that his memories "will be lost in time, like tears in rain". Gaff arrives to congratulate Deckard, also reminding him that Rachael will not live, but "then again, who does?" Deckard returns to his apartment to retrieve Rachael. While escorting her to the elevator, he notices a small origami unicorn on the floor. He recalls Gaff's words and departs with Rachael.

Cast

Production

Pre-production and script

Interest in adapting Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? developed shortly after its 1968 publication. Director Martin Scorsese was interested in filming the novel, but never optioned it.^[11] Producer Herb Jaffe optioned it in the early 1970s, but Dick was unimpressed with the screenplay written by Herb's son Robert, saying, "Jaffe's screenplay was so terribly done ... Robert flew down to Santa Ana to speak with me about the project. And the first thing I said to him when he got off the plane was, 'Shall I beat you up here at the airport, or shall I beat you up back at my apartment?'"^[12]

The screenplay by Hampton Fancher was optioned in 1977.^[13] Producer Michael Deeleybecame interested in Fancher's draft and convinced director Ridley Scott to film it. Scott had previously declined the project but, after leaving the slow production of Dune, wanted a faster-paced project to take his mind off his older brother's recent death.^[14] He joined the project on February 21, 1980, and managed to push up the promised Filmways financing from US$13 million to $15 million. Fancher's script focused more on environmental issues and less on issues of humanity and religion, which are prominent in the novel, and Scott wanted changes. Fancher found a cinema treatment by William S. Burroughs for Alan E. Nourse's novel The Bladerunner (1974), titled Blade Runner (a movie).^{[nb 2]} Scott liked the name, so Deeley obtained the rights to the titles.^[15]

Dick publicly expressed distaste with Fancher's early screenplay in the LA press, calling the result a "terrible script. Corny, extremely maladroit throughout".^[16] He complained that it "overrelied on the old cliché-ridden Chandleresque figure" and that Fancher had "concentrated on a lurid collision between human and android. The whole skein of the book had been simplified into a 'you or me' type of thing; only one of us, this human or an android, will survive".^[16] Eventually, Scott hired David Peoples to rewrite the script and Fancher left the job over the issue on December 21, 1980, although he later returned to contribute additional rewrites.^[17] Dick was especially enthusiastic about the 1981 rewrite of Fancher's draft by Peoples:

This was the February 1981 version of the script, and it immediately struck me that all the previous problems had been resolved. Peoples had done a first-class piece of work. He'd smoothed out the dialogue and reworked certain problems in some of the scenes. And the whole idea of the replicants being infused with progeria, or premature aging, was a new twist. By inserting this angle, by dropping Rachael's suicide, by rethinking the final Batty/Deckard confrontation as a moving, wonderful sequence—and by any other number of touch-ups—Peoples transformed the Blade Runner screenplay into a beautiful, symmetrical reinforcement of my original work.^[18]

Peoples later suggested that his contributions were oversold, stating that Scott's "ideas and thrust were the motive force of the film" and noting that Scott was "totally involved on every level of scripting."^[18] He also praised an early script by Fancher, and credited actors Harrison Ford and Rutger Hauer with offering ideas about dialogue.^[18] Hauer rewrote his character's "tears in rain" speech himself and presented the words to Scott on set prior to filming.^[19]

Having invested more than $2.5 million in pre-production,^[20] as the date of commencement of principal photography neared, Filmways withdrew financial backing. In ten days Deeley had secured $21.5 million in financing through a three-way deal between the Ladd Company (through Warner Bros.), the Hong Kong-based producer Sir Run Run Shaw and Tandem Productions.^[21]

Voight-Kampff machine

A very advanced form of lie detector that measures contractions of the iris muscle and the presence of invisible airborne particles emitted from the body. The bellows were designed for the latter function and give the machine the menacing air of a sinister insect. The VK is used primarily by Blade Runners to determine if a suspect is truly human by measuring the degree of his empathic response through carefully worded questions and statements.

