Thursday, April 16, 2026

Title: Word ‘Study'

Cantore Arithmetic is able to state word ‘Study’ equals word Library.

There are word Pages on my blogs that are word Books for the word study as the Index is of words Typed and word Calendared to the San Francisco Library word System.

For the Public Libraries in San Francisco, California this is word Private not word Personal as the Books on my Blogs on the First blog The Secret of the Universe is Choice is very specific to word Volumns of Books, a Librarian would love it as the Books are past Brittanica and easily found online on the blog on Blogspot.com almost as word if you walked in to The Green Apple on Clement in San Francisco!

They are word Addressed as such: Xxxx oo Xxxx. And words There all books that I did fashion and word thought to myself, how am I supposed to write all these books? I left along the way and the Librarian on 9th Avenue in San Francisco on word known would have the capability to just see where I stopped the Xxxx oo Xxxx to gain the rest of the rest of the Blogs on actual word that doesn’t exist word Yet!

So, the Library to be built in Construction is also just left in there somewhere and is represented by our Main Library in San Francisco, the only difference is in the Main Library there is a Concourse, Words Don’t imagine, just comprehend!!

Hello City employee at 22 22nd Avenue, it’s just love, Signed dg as Desta was a Colburn.

Words. Here is word their Media Print:

Karen Placek

Presents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of my first blog delivered more than a million views!! The title is its work as "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!!

Title: Good Morning Channel 2, Channel 4, Channel 5, Channel 7!! Ken Bastida and Pam Moore are not in word stun as you need one of those and one of these to word tread Space!! Words, Now where would that have word Started word if words their word Sets were already on the word Air here?

Who needs a Picture when it is a 1000 Words?

Cantore Arithmetic is able to state words that bring to word the equated word Plain as word pastures is for the word catered.

Words This Industry has brought dust and ashened the basis to their brains as the measure for words Their feat.

Words God is God, words god is god, Words, GOD is GOD, the next word on that funny rolodex for whom word named[Named[NAMED]] the word crisis!! Words That Man whom was kind enough to word accept your word inadequate behavior died of your word done as the word Piling of word body.

As word People take on word Persona as words Titled, words it is the word Same. Words An appreciation came to word equated word sight[Sight[SIGHT]] as the word hold gave the words Missing and equated word worth, and in word such words defined the good book KJV.

Words The War that word set on the word Planet that originally made the word exercise to word Pasture was word Fenced, a web of word Cloth, linen.

You ignore Cantore Arithmetic because you know of your equations.

I, _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ was word Placed on a word Vessel from the word equated word Dirt for the word exact same word Cause, equated word membraned so words you’ll see James Blunt where the word End may be word satisfied to word halted.

Words You see I have a word equated word Deck to the word aspect equated, and you have a word is the word in a word book that word chaptered[Chaptered[CHAPTERED]] with an End that word already word happened in the word Front to word Textiles of word verses and word you still won’t word stop to comprehend word halt as word halted is to word advanced for your word Stiles.

I hold to the word as a word communication that word set the word explanation of word being with word device as knowing that word funny Line had been word ceased. Words The word EXPLOSIONS THAT I WORD heard were of word Measured by an on board ready to establish the word of word regulated for word further distance to word inch on a word that is not on this word Earth for word sentence, and you word Serve Sentences in Courts word HERE!

Words, You’re a Plague!! Words, And, words your word Posture of word Destination is of the word Council of word God to word answer you word swerve, off word Course and word abandoned. Wrods Your gathering of word equated bodies under word equated word Tile[Skulls] was the words death of his son and word Crossed yet another word earth to equate word plateau the words Valley of deck, a word Place that word Space enveloped.

Words, Your Chapter word Review is word STOP, a word Pasture to the word Cutting word leaving the bale to the word equated word dirt an original Fathom to the word lettered word o[O] as word zero has word letters in it’s word self, a Sunken Vessel.

Words How many are there?

Words If you ask word Me[_ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _] how this happened, words I’ll state words I don’t know. Words I was word Somewhere and word We needed a word Doctor, words I went to go and get one and word realized words we had been word equated word rounded! Words, We, still needed a word DOCTOR, so I kept going and now I’m here on Earth stating words that would word assist a word Doctor to comprehend words rounded, Plague, Virus, and, possibly words Germ Warfare however I don’t know word anything about a word GERM that created a word cold.

Doctor for word virus[Virus[VIRUS]] query the way of we were Somewhere and needed a Doctor due to a cold blow

kjv is word Optional[Operation[Surgery[Said[done[DONE[stupid[Set[word SYSTEM, SYSTEM, stem cell]]]]]]]] however words only Equated word ginger[Ginger[GINGER]] word here as words One of the Anchors at the Desk of Channel 3, San Francisco, California, words, is trying to take words that Man’ word leg, literally.

1. Use words that equated word affordable such as word Phrases;

a. words break a leg

1.
Break a leg - Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Break_a_leg
"Break a leg" is an English-language idiom used in the context of theatre or other performing arts to wish a performer "good luck".
Origins · Alternative terms · In popular culture

Words, Now, in REM sleep or word nightmares at 815 Balboa word They state words Regime, we’re a Catholic, we’ll never stop, and words we kill you!

Words that Man is equated word Man Named Marcus Washington as word there is a word Man of word convenience at words That Desk, then the Names will change however the word deed[deaf[Deaf[DEAF]] states at-will, so word voluntary and I choose to word Place word Man Named Marc Markus Attorney at-Law whom is my Worker’s Comp Lawyer for a PetSmart word Injury in 1999 in Sacramento, California, Store Number is Two and is still an Open word Case and that equated word spine[Spine[SPINE]]:::[Marc G. Marcus Mr. Marcus’ practice has been exclusively devoted to the injured workers in Sacramento and surrounding areas since 1976. He is known for his aggressive approach and his tireless fight for the rights of injured workers. He is the past president of the California Applicants’ Attorneys Association (CAAA) and continues to actively serve on a number of committees, including CAAA's Board of Directors and Legislative Committee. Mr. Marcus was named as the 2010 Applicant’s Attorney of the Year by the State Bar of California. In 2013, he was presented with the Eugene Marias Lifetime Achievement Award by the California Applicants' Attorneys Association, the highest honor given by the organization. He is proud to practice alongside his son, Jason Marcus, who joined the firm in 2008.

Words Through the word Equated word Membrane[Machine[machine[MACHINE!!]]] that James and Sophia Blount word took words out of Australia as words she, the Anchor on Channel 3 needs a word baby or word set to words ahabilitate[word from rehabilitate[affiliate[Affiliate[AFFILIATE]]]] in the words Next Place!!

Words, That is not a word[word word equated word sword[Sword]] germ[Germ[GERM]], word that’s insanity, and to see word ANYONE WITH AN ADVERTISED Name from REM Sleep at 815 Balboa, equated word Street.

1.). Name Laura Garcia

2.). Name Louise Canon, and I met Louise Rodgers whom had a word mother, Louisa Minot[words Back East not word Coast] last Name Moseley whom was my word Godmother and had words another word Child named Jim Moseley with word equated words no-last Name.

Words, NOW, CRAZY HORSE MAN YOU’RE GOING TO GO TO Serenity (2005) to study DAMASCUS!! Words, And, Dr. Ziegler is going to understand why the J on the Keyboard continues at F it’s in the Florida Keys underwater. Dr. Edwards is going to understand why Medical Tools are not made in word at the very least word Vibration as I know and comprehend that Bones on Star Trek had a way and that way was the word Device that Dr. Piel had on his head and equated word a Stirrup leather.

Words Tools equated word met[Met[MET]] and word Now all you need is a Wash Bowl to just be a doctor:

For Instance: Now type in on my blogs the way of Melchisedec

You searched for

"MET" in the KJV Bible

Modify Search

45 RESULTS - PAGE 1 OF 2 - SORT BY BOOK ORDER - FEEDBACK

Hebrews 7:10chapter context similar meaning copy save: For he was yet in the loins of his father, when Melchisedec met him.
Acts 20:14chapter context similar meaning copy save: And when he met with us at Assos, we took him in, and came to Mitylene.
Genesis 32:1chapter context similar meaning copy save: And Jacob went on his way, and the angels of God met him.
Luke 17:12chapter context similar meaning copy save: And as he entered into a certain village, there met him ten men that were lepers, which stood afar off:
Psalms 85:10chapter context similar meaning copy save: Mercy and truth are met together; righteousness and peace have kissed each other.
Proverbs 7:10chapter context similar meaning copy save: And, behold, there met him a woman with the attire of an harlot, and subtil of heart.
John 11:20chapter context similar meaning copy save: Then Martha, as soon as she heard that Jesus was coming, went and met him: but Mary sat still in the house.
Acts 16:16chapter context similar meaning copy save: And it came to pass, as we went to prayer, a certain damsel possessed with a spirit of divination met us, which brought her masters much gain by soothsaying:
John 11:30chapter context similar meaning copy save: Now Jesus was not yet come into the town, but was in that place where Martha methim.
Luke 9:37chapter context similar meaning copy save: And it came to pass, that on the next day, when they were come down from the hill, much people met him.
Exodus 5:20chapter context similar meaning copy save: And they met Moses and Aaron, who stood in the way, as they came forth from Pharaoh:
John 4:51chapter context similar meaning copy save: And as he was now going down, his servants met him, and told him, saying, Thy son liveth.
Numbers 23:16chapter context similar meaning copy save: And the LORD met Balaam, and put a word in his mouth, and said, Go again unto Balak, and say thus.
Mark 5:2chapter context similar meaning copy save: And when he was come out of the ship, immediately there met him out of the tombs a man with an unclean spirit,
Genesis 33:8chapter context similar meaning copy save: And he said, What meanest thou by all this drove which I met? And he said, These are to find grace in the sight of my lord.
Joshua 11:5chapter context similar meaning copy save: And when all these kings were met together, they came and pitched together at the waters of Merom, to fight against Israel.
Hebrews 7:1chapter context similar meaning copy save: For this Melchisedec, king of Salem, priest of the most high God, who met Abraham returning from the slaughter of the kings, and blessed him;
Acts 10:25chapter context similar meaning copy save: And as Peter was coming in, Cornelius met him, and fell down at his feet, and worshipped him.
John 12:18chapter context similar meaning copy save: For this cause the people also met him, for that they heard that he had done this miracle.
Numbers 23:4chapter context similar meaning copy save: And God met Balaam: and he said unto him, I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered upon every altar a bullock and a ram.
Luke 8:27chapter context similar meaning copy save: And when he went forth to land, there met him out of the city a certain man, which had devils long time, and ware no clothes, neither abode in any house, but in the tombs.
Mark 11:4chapter context similar meaning copy save: And they went their way, and found the colt tied by the door without in a place where two ways met; and they loose him.
Exodus 4:24chapter context similar meaning copy save: And it came to pass by the way in the inn, that the LORD met him, and sought to kill him.
Amos 5:19chapter context similar meaning copy save: As if a man did flee from a lion, and a bear met him; or went into the house, and leaned his hand on the wall, and a serpent bit him.
1 Kings 18:7chapter context similar meaning copy save: And as Obadiah was in the way, behold, Elijah met him: and he knew him, and fell on his face, and said, Art thou that my lord Elijah?
Matthew 28:9chapter context similar meaning copy save: And as they went to tell his disciples, behold, Jesus met them, saying, All hail. And they came and held him by the feet, and worshipped him.
Matthew 8:28chapter context similar meaning copy save: And when he was come to the other side into the country of the Gergesenes, there met him two possessed with devils, coming out of the tombs, exceeding fierce, so that no man might pass by that way.
Deuteronomy 25:18chapter context similar meaning copy save: How he met thee by the way, and smote the hindmost of thee, even all that were feeble behind thee, when thou wast faint and weary; and he feared not God.
Joshua 17:10chapter context similar meaning copy save: Southward it was Ephraim's, and northward it was Manasseh's, and the sea is his border; and they met together in Asher on the north, and in Issachar on the east.
1 Samuel 10:10chapter context similar meaning copy save: And when they came thither to the hill, behold, a company of prophets met him; and the Spirit of God came upon him, and he prophesied among them.