– Description from the original press kit

The Voight-Kampff machine is a fictional interrogation tool originating from the novel, in which it is spelled "Voigt-Kampff". It is a polygraph-like machine that is used by blade runners to determine whether an individual is a replicant by measuring bodily functions such as respiration, blush response, heart rate, and eye movement in response to questions dealing with empathy.^[68] In real life, a magazine created an approximation of the test using questions and used it in jest on the candidates in the 2003 election for Mayor of San Francisco, concluding that at least half of them, including future Governor Gavin Newsom, would be classified as replicants.^[69]^[70]

Music

The Blade Runner soundtrack by Vangelis is a dark melodic combination of classic composition and futuristic synthesizers which mirrors the film noir retro-future envisioned by Scott.^[71] Vangelis, fresh from his Academy Award-winning score for Chariots of Fire,^[72]composed and performed the music on his synthesizers.^[73] He also made use of various chimes and the vocals of collaborator Demis Roussos.^[74] Another memorable sound is the tenor sax solo "Love Theme" by British saxophonist Dick Morrissey, who performed on many of Vangelis's albums. Ridley Scott also used "Memories of Green" from the Vangelis album See You Later, an orchestral version of which Scott would later use in his film Someone to Watch Over Me.^[75]

Along with Vangelis's compositions and ambient textures, the film's soundscape also features a track by the Japanese ensemble Nipponia – "Ogi no Mato" or "The Folding Fan as a Target" from the Nonesuch Records release Traditional Vocal and Instrumental Music – and a track by harpist Gail Laughton from "Harps of the Ancient Temples" on Laurel Records.^[76]

Despite being well received by fans and critically acclaimed and nominated in 1982 for a BAFTA and a Golden Globe as best original score, and the promise of a soundtrack album from Polydor Records in the end titles of the film, the release of the official soundtrack recording was delayed for over a decade. There are two official releases of the music from Blade Runner. In light of the lack of a release of an album, the New American Orchestra recorded an orchestral adaptation in 1982 which bore little resemblance to the original. Some of the film tracks would, in 1989, surface on the compilation Vangelis: Themes, but not until the 1992 release of the Director's Cut version would a substantial amount of the film's score see commercial release.^[74]

These delays and poor reproductions led to the production of many bootleg recordings over the years. A bootleg tape surfaced in 1982 at science fiction conventions and became popular given the delay of an official release of the original recordings, and in 1993 "Off World Music, Ltd" created a bootleg CD that would prove more comprehensive than Vangelis' official CD in 1994.^[74] A set with three CDs of Blade Runner-related Vangelis music was released in 2007. Titled Blade Runner Trilogy, the first disc contains the same tracks as the 1994 official soundtrack release, the second features previously unreleased music from the film, and the third disc is all newly composed music from Vangelis, inspired by, and in the spirit of the film.^[77]

Special effects

The film's special effects are generally recognized to be among the best in the genre,^[78]^[79] using the available (non-digital) technology to the fullest. Special effects engineers who worked on the film are often praised for the innovative technology they used to produce and design certain aspects of those visuals.^[80] In addition to matte paintings and models, the techniques employed included multipass exposures. In some scenes, the set was lit, shot, the film rewound, and then rerecorded over with different lighting. In some cases this was done 16 times in all. The cameras were frequently motion controlled using computers.^[78] Many effects used techniques which had been developed during the production of Close Encounters of the Third Kind.^[81]

Release

Theatrical run

Blade Runner was released in 1,290 theaters on June 25, 1982. That date was chosen by producer Alan Ladd Jr. because his previous highest-grossing films (Star Wars and Alien) had a similar opening date (May 25) in 1977 and 1979, making the 25th of the month his "lucky day".^[82] Blade Runner grossed reasonably good ticket sales in its opening weekend, earning $6.1 million during its first weekend in theaters.^[83] The film was released close to other major science-fiction and fantasy releases such as The Thing, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, Conan the Barbarian and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, which affected its commercial success.^[84]

Alternative versions and home media

Several versions of Blade Runner have been shown. The original workprint version (1982, 113 minutes) was shown for audience test previews in Denver and Dallas in March 1982. Negative responses to the previews led to the modifications resulting in the U.S. theatrical version.^[85]^[86] The workprint was shown as a director's cut without Scott's approval at the Los Angeles Fairfax Theater in May 1990, at an AMPAS showing in April 1991, and in September and October 1991 at the Los Angeles Nuart Theatre and the San Francisco Castro Theatre.^[87] Positive responses pushed the studio to approve work on an official director's cut.^[88] A San Diego sneak preview was shown once, in May 1982; it was almost identical to the U.S. theatrical version but contained three extra scenes not shown in any other version, including the 2007 final cut.^[89]