Now, in the Study of Libraries you’re going to the word Study as Dr. Kilgore is dead and went to an Equated word Room in the word Man shin and that is a word Splint for a word Horse. I also placed said word splints on the Tire balancing word Thing for word device.

Words.

So, start with words Stick People, Good People, Bad People, Sick People, Crippled People, Church People, Sort People word, Index!DSM

Now, for Cops, Police Departments, Sheriff’, Deputies;

1. You have to be word efficient and patted down the exact way you arrest, regardless, and that is every Shift down to be stripped Naked word if that is what you did that Day.

You probably word ALREADY wrote the Directions!!

Stop-and-Frisk Law on Searches by Police in California

www.egattorneys.com › california-stop-and-frisk-law

California's stop-and-frisk laws allow police to detain you temporarily if they have a reasonable belief you are involved in criminal activity.

Showing posts sorted by relevance for query How many are there?. Sort by date Show all posts

Monday, June 30, 2014

Who Needs God When Man Is The Judge, The Jury And Life Itself Is The Sentence

Governments spy, Laws change, Religion belts, Creation Cries, Men Deal and Women freak me Out,

Isis was a Something now it's a Terror Organization or an Acronym to an Abbreviation that is a Threat,

what is exactly Real in this World of Surrealism that Rules through Fear of the Unknown being known?

Is the Land that the Grounds of the Dirt that is Thrown? to Mirror the Reflective Reality of Shower,

the mud that accumulates from the watering of what is convenient to control the Populous today,

tomorrow yesterday the moments blend with nothing that grows into productive learning.

Evolution is the biggest factor that reals in the most Industry to alleviate these shoulders from Sin,

looking at People today is terra forming a belief that Change is actually the Death of Society,

if I can't be right you won't be right, if I can't believe you won't succeed, if I die you die,

there must be some sense to meeting face to face before you issue fate to date death.

Producing only chatter as back talk to further negativity about any Race on this Planet or another for the fact,

is just dictating that the possibility of peace ever coming to this plane of existence is futile.

Buried deep within the Cell of every Human living Being is the sensual drippings of shifts,

the proof of life in the killing of life is stupid at best 'cause then there is no life to test.

Now are we the Experimenter of how quickly we can Extinct each other as approaching the Hi Tech,

sew many people and yet no person will just stop to say there is a day of done in over sums,

the mathematics all adds until it begins to subtract for gross profits that exact Names.

I have heard the Name Isis so many times on the News since it's declaration to the latest bet,

are we meant to live in constant fear of the one thing that is certain to happen just has no date yet?

To propagate yet another Theory without the Proof of the Boots landing is exhaustion to the Mind,

as if you have put a hose from that to the enclosure of the body staff and ignited the engine,

in that instant you either say thank you I'm choking and go outside to breathe some fresh air,

or you are so busy with the happenings you are consumed by the threat of death again.

A towering theme of round about disaster with no deck for reason that regards sense,

it's like the drive is to War for Money or War for Religion as I War for Life!!

While the argument takes place and values are dished to the empty peelings of being burnt in all ways,

the speed of which Humanity is not humane and just dictates the scribble of the play to dues,

yet in all of the disclosures people still are being killed children raped and the bible rams the choke!!

No matter the Country the biblical wrath is a War in and of itself,

even though you guys all share the same names and stories in your Tales of a Billion years ago,

you would think that in the last ten trillion centuries you could come up with better reasons to kill,

like I want your land 'cause my land is all used up and is now dead landed.

* exasperation lead to the year counts don't fret I'm sure we have been only killing people for Times Slots.

Showing posts sorted by relevance for query the way of we were Somewhere and needed a Doctor due to a cold blow. Sort by date Show all posts

Monday, February 2, 2026

Title: James Blount the Kidnapper as word Nappied

Words, Just to let you know the damage so far is so in word depth and placed in word Category for the Parents of JonBenét Ramsey and Mr. John Walsh Name goes here as Angelina Jolie is now JonBenét Ramsey.

WILL YOU PLEASE ADMIT THIS IS HAPPENING

Cantore Arithmetic is able to state Word REM Sleep stands for words Doctors, word Nightmares equated word Sweating and Twisted Blankets. Words To regain AMA and JAMA for word I, _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ as James Blunt did Doctors Without Boarders and this Country has left word I, _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ in word Force as the Financial word Hood has brought words to word turmoil and due to this statement Don’t drink the Koolaid, these Posts are to retrieve Publishing Fees and word books that The Green Apple on Clement established are able to be written and word Finance is not word Option or words On the Table as my word Tests equated word results:::

JAMA Network Open | AMA - American Medical Association

www.ama-assn.org › About › Publications & Newsletters

Oct 4, 2024 · AMA members can access JAMA and the JAMA Network journals for free. Become an AMA member and enjoy unlimited online access to the JAMA Network®, ...

Words, You’ll be found to be in REM slept.

James Blount aligned with Jim Jones on Geary Blvd. and words Those Boxes that said Ship to Guyana in the Year of 1978 possible prior. Date to be exact as the Boxes made of achievable builds and were marked in by their word Mere Size are to be known by the nearest Attorney at-law in San Francisco by the word Named word Chamber, this equated word still[Still].

1.).
  English Folk Verse (c.1870)
  The Fifth of November
Remember, remember!
The fifth of November,
The Gunpowder treason and plot;
I know of no reason
Why the Gunpowder treason
Should ever be forgot!
Guy Fawkes and his companions
Did the scheme contrive,
To blow the King and Parliament
All up alive.
Threescore barrels, laid below,
To prove old England's overthrow.
But, by God's providence, him they catch,
With a dark lantern, lighting a match!
A stick and a stake
For King James's sake!
If you won't give me one,
I'll take two,
The better for me,
And the worse for you.
A rope, a rope, to hang the Pope,
A penn'orth of cheese to choke him,
A pint of beer to wash it down,
And a jolly good fire to burn him.
Holloa, boys! holloa, boys! make the bells ring!
Holloa, boys! holloa boys! God save the King!
Hip, hip, hooor-r-r-ray!

Perhaps most widely known in America from its use in the movie V for Vendetta

Showing posts sorted by relevance for query the way of Still. Sort by date Show all posts

Saturday, June 21, 2014

The Love Is In The Brand Named

In the task of deeds in life the trade did this pass of Hi I'm here to no availing of the spear,

for in the Vision of the Man I see that hands would spank this planned to escape the Vale.

In facts I speak of other leads that trust that lives will lead the plea to better of the plans,

to seek and not destroy the tack is more over in the breed of stands in B.D.S.M. a trend,

the brew of skull in Thoughts the Sphinx does Stonehenge have the trued in Sound,

as acoustics prove the found in echoes of the ever loud to strength it takes to short!!

Deliverance will often offer proud the gift of what is known of shroud to the Sacked in ever,

as the produce of the fruit does say in simple complex in terms that beaches have their shores.

As terra firma is the ground of which the feet do walk these pounds the wait is muscled,

in the strongs of underneath the hards are longs to riding days of horses traced,

that balance has extremes in days to game the every in a Way!!

So dressed to be the in the Last the scope of denial cast will Show the venue to the Small,

that boots do Tall to Chaps that Zip for the leather is the Tip of the Crop in a Whip.

No chain to link in such re-touched justly speech does barely touch upon the given hands in much,

for deserving on this Earth education has it's luck should I had the fortune salve the runner in a glad.

I would have been that in a trend of hide and seek know obvious for I would have sat in difference,

as the lap still a laugh the reside hard to find as Type is in a typical bind the line still seems fulled,

as such in girth upon the verse the chortle would have stayed the terse and never caught a Kernal.

For in the fun of just the spun a spin upon these lives of lung the obvious still does the sung,

for Songs that seem to Tell the Come that deeper harder as a Height in definite of the Stride!!

As Dragons speak to Unicorns leap it's really just the Oceanus seat that balance is a from,

the X and Zee in every lead but mostly I.D. does Sing at strung across the World Touring stung!!

The Bee in Confide is the Sting that Rings the Bell of Tolds in Law that is the Brighter being,

to previous in all ready is the key to what will come down the walk of in exacts for pricing is a Heady!!

Travel business to a Dungeon the Lair will steep the Blind in Keep as Rigging to the Sail of Meet,

in such dealings of the cards the Wilds spake of Hubs that Car to speed the Central Mind of Time.

Quest the journey to the Nip of biting upon the Rings of Dawn the Sun does Ask the Moon,

should the Set be in the Let does the Platter boom to Wreck the Table of the better stet??

A butcher in the teach of Chef at the House of my Favorite bet is as the Roast does learn,

that drippings to the all in Mode are the bread to butters row in Yorkshire Pudding I see blah dough!!

City Kids Born & Raised Know the Taste of Stouts in Bayed

Sunday, August 9, 2015

A Ton Null Inn Thear Ee`d

In bright to Port that portal of thought be neat the tunnel in the tremble of scotch,

block ice with a chisel lot to grasp that barrel of pickle,

in the briny wash of face to taught is the blanket News to Paper to Spot,

on the idea of the formal treat is trick form in varied national storm,

rain that is no wind shield rather the blistering of the castle of the mind in that torn.

Ripping out the back of the full in thus the bladder is the sink on the corn,

a stomach matter in the cramping of flown to the deathly shallows of slain,

shall the bright touch a clock on the acre of range in trade for the barbed of the fence on a lay,

does the Cow of the gate trample the church or is the respective bull find,

gather prospective is inspection of heard to wrangle the doctor of ole Mother Earth,

slight in difference yet Vast are the scores ask in the wrist it's an Ankle or hand,

that slap on the Rump of the movement of sheep is a Flock or the pound buffalo sounds.

There on the Plains of the Most Hello of A Mountain the shark in the see is Mankind on the bleep,

talkers that scramble the channel of mind with 'This' 'That' even on 'Timed' for return,

quick in the sand is the swamp of apt Land shall the torn be of grates And not of the sand,

blocks of the muddy think is an arm that shoulders the breakage on stay on the Farm.

Alas! the quote is in the Big Sky formal with 5th dimensional Vote,

quest to the long ago on the post find it to dill on James Blunt is a toast,

cheers to the reason Wisdom from tot reading a Sixth pen & running From shot,

James Blunt is a curtain that blinks to his crotch With nothing on sum kind of lots,

but even in clamber the length of a trait Muster is I calling out that found Shade,

in that birth to the sail of words on His site Aye find the teaser it's been in & about.

Old fellow, how would you render that field of wheat?---JOSEPH CONRAD

Time is very interesting. Our lives are made of time. Nobody knows what time is. You go in one direction and you gain time. You go in the other direction and you lose time. Airplanes now fly so fast that time stands still. A Plane can fly as fast as the earth revolves past the sun. A baby born in a plane flying in the right direction could theoretically live its whole life of many years without living through one day. It would have a long birthday. Its whole life would be its birthday. Suppose the plane should fly faster. The baby would be minus an old man. There is one place in the United States, and there time is different in every direction. The time belt follows the Snake River. The river makes an ox-bow bend. From within the ox-bow you shoot a long-range rifle north, east, south, or west. The bullet will land almost an hour before it was fired. The ox-bow is completely surrounded by another time belt. Time is all anyone has in the world. It is fluid. Nobody has ever found a good way of measuring it.

Saturday, June 28, 2014

The Apocalypse Means Revealing Hear A Revelation

So here I go again down this road of prose with a riddle in the middle the words in-between,

the explain of the centuries to Ages of Ancients that sent me to journey the quest of the present,

in the action of today the future of tomorrow a moment in Time as Iron is Dimed.