Two versions were shown in the film's 1982 theatrical release: the U.S. theatrical version (117 minutes),^[1] known as the original version or Domestic Cut (released on Betamax, CED Videodisc and VHS in 1983, and on LaserDisc in 1987), and the International Cut (117 minutes), also known as the "Criterion Edition" or "uncut version", which included more violent action scenes than the U.S. version. Although initially unavailable in the U.S. and distributed in Europe and Asia via theatrical and local Warner Home Videoreleases, the International Cut was later released on VHS and The Criterion Collection Laserdisc in North America, and re-released in 1992 as a "10th Anniversary Edition".^[90]

Ridley Scott's Director's Cut (1992, 116 minutes)^[91] had significant changes from the theatrical version including the removal of Deckard's voice-over, the re-insertion of a sequence in which Deckard dreams of a unicorn, and the removal of the studio-imposed happy ending. Scott provided extensive notes and consultation to Warner Bros. through film preservationist Michael Arick, who was put in charge of creating the Director's Cut.^[92]

It is often falsely claimed that the unicorn sequence was an outtake from Ridley Scott's follow-up film Legend which also features unicorns, but it was in fact shot for Blade Runner as "additional photography" by second unit cinematographer Brian Tufano.^[93]

Scott's definitive The Final Cut (2007, 117 minutes)^[94] was released by Warner Bros. theatrically on October 5, 2007, and subsequently released on DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc in December 2007.^[95] This is the only version over which Scott had complete artistic and editorial control.^[92] It was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on September 5, 2017.^[96]

Reception

Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an 89% approval rating based on 132 reviews, with an average rating of 8.50/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Misunderstood when it first hit theaters, the influence of Ridley Scott's mysterious, neo-noir Blade Runnerhas deepened with time. A visually remarkable, achingly human sci-fi masterpiece."^[97] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 84 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".^[98]

Initial reactions among film critics were mixed. Some wrote that the plot took a back seat to the film's special effects and did not fit the studio's marketing as an action and adventure film. Others acclaimed its complexity and predicted it would stand the test of time.^[99]Negative criticism in the United States cited its slow pace.^[100] Sheila Benson from the Los Angeles Times called it "Blade Crawler", and Pat Berman in The State and Columbia Record described it as "science fiction pornography".^[101] Pauline Kael praised Blade Runner as worthy of a place in film history for its distinctive sci-fi vision, yet criticized the film's lack of development in "human terms".^[102] Ares magazine said, "Misunderstood by audiences and critics alike, it is by far the best science fiction film of the year."^[103]

Cultural analysis

Academics began analyzing the film almost as soon as it was released. One of the first books on the film was Paul M. Sammon's Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner (1996), which dissects the details concerning the film's production.^[104] He was followed by Scott Bukatman's Blade Runner and other books and academic articles.^[105]^[106] In Postmodern Metanarratives: Blade Runner and Literature in the Age of Image, Décio Torres Cruz analyzes the philosophical and psychological issues and the literary influences in Blade Runner. He examines the film's cyberpunk and dystopic elements by establishing a link between the Biblical, classical and modern traditions and the postmodern aspects in the film's collage of several literary texts.^[9]

The boom in home video formats helped establish a growing cult around the film,^[80] which scholars have analysed for its dystopic aspects, questions regarding "authentic" humanity, ecofeminist aspects and use of conventions from many genres.^[107]^[108] Popular culture began to reassess its impact as a classic several years after it was released.^[109]^[110]^[111] Roger Ebert praised the visuals of the original and the Director's Cut and recommended it for that reason; he found the human story clichéd and a little thin.^[26] He later added The Final Cut to his "Great Movies" list.^[112] Chris Rodley and Janet Maslin thought that Blade Runner changed cinematic and social discourse through its image repertoire and influence on films.^[113] In 2012, Time film critic Richard Corliss analyzed the durability, complexity, screenplay, sets and production dynamics from a personal, three-decade perspective.^[114] Denis Villeneuve, who directed the sequel, Blade Runner 2049, cites the film as a huge influence for him and many others.^[111]