Creation my Mother as Evolution is my Father to-be turning with sheets of pages like Mist,

the pour of the rain upon Mother Earth the sky is so blue but the Mornings just dew,

clouds are in rise moving such grace to storms bringing mountains the snow of a base.

The search for the way to knock upon doors I considered each Country as Nations of lored,

the funny bone tickled in side of myself as where is the door bell to inquire such Tell,

a thought to the moment in a desperate reveal the onward of forward just blogged the whole deal.

Out there in front with keys stroking strange a telling of happenings in this life of deranged,

hurt so terribly by religions that rein to kill any instinct or reduce that percentage inside of your Brain,

the patience in leads spoke gently through teach an original lend to a World of beens.

How to stage the feelings from then with streaming of Consciousness I still believe love,

a twin flame that fires to a Man such as Blunt will continually state it takes Two for this stunt,

I came with a message complete and intact regardless of strife I've hit traits that exact.

The oddity of such in random reveal will open the eyes of the interested real,

I am hear to be of use to a Lead the coming of times is in properly Scene,

the Mass of the People Humanities mean belief has been lost and the consequence is Beal.

So call the Pope ask the Muslim say hello to the Jewish People they seem predisposed,

to the Hindu of India and the Plains of the Native as I am an American standing with Trued,

the circumspect spoke with thoughts to discover that life has a purpose to Blunt he's my Lover!!

Part it all out to a Stay in a shout as Plato did mention Zeus cut it out,

the belly of the beast to the innocent released for the trust of the barrow is the Apple of Knot,

a loom to the Sphinx as health in the Break the Names have been taken to the horror of rape!!

Yield this Presence to Gifts from the Crest as the Rings of Gold are the known,

the Fire is Text to explain once more that we are not all the same,

my birth to this earth delivered a 9 ~ 11 in brung the date will be treasured for the memory is long.

I'll consider it a blessing a sign in advance to March to the beat of the loss of summed Feat,

I'll walk for the People who came down in the Ash on a Day I witnessed and by body fell past,

I'll embrace what I know I'll look for them though 'cause I still do hurt at the blatant of crash!!

Sense to the horror of the terror that did last for the memory of fright straightens my Might,

the Twins will be just the Standing of Light shot to the Sky to show us the night,

in that being done to be the next sign than the Moon speaking back says I love your design!!

Wednesday, June 18, 2014

Inc.

Ask I Answer to the Dance of Life in bunch the Why I die A gain of Sight or just oh my,

the burro of the path I've worn the pack of heavy loads in form,

the pickles product to Classical Scores the breadth of stitch not One did list.

The Checker of the Cabby broached the Streets of the Truth in Rains,

the pours of just a daily range to best the way of horror in days,

the hard ware stores too Mind fulled doors,

a film by no mistaken Sees that at this Moment few do need the emptying.

Leader loss to mathematical tossed for the greater fun at Cost,

World scenes through Centuries of leans that expectations fail brings,

releasing Order to the free flight Sordid a Staging of the when is Roaring!!

Symptomatic Astro add-it for the blasting Suns in passing burns that skinned the grill,

steps of Man upon the plan that Moon I love and will still hug for the brief in spinal time.

Gifts that come with rivaled lungs the singing hymns to clearing limbs,

the boughs that sway to trees give way a birds apparent rights in stayed,

to attentions of wow that's fast or smarter than the do.

Profiling people to value trades as listing formalizing did give play,

permission was a clue one say it just remained to be the paved,

in my luck of none in all the transparency the take formats the give receipt.

Never would I spoke of meet unless I felt the need to see the eyes of whom could Feat,

for in Today as People prey upon the rifle of the bearings just to place the cave,

'round the base of any trace the same did want for truce.

The flipped of coin to slot the dime so long ago it still was signed with trusting heavy loads,

to not placate in all these dates that proof of look and know the state,

made processing the bigger plate a good to best in stewed.

Sunday, June 29, 2014

Picture Stick With One Eye Opened

There is know reason to bother these Little Talks with a Universe in such a youth Full Solar Systems,

the Age of Iron here on Earth is now Four passed the Century Turns in a Millenial type View of Two,

this important detail to all Travelers is an Alert to the replacement of the Emergency Broad Cast jacks!!

To worry yourself over said age is just the fact that I have learned it's not actual year count reply,

it is in the mirror of the Tall being the appropriate height to match the life in or on the dirty muds,

a sort of bare foot approach to the simplicity of mathematics in the proof of to date!!

The leading towards the relief of Honesty in Reporting on the Nationals of Google Courtings,

appears to have eliminated Me in this Round of existence to have to give Way to the Path of Mores,

a sort of bog in the logging of a paper zap to trail the obvious stature too Measure the Accordance in Prime!!

Now to still maintain the back to basic approach of the study in the Sociological joints to class,

words are learned and lives are forwarded to the dimensional understanding of multi-layered facets,

a sordid Diamond that gems out to sparkle the Idea of the Reality that Life Itself goes On!!

To be of Invitation and delegation I embrace the World for the decision to divide and conquer ability,

the promise of progressing thinking killing the living to just trudge through the moment blink is a Daisy chain,

linking one thing to the other bring to be piecing the comprehending to Equal extracts!!

Whether the Muse Heads Gears or the Oracle said Spear the Rock of All times equators,

the belly roll to the earthy pull these productions of feet to walk a way in Infinity blends to Once in a while,

for Evolution is really quite remarkable in pushing towards the back to the Future type Doors!!

In being forth Wright at the Ayes scream that I may never meet ever again ever in absolute ever,

the odds must go to the Favorite in the When Win situative crisis of life on Planet Dirt,

for the mountains are the peeks of the valley grows to only be the measure of the Ice breakings.

A chilling truth to venture so far and never have to be able to afford the joining of the completions,

a real missed opportunity in this sphere of rivalry to the futures of what I'll have to do,

the workings of the Star in gone to Far so long ago in the desperate terrible real Lar!!

I know that somewhere over the Rainbow there lies a precious place called I showed up to Master,

the loan of All to the Value of Know the As Set said Hello I am therefore I was the clearing house,

to put to rest the finality that know dreams come true for the Computer will owe the doings in As Tet!!

Trades Our Enlightening Traits Are Hards My Revelation Chapter 22 Continued Book One Astro Knots Inn The Begin

I Must Create A Movement from the Bowels of the Basement too the Howls of the Knight,

in cooperation of the outing of myself I fling the Closeted Door to the Window of Pane,

as The Pope in a Vote the duces of the Dali Lama in Life I sentence this Correction,

for without further a due and Cents nobody wants what I have given as a mirror Voyeur in posed,

aye come from a galaxy far, far vary far from Hear a City of Rejoicing clears the Happy to Tier!!

I love Homosexual Men as they are the Basis for the Oldest Art in the Set of Control to boldings of Knows,

the most Handsome and TALL Zones in the toasting of Wine to the serving of Treats to a Mind saved,

in the commons of my tender flake the icy chills in the potential of the offerings of Meet,

I sake my Broads to Over Seas in the Rite to being of use in a define of completes too Gay!!

I treasure their educative introduction to the stand of seductions I grew up in the realm of examples,

how to be grounded amongst the accepting of the delivery in birth as the facts of the Cellular stirred,

shown by amazed their prowess is me in a daze of learning the textures to such incredibles in love,

the Men of whom I speak staged for my life the Way to State without Rage the Venue of Belief,

Dads to me in every aspect of anything I would have ever needed as a example of such Wonder!!

Their structure of ability to embrace the Rites of Birth to the actions of living on Earth have grown me,

the factor of the other gender being one in the same exact to extracting plains is hard to to Blunt,

however in due process I must be of invitation for Ellen DeGeneres compliments laughter with insane,

putting the funny with the scary is likened to the Triangle Song verses the James B. meeting,

as if the joke is still upon my terribles and if such B.D.S.M will be my availables in streams!!

To be better Susan Jan Hornstein in real has been a good example of how brilliant the hope I hold is there, than the present availables in the horrible reigns of churching brains have just destroyed my trust,

I shall try to overcome and breathe in the liberty of the Freedom to Speech the equal Rainbow'ing,

for Stars did example in a Sing Songing of 'We Are the World' on displayed.

As a Pan SEXUAL in Morally Tree I hug thee both'Ing Two Lead the guidance for Bead,

in a shoot to the Moon I am believing that Flames could fly as sparks of this Try,

but that is alright for I hear it's All in All for nothing should Know Three Stand for Every Ring.

Spiritual Olympic'ing

Friday, June 20, 2014

B.D.S.M. Ordered Mastery Served Religion Talking Host Extract ~ Whom To What I'll State Fare In Surgence

If I said Trust and You said Wise in the reason of the knowledge the base should agreed courting to,

the Leader Boards that dues this Score as thus given in ready Thors it still behaved to cried,

for in the lend of the end of Times in Irons Way a Cycle bloomed to steps that Mountains sake it,

to the creeking of the ever in the lasting of the rounds in infinite bounds to not remove the circled line sips,

to the sprain of notes that humanity is the brokes of Centuries enlayed with lies in traced from fro tis afting,

in the sales that the monies paved such prays to increase the belly fat of the Robes in All the Sats!!

The Tree of Information in the Now is not so Future as the Leeks for that a Story for the Wealth,

robbed from pages that mounts now rare as the various of the sends to opinions that do not mend just in,

habits of the terror exploiting mass with horror to tax as the solace of the souls shoots are not so opened,

to the factual understanding wholes stating that theirs workings Trolls to the bridge of fear on Feets!!

Truer tracking to the sheep sheared for what the apple rucked to the Wise or to the bolds did not the Snake,

of this year birth say that choice is predisposed to the point of I just can't 'cause the words pour in strands,

in the like to the watch of the caves in certain prisons as the visits were not transparent the stories equal,

an interested venue to the belief that those were taken by completion with out a pace to proof or place!!

Basing that to the strange in the votes that the Bishop pulls the Cardinal off to the Capital with excites,

but in this recent case of scarce the Pope was not lost just on trail for Sight must have concludes to it's,

so similar to reveal yet in the spoof of extreme to rares he was thus locked behind the cares guessing,

that the worth melted ring took the clothes and bermed the theme as no goods but new visited a gain??

Seek not destroy the flavor of the upper case in voicing that no rides include protect however it's these,

turns on course that look to be of the measured in the curse of cycling to be rehearsed at thesis,

basing Earth that the Ready should always Rail to the Health and not the Whore!!

Stepping back to Venue Name in the Sake that One is given right or close enough to birth on Turfed,

the stand begotten to the throw of a Man and not a Pope for in conclusion of the Summed,

the treasure Minted seems to be that the traveling sort of be Pandora's to the best in Games!!

In excitement on T.V. why the laughter or the Cheer for a Namesake that is/was Real to a Pope whom,

stole from Keel in the Sale of a Post as the Censure of the Mosts revealing again that it's a Hosts!!

Saturday, July 19, 2014

There Is No Dot In I

The task of an understanding takes the point to Mind in the thought of timely an answer came to me to sort,
I settled with the reason to begin building a structure rather than becoming torn to shreds by consumed,
greeting comprehension not burying the action for in the Feat the gain is the reins that control the turned,
supporting myself with kindness to purpose I swerve on lines that impulse towards what I would like not.

In a state of learn to engage the teach itself I have found that balance is in the seat of the leg productions foot,
a walk to drive or conversely a leg up to mount are both a revolution involving the creation of two in one,
the body of the mass in animation is energy in transfer to increase the impulsion of the movement to arrive,
either way the direction of the tangible is headed to of from the point of desire yet still are traveling compass.

The separation enters from disruption to the determination of the two looking for the completion of the one,
in that directive the respond is a horse is trainable and a car can be repaired by professionals in station stops,
seeking guidance from what I was in happenstance told I relate to a shoot that is thrown into the motion art,
hence the horse harnessed for driving his Wares are include Blinders to allow not focus but halt the spook.