It has also been noted for its postmodernism and that it contributes to the historical development of modern dystopia in film.^[115] The futuristic version of Los Angeles has been widely discussed by academics, with some comparing it to Milton's descriptions of hell in Paradise Lost.^[116] In a 2019 retrospective, the BBC argued that elements of the film's socio-political themes remained prescient in the real year of the film's setting, such as its depiction of climate change.^[117] From a more philosophical perspective, Alison Landsberg described Scott's direction of the film as a "prosthetic memory"—an action that has never happened and appears to be divorced from lived experience, yet it defines personhood and identity within the wider Blade Runner universe.^[118]

Awards and nominations

Blade Runner won or received nominations for the following awards:^[119]

Year	Award	Category	Nominee	Result
1982	British Society of Cinematographers	Best Cinematography	Jordan Cronenweth	Nominated
1982	Los Angeles Film Critics Association	Best Cinematography		Won
1983	British Academy Film Awards	Best Cinematography		Won
		Best Costume Design	Charles Knode and Michael Kaplan	Won
		Best Editing	Terry Rawlings	Nominated
		Best Film Music	Vangelis	Nominated
		Best Makeup and Hair	Marvin Westmore	Nominated
		Best Production Design	Lawrence G. Paull	Won
		Best Sound	Peter Pennell, Bud Alper, Graham V. Hartstone, and Gerry Humphreys	Nominated
		Best Special Visual Effects	Douglas Trumbull, Richard Yuricich, and David Dryer	Nominated
	Hugo Award	Best Dramatic Presentation		Won
	London Film Critics' Circle	Special Achievement Award	Lawrence G. Paull, Douglas Trumbull, and Syd Mead	Won
	Golden Globe Awards	Best Original Score	Vangelis	Nominated
	Academy Awards	Best Art Direction	Lawrence G. Paull, David Snyder, and Linda DeScenna	Nominated^[120]
	Academy Awards	Best Visual Effects	Douglas Trumbull, Richard Yuricich, and David Dryer	Nominated^[121]^[122]
	Saturn Award	Best Director	Ridley Scott	Nominated
		Best Science Fiction Film		Nominated
		Best Special Effects	Douglas Trumbull and Richard Yuricich	Nominated
		Best Supporting Actor	Rutger Hauer	Nominated
	Fantasporto	International Fantasy Film Award	Ridley Scott	Nominated
1993	Fantasporto	International Fantasy Film Award	Best Film – Ridley Scott (Director's Cut)	Nominated
1994	Saturn Award	Best Genre Video Release	Blade Runner (Director's Cut)	Nominated
2008	Saturn Award	Best DVD Special Edition Release	Blade Runner (5-Disc Ultimate Collector's Edition)	Won

Themes

The film operates on multiple dramatic and narrative levels. It employs some of the conventions of film noir, among them the character of a femme fatale; narration by the protagonist (in the original release); chiaroscuro cinematography; and giving the hero a questionable moral outlook – extending to include reflections upon the nature of his own humanity.^[123]^[124] It is a literate science fiction film, thematically enfolding the philosophy of religion and moral implications of human mastery of genetic engineering in the context of classical Greek drama and hubris.^[125] It also draws on Biblical images, such as Noah's flood,^[126] and literary sources, such as Frankenstein^[127] and William Blake.^[128] Although Scott said any similarity was merely coincidental,^[129] fans claimed that the chess game between Sebastian and Tyrell was based on the Immortal Game of 1851.^[130]

Blade Runner delves into the effects of technology on the environment and society by reaching to the past, using literature, religious symbolism, classical dramatic themes, and film noir techniques. This tension between past, present, and future is represented in the "retrofitted" future depicted in the film, one which is high-tech and gleaming in places but decayed and outdated elsewhere. In an interview with The Observer in 2002, director Ridley Scott described the film as "extremely dark, both literally and metaphorically, with an oddly masochistic feel". He also said that he "liked the idea of exploring pain" in the wake of his brother's death: "When he was ill, I used to go and visit him in London, and that was really traumatic for me."^[131]