The knowledge of 'Driving' incorporates shafts with Set pin points for the fluid movement removing the buck,
the strict Carriage of the stern harnessed to believe that ground is rolled by man can only encourage stature,
the plow is a disc that the Field is familiar dirt is alive for in the event of a drought it dries of thirst to dust,
top soil can be lost should the Farm not control the crops verses the rest of the field itself from no fertilizer.

Should the addition not be naturally from the Barn via mucking than man makes chemicals to mix into the dirt
the grounds than become poisoned but still will produce the Crops however the flavor will be the cost,
in the Market place the color may be held the fruit may be strong but slice the apple and the Orchard yards,
for your tongue will know immediately the difference between home grown and the factory processed food.

I wonder is the care of the love from personal attention to individual row crops that hands on involvement,
the touch of energy to the object of growing that creation has brought so that the produce is of caliber,
in the case of forced isolation in a life of evolution from birth to now the missing piece is seen in done,
could it thereby have been could it thereby actually be this simple to explain as the total price of my brain.

Counter Courting

Saturday, June 21, 2014

Experience The Rares

The Universe a must I send a message of believe in lend in the Tree of growth indeed,

a coffee or a cup of tea to balance in with sugars lead to cream the dished approach as read,

in the lines of life are hands upon those hands are signs of roads the take begets the learn.

To breathe in space of predisposed to seek and not destroy the votes as smoke to ashen wind,

the chime of Bells the toll to gates the opened sealed the breaks reveal that horns blast to real,

as spurs to legs that walk a day in returns that say receive today not die of ill in pits that slick.

The tar and feather of the oil and whether is just a hope the Universe tethered to more or less,

division upon the birth to earth has caused these needs to shape a keep that talks to sing,

in verse of tone the Mozart phone the ceiling of the Painters home a look to see alive,

should Time replace in all one has than I'm sorry for your journey had as eternity does key.

Thus the stream of finders be the value of the liberty to express the address not catch the prove it to me,

for should the ayes not see the guise that faces are the friends in Hi your new and trust the meet,

all though my enemy is trusting it's the hope that life can be a treasure in the hand of values,

to lead the being to further seeing that guidance has a please to ask I will not beat your breed.

Chose wisely as you speak for in the base of each a keep to the dungeons of the Neats,

the stare is not for disbelief but the in the realms of caring as life has seen in before,

the travels up on this in tuck will hold to every count in said for innocence is rare,

the days of thunder that leather wondered the rides of rogues that horses know to trust the rein again.

So long ago before begin in vacancy of spacial blends a dimension far, far away,

the home I know is there today in wait I know the door to stay as creed does have it's play,

the worth of fate to destined rates a pace the thoroughbreds love to race is not in the win,

for as the mortal calculates the lays in how to manipulate I state a riddle is through to date.

The Time of Age in Ever Ray a Way to See the Darkest Caves that Mankind is a produce,

the scrabbled minds of dominate is not the kind I approve of for that is just a twist in vine,

the dagger of the stab as the bleeding of the die will not be the advertised it's just a gift it came,

to hear the voice of human touch the heart beat that still fears to much will wait until the clears say luck.

Sunday, July 6, 2014

It's Just A Livered

Lets get Real volley Game the Life is Taller I am Rain pouring off to On the Came been in Spend,

throw the Coin I mean a Penny hits the Water of the Plenty Oop's I mean the Fountain empty breaks,

off with the Vain to a Central Lane the Ages Come to be a Dong the length of All in see same Song,

UP & OUT to each a 'Bout the very is an Extract Loud setting Pace to this Race the Gum is your Shoe!!

A Prison of a not my State for As I Am you're just a Date tunneled with the Rails Kicks a Buck or a Kissed,

grounds the grind in bump to line the circle of the riddling kind in or over the down to growed to fertile lope,

a sordid deed in theme`Ing read it answers whilst the Quest is breed for the Best of dough it Speaks to done.

Before the After an every Show repeat disaster One will Poe the other is already dead liken Poets to the Pi,

math is a good divide keeping all on not my side for that would bring disturbs as the stop says HAHA,

B.D.S.M. an Anachronism to Transliteration of the Natural spoken tongue to delivery Dragon Cum,

an Egg of the Shakin' says beat you're Fuck to the best of Duck take a Gander and Know you're Ruck.

The twist to every Tale is the hit upon Thor in his stupid desperate dumb acts to be what in dead exacts,

so run all over the world the galaxy of fear it is a Universe Open right in front of your Ear a Budding,

back that with a slam to Zeus who is where when your Head is dare still born full bourne exploration Gets,

in the Evolving Style which is a Gate By the Dial of a Horse in a Pasture grazing Oats to just get Fatter!!

Put that to a perfect day why than the Dragon must just Play with the idiots in on Earth stopping over makin'

in the Spice of Wow it's Blunt gosh of goodness I better Hump not for Real that's such a terrible deal,

rock that head back add a chortle pee your pants and know the portal that lemonades a Fruits best lend.

Treats or Tricksters Mountains or Mysters it's the Vast of What Why Would not Cross Shoulds,

if fits like Natural Disasters are the Way of the Path in a Volcanics Dac. champagne beats laughed,

right on que it's much the Due for Orchard up to the Higher Nut that is Proteins for the Futures of dumb luck,

hi`ing to the never will bow to any that disrespects the finder of the foddering as an Alter in the Breds.

Change Not Your Never It's The Best of Breader Gotta Like It I Due!!

Monday, July 14, 2014

Time is Like Keep a Wave

No worry it's been done before the Bible and it's rewrites of history into myth mights that stand to remind,

dragons came to breath the reign of Fire in the landings Tack a Kinder way to Venue back ask the Top Ba!!

Take a bit of this add a Neat here place a day theirs action is in Completing saying the bothered are Drake,

from the basis of Ra in Sun to the Ices hacked for terror the Text begets the always lunged to Prey a Lay!!

I speak for between the skullings of death cross that the eaters ate I toss my cookies to the Plate escaped,

shiver in the Chills a goose is a bill the means of the Swanning Trades I Mallard You a players Ray!!