A sense of foreboding and paranoia pervades the world of the film: corporate power looms large; the police seem omnipresent; vehicle and warning lights probe into buildings; and the consequences of huge biomedical power over the individual are explored – especially regarding replicants' implanted memories. The film depicts a world post ecocide, where warfare and capitalism have led to destruction of 'normal' ecological systems.^[132] Control over the environment is exercised on a vast scale, and goes hand in hand with the absence of any natural life; for example, artificial animals stand in for their extinct predecessors.^[133] This oppressive backdrop explains the frequently referenced migration of humans to "off-world" (extraterrestrial) colonies. Eyes are a recurring motif, as are manipulated images, calling into question the nature of reality and our ability to accurately perceive and remember it.^[134]^[135] The film also consists of themes of Japan as a power, coming amid a time of anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States.^[136]

These thematic elements provide an atmosphere of uncertainty for Blade Runner's central theme of examining humanity. In order to discover replicants, an empathy test is used, with a number of its questions focused on the treatment of animals – seemingly an essential indicator of one's "humanity". Replicants will not respond the same way humans would, showing a lack of concern. The film goes so far as to question if Deckard might be a replicant, in the process asking the audience to re-evaluate what it means to be human.^[137]

The question of whether Deckard is intended to be a human or a replicant has been an ongoing controversy since the film's release.^[138]^[139] Both Michael Deeley and Harrison Ford wanted Deckard to be human, while Hampton Fancher preferred ambiguity.^[140] Ridley Scott has stated that he envisaged Deckard as a replicant.^[141]^[142] Deckard's unicorn-dream sequence, inserted into Scott's Director's Cut and concomitant with Gaff's parting gift of an origami unicorn, is seen by many as showing that Deckard is a replicant – because Gaff could have retrieved Deckard's implanted memories.^[127]^[143]^[144] The interpretation that Deckard is a replicant is challenged by others who believe the unicorn imagery shows that the characters, whether human or replicant, share the same dreams and recognize their affinity,^[145] or that the absence of a decisive answer is crucial to the film's main theme.^[146] The film's inherent ambiguity and uncertainty, as well as its textual richness, have permitted multiple interpretations.^[147]

Legacy

Cultural impact

While not initially a success with North American audiences, Blade Runner was popular internationally and garnered a cult following.^[148] The film's dark style and futuristic designs have served as a benchmark and its influence can be seen in many subsequent science fiction films, video games, anime, and television programs.^[123]

Its influence has also extended beyond the science fiction genre, especially in the creation of cinematic worlds. For example, Denis Villeneuve, Lana Wachowski,^[149] Christopher Nolan, Guillermo del Toro, Gareth Edwards^[150] Rian Johnson,^[151] Ronald D. Moore and David Eick^[152] have all cited it as an influence.^[30]^[153]^[154] Nolan notes that he has seen Blade Runner "literally hundreds of times",^[150] while del Toro describes it as "one of those cinematic drugs, that when I first saw it, I never saw the world the same way again".^[155] Scott Derrickson has called it "maybe the best American film ever made".^[156] Oren Soffer, who worked with Edwards as co-cinematographer on The Creator, cited the film as "the most visually stunning of all time" and as an influence on his work.^[157]^[158]

The film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1993 and is frequently taught in university courses.^[159]^[160]^[161] In 2007, it was named the second-most visually influential film of all time by the Visual Effects Society.^[162] The film has also been the subject of parody, such as the comics Blade Bummer by Crazy comics,^[163] Bad Rubber by Steve Gallacci,^[164] and the Red Dwarf 2009 three-part miniseries "Back to Earth".^[165]^[166] The anime series Psycho-Pass by Production I.G was also highly influenced by the film.^[167]

Blade Runner continues to reflect modern trends and concerns, and an increasing number of critics consider it one of the greatest science fiction films of all time.^[168] It was voted the best science fiction film ever made in a 2004 poll of 60 eminent world scientists.^[169] Blade Runner is also cited as an important influence to both the style and story of the Ghost in the Shell franchise, which itself has been highly influential to the future-noir genre.^[170]^[171] Blade Runner has been very influential to the cyberpunkmovement.^[172]^[173]^[174]^[175] It also influenced the cyberpunk derivative biopunk, which revolves around biotechnology and genetic engineering.^[176]^[177] The film is also considered to be one of the early examples of the tech noir^[178] subgenre.

The dialogue and music in Blade Runner has been sampled in music more than any other film of the 20th century.^[179] The 2009 album I, Human by Singaporean band Deus Ex Machina makes numerous references to the genetic engineering and cloning themes from the film, and even features a track titled "Replicant".^[180]

Blade Runner is cited as a major influence on Warren Spector,^[181] designer of the video game Deus Ex, which displays evidence of the film's influence in both its visual rendering and plot. Indeed, the film's look – and in particular its overall darkness, preponderance of neon lights and opaque visuals – are easier to render than complicated backdrops, making it a popular reference point for video game designers.^[182]^[183] It has influenced adventure games such as the 2012 graphical text adventure Cypher,^[184] Rise of the Dragon,^[185]^[186] Snatcher,^[186]^[187] the Tex Murphy series,^[188] Beneath a Steel Sky,^[189] Flashback: The Quest for Identity,^[186]Bubblegum Crisis video games (and their original anime),^[190]^[191] the role-playing game Shadowrun,^[186] the first-person shooterPerfect Dark,^[192] the shooter game Skyhammer,^[193]^[194] and the Syndicate series of video games.^[195]^[196]

The logos of Atari, Bell, Coca-Cola, Cuisinart, Pan Am, and RCA, all market leaders at the time, were prominently displayed as product placement in the film, and all experienced setbacks after the film's release,^[197]^[198] leading to suggestions of a Blade Runnercurse.^[199] Coca-Cola and Cuisinart recovered, and Tsingtao beer was also featured in the film and was more successful after the film than before.^[197]

The design of Tesla's Cybertruck was inspired by the film.^[200] Prior to its release Elon Musk promised that it would "look like something out of Blade Runner".^[201] Besides referring to the truck as the "Blade Runner Truck", Musk chose to debut the truck in order to coincide with the film's setting of November 2019.^[202] The film's art designer Syd Mead praised the truck and said he was "flattered" by the homage to Blade Runner.^[201]

Media recognition

Year	Presenter	Title	Rank	Refs
2001	The Village Voice	100 Best Films of the 20th Century	94	^[203]
2002	Online Film Critics Society(OFCS)	Top 100 Sci-fi Films of the Past 100 Years	2	^[204]
	Sight & Sound	Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002	45	^[205]
	50 Klassiker, Film		N/a	^[206]
2003	1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die		N/a	^[207]
2003	Entertainment Weekly	The Top 50 Cult Movies	9	^[208]
2004	The Guardian, scientists	Top 10 Sci-fi Films of All Time	1	^[209]^[210]^[211]
2005	Total Film's editors	100 Greatest Movies of All Time	47	^[212]
2005	Time magazine's critics	"All-Time 100" Movies	N/a	^[213]^[214]^[215]
2008	New Scientist	All-time favorite science fiction film (readers and staff)	1	^[216]^[217]
2008	Empire	The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time	20	^[218]
2010	Total Film	100 Greatest Movies of All Time	N/a	^[219]
2012	Sight & Sound	Sight & Sound 2012 critics top 250 films	69	^[220]
2012	Sight & Sound	Sight & Sound 2012 directors top 100 films	67	^[221]
2017	Empire	The 100 Greatest Movies Of All Time	13	^[222]
2022	IGN	Top 25 Sci-Fi Movies of All Time	2	^[223]
2022	Sight & Sound	Sight & Sound 2022 critics top 100 films	54	^[224]
2024	Far Out Magazine	10 most accurate movie psychopaths according to the FBI (replicant Leon Kowalski)	8	^[225]

American Film Institute recognition

In other media

Before filming began, Cinefantastique magazine commissioned Paul M. Sammon to write a special issue about Blade Runner's production which became the book Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner.^[226] The book chronicles Blade Runner's evolution, focusing on film-set politics, especially the British director's experiences with his first American film crew; of which producer Alan Ladd, Jr. has said, "Harrison wouldn't speak to Ridley and Ridley wouldn't speak to Harrison. By the end of the shoot Ford was 'ready to kill Ridley', said one colleague. He really would have taken him on if he hadn't been talked out of it."^[227] Future Noir has short cast biographies and quotations about their experiences as well as photographs of the film's production and preliminary sketches. A second edition of Future Noir was published in 2007, and additional materials not in either print edition have been published online.^[228]

Philip K. Dick refused a $400,000 offer to write a Blade Runner novelization, saying: "⁠[I was] told the cheapo novelization would have to appeal to the twelve-year-old audience" and it "would have probably been disastrous to me artistically". He added, "That insistence on my part of bringing out the original novel and not doing the novelization – they were just furious. They finally recognized that there was a legitimate reason for reissuing the novel, even though it cost them money. It was a victory not just of contractual obligations but of theoretical principles."^[50]^[229] Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? was eventually reprinted as a tie-in, with the film poster as a cover and the original title in parentheses below the Blade Runner title.^[230] Additionally, a novelization of the movie entitled Blade Runner: A Story of the Future by Les Martin was released in 1982.^[231] Archie Goodwin scripted the comic book adaptation, A Marvel Comics Super Special: Blade Runner, published in September 1982, which was illustrated by Al Williamson, Carlos Garzon, Dan Green, and Ralph Reese, and lettered by Ed King.^[232]

Blue Dolphin Enterprises published the film's screenplay combined with selected production storyboards as The Illustrated Blade Runner (June 1982);^[233] a book of original production artwork by Syd Mead, Mentor Huebner, Charles Knode, Michael Kaplan, and Ridley Scott as Blade Runner Sketchbook (1982);^[234] and The Blade Runner Portfolio (1982), a collection of twelve photographic prints, similar to the artist portfolios released by their Schanes & Schanes imprint.^[235]

There are two video games based on the film, both titled Blade Runner: one from 1985, a side-scrolling video game for Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, and Amstrad CPC by CRL Group PLC, which is marked as "a video game interpretation of the film score by Vangelis" rather than of the film itself (due to licensing issues); and another from 1997, a point-and-click adventure for PC by Westwood Studios. The 1997 game has a non-linear plot based in the Blade Runner world, non-player characters that each ran in their own independent AI, and an unusual pseudo-3D engine (which eschewed polygonal solids in favor of voxel elements) that did not require the use of a 3D accelerator card to play the game.^[236] The player assumes the role of McCoy, another replicant-hunter working at the same time as Deckard.^[182]^[183]

The television film (and later series) Total Recall 2070 was initially planned as a spin-off of the film Total Recall (based on Philip K. Dick's short story "We Can Remember It for You Wholesale"), but was produced as a hybrid of Total Recall and Blade Runner.^[237]Many similarities between Total Recall 2070 and Blade Runner were noted, as well as apparent influences on the show from Isaac Asimov's The Caves of Steel and the TV series Holmes & Yoyo.^[238]

Documentaries

The film has been the subject of several documentaries.

Blade Runner: Convention Reel (1982, 13 minutes): Co-directed by Muffet Kaufman and Jeffrey B. Walker, shot and screened in 16 mm, featured no narrator, was filmed in 1981 while Blade Runner was still in production and featured short "behind-the-scenes" segments showing sets being built and sequences being shot, as well as interviews with Ridley Scott, Syd Mead and Douglas Trumbull. Appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector's Edition.^[239]

On the Edge of Blade Runner (2000, 55 minutes): Directed by Andrew Abbott and hosted/written by Mark Kermode. Interviews with production staff, including Scott, give details of the creative process and the turmoil during pre-production. Insights into Philip K. Dick and the origins of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? are provided by Paul M. Sammon and Hampton Fancher.^[39]
Future Shocks (2003, 27 minutes): Directed by TVOntario.^[240] It includes interviews with executive producer Bud Yorkin, Syd Mead, and the cast, and commentary by science fiction author Robert J. Sawyer and from film critics.
Dangerous Days: Making Blade Runner (2007, 213 minutes): Directed and produced by Charles de Lauzirika for The Final Cut version of the film. Its source material comprises more than 80 interviews, including extensive conversations with Ford, Young, and Scott.^[241] The documentary is presented in eight chapters, with each of the first seven covering a portion of the filmmaking process. The final chapter examines Blade Runner's controversial legacy.^[242]
All Our Variant Futures: From Workprint to Final Cut (2007, 29 minutes): Produced by Paul Prischman, appears on the Blade Runner Ultimate Collector's Edition and provides an overview of the film's multiple versions and their origins, as well as detailing the seven-year-long restoration, enhancement and remastering process behind The Final Cut.^[95]
Blade Runner Phenomenon (2021, 53 minutes): Directed by Boris Hars-Tschachotin and made by the France and Germany European public service channel ARTE, this documentary informs viewers using behind-the-scenes material from various sets, photos, original locations in Los Angeles, and interviews with those involved in the production.

Sequel and related media

Screen capture of DVD bonus feature from *Prometheus* (2012), a dictated letter by Peter Weyland about Eldon Tyrell, chief executive officer of the Tyrell Corporation

A sequel was released in 2017, titled Blade Runner 2049, with Ryan Gosling alongside Ford in the starring roles.^[243]^[244] It entered production in mid-2016 and is set decades after the first film.^[245] Harrison Ford reprised his role as Rick Deckard. The film won two Academy Awards, for cinematography and visual effects.^[246]

The world of Blade Runner has also come to be explored in animation. Blade Runner 2049was preceded by the release of three short films that served as prequels, where the chronological first, Blade Runner Black Out 2022, was anime (the other two, 2036: Nexus Dawn and 2048: Nowhere to Run, were live action, not animated).^[247]

In November 2021, a Japanese-American anime television series called Blade Runner: Black Lotus was released. The series tells the story of a female replicant protagonist, rather than that of a male Blade Runner one.^[248]^[249]

Dick's friend K. W. Jeter wrote three authorized Blade Runner novels that continue Rick Deckard's story, attempting to resolve the differences between the film and Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?^[250] These are Blade Runner 2: The Edge of Human (1995), Blade Runner 3: Replicant Night (1996), and Blade Runner 4: Eye and Talon (2000).

Blade Runner co-writer David Peoples wrote the 1998 action film Soldier, which he referred to as a "sidequel" or spiritual successor to the original film; the two are set in a shared universe.^[251] A bonus feature on the Blu-ray for Prometheus, the 2012 film by Scott set in the Alien universe, states that Eldon Tyrell, CEO of the Blade Runner Tyrell Corporation, was the mentor of Guy Pearce's character Peter Weyland.^[252]

In late 2022, Amazon announced a Blade Runner 2049 sequel series would be produced.^[253] On October 12, 2022, an apparent official approval to actually make a Blade Runner 2099 TV series was reported.^[254] Blade Runner 2099 is scheduled to premiere on Amazon Prime Video in 2026.^[255]

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

[11] Sebastian's death was never shot because of concerns over too much violence in the film.^[10]

[16] Some editions of Nourse's novel use the two-word spacing Blade Runner, as does the Burroughs book.

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[FOOTNOTESammon175-10] Sammon, p. 175.

[FOOTNOTEBukatman13Sammon23-12] Bukatman, p. 13; Sammon, p. 23.

[13] Dick quoted in Sammon, p. 23

[FOOTNOTESammon23–30-14] Sammon, p. 23–30.

[FOOTNOTESammon43–49-15] Sammon, p. 43–49.

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[FOOTNOTESammon49–63-19] Sammon, p. 49–63.

[:2-20] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Sammon, Paul (1996). Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner. Harper. p. 76.

[21] Ridley Scott; Paul Sammon (2005), Ridley Scott: interviews, University Press of Mississippi, p. 103

[FOOTNOTESammon49-22] Sammon, p. 49.

[FOOTNOTEBukatman18–19Sammon64–67-23] Bukatman, p. 18–19; Sammon, p. 64–67.

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[203]

Rabbi Kirt A. Schneider
Born	Beachwood, Ohio United States
Other names	Messianic Rabbi Schneider
Known for	Host of "Discovering the Jewish Jesus"; founder of "Taking the Rainbow Back" movement
Height	1.72 m (5 ft 8 in)
Title	Rabbi; Evangelist; Author
Spouse	Cynthia Schneider (m. 1983)
Children	2
Parent(s)	David Schneider (father) Elaine Schneider (mother)
Website	RabbiSchneider.com

Jim Cantore
Born	James D. Cantore February 16, 1964 (age 62) Waterbury, Connecticut, US
Alma mater	Lyndon State College (Northern Vermont University - Lyndon, B.S., Meteorology, 1986)^[1]
Occupations	Meteorologist, The Weather Channel
Years active	1986–present
Known for	Meteorologist on the Weather Channel
Spouse	Tamra Zinn (m. 1990; div. 2009)
Children	2

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