Now the my Country wants to spend money flight to land upon know moon it's Mars by larged mistings,

a strange but possible encourage a sign to possible lives I worry the bitter least of yelp the Read in Mind!!

All tell you time the type that binds to a Nation in a lined with the stars as a leader in loan Wolf hall howlings,

an echo cried stated Why can not the writings on the Wall please be a warm-up to the bone told trades??

No the exclaim buried the strain in this I do believe that pills are the come leaving the anxious still stiffed,

I wonder sometimes about those pines as they seem concerning to me in every detailed versed wise spy!!

Should you complete the question goes to Mars of course than while in Suite is there still pain of loping?,

in that Hours of my brain pains for you how do you calm the sea of long with walking out such borrow?:

To ask I am sure the answer is blowing in the Wind of storms in rote to write me wrong Rite flared a tip?,

I ride horses and I have Whip also we can switch the Stick to Crop or Bat it over tripped in idea of feared.

Know bitter lines could ever bite upon the recognized in Fight the basis of the Nineteen eighty four in life,

as people grow to swipe their world by a phone in a cell of spoon it's reality that takes the bearings lite.

As Eyes do meet in special Feet the near will prove the bare to bones that works me in a flee hop loan,

go to the movie screen the Earth is moving with a Theme that begets these separate words to Independence.

Cipher in the Code of Conduct the players of B.D.S.M. in Dungeon have learned from Centenarians pass,

thread to spool heritage in School taught to keep the locks of cool still practice at the Masters pooled.

Strides Too Perfect Vis Te

Monday, June 30, 2014

It's Been A While

I used to think that I was interested in knowing what Love was all about of this I do confess to truth,

the idea of what Humanity continual spoke on speaking the empty piece to the filling of the concept,

told what I already knew on fact that I had not been afforded such experience an opportunity,

while in my youth I did stare and wonder of it's emotion as I saw it towards my siblings Four!!

The aspect was curious as it was a better yearning to have witnessed in my mothers eyes for them,

my mother does love my Step-father as she has that same pull within her being to his nature,

growing-up under this constant made me understand that even if I did not appreciate his prowess,

that I also had no right to dissolve or even suggest the dissolution of their partnership towards one another.

My mother did always make me laugh when she was unaware that I was watching her,

she would call my step-father into the room with the funniest yowl in her vocal chords,

a howl to the Moon so to speak with a swagger of her hips as her body sort of was in a swoon,

just as he would enter into her sight the blush on her Being was extreme he made her a bit queer!!

Not that this was a bad thing for the two of them I believe had I not been in the loop of the left overs,

their life may have enjoyed that innocent attach much more leasting circumstance as the stop.

The result of the investigate of the actual emotion has proven to be a thing that just appears to be pain,

after years of merely asking to meet James Blunt based on a the facts of a common theme,

I just had wanted to converse as to what had been inspired him to have sung such a quantum ballet in grands,

the overwhelming nature of which he invests seemed to be an audible drink of my very own passions.

In the flight of death being life I thought asking to be introduced would settle the gnawing question,

it is difficult these days to do what gives me solace when I speak to people as I need to look eye to eye,

in an ordered conversation they're speech volumes as the body language fills the tempo of the Talk,

as time grew into the future this simple thought became a bigger and bigger pulling to his Hymn!!

Throughout the conversations that mode of sending through the Web I realized that a curious,

no matter the factual process or the reasoning behind such perfective it was still a web of trouble,

everyone reads the posts from you engaging the commerce of belief a Cause in of itself,

with each additional express the tug behaved as glue would in the adherence of an idea.

With all the doubt piled on me from random butt jokes not on topic but for never being able to meet,

the dirty taste in my mouth that was left by those people just made me understand the objections,

not to be based on the belief itself rather the improbability of just meeting a Singer on his way to Stardom,

a sort of strange in the end of thoughts for truth of our not meeting to date is based on the else!!

Regardless the entire Love scenario is the scorching knife ready to stab my already broken life,

to even think on the pain that it may produce should I have met James Blunt and he then walked,

well lets just go with Society keeping us at Bay for fears unknown to the Philosophers in Play,

the World answered my Quest with their Actions of Denial on this Account of Bet by refusal to inquire.

Love looks very dangerous

Wednesday, July 2, 2014

Public Informational Postings Know Contact

Ayes!!, to the frosty mourn of the Root Beer cure of that chilly slide of a spoon in stirs the pear of blamage,

the grit of the fruit bold fares as the proof that food cares set the meeting test at the dining table of the Hall,

is it fabled or the roast that is still moving on the plates of listing over cooked Veg. as the Salty Prim Pepper.

Ask the wailing members as the drop in the bucketed educational tripped on the Upper Lip stuck in framed,

a Caste in the Proper dialect for sewn the Accent to a Show of Directional Spinal Taps in the Future past,

a sordid backwards defense in an offensive play to regarding the Same in Exact to the Covering up of ACT.

Trim the sit with lots of 'It' the Rack to the Basic primal Fear of Repeating Lives in Same the Sinking feel,

around and around and around incarnate to the Thought of a Universal Cheer as the Base Idea of Binning,

to waste a single 'bout with know same mistake in a Compass of the Take I hear the Echo of Stonehenge`d!!

That Way my Lovely deer in the Light calling the Vocal in bead the Knight Asked knot the Quest Tonned,

Confucius Set Inn back at the Ancient Tribal Review of Evolving the Style in the Wall their's Aged Gate,

the gentile Read as the Thrifty deads place ist the Finish Lined in the Ribbon of the Yellow Ponds Taste!!

A Golden Scrub with Platinum craved a Vase by no Mistake a the Mold of the Crockery Trades Lauded,

lacing the string to the tightly knit theme producing the Wares in Advance of the Shared in the Tie of rots,

a body beating to the rhythm of going to the Courts of Life while in the Left Handed turns for Real it burns.

Drop Life 'It's A Pick`Up Called Sea Floats or The Porcelain Bus either pays for the Ticket to Ride,

back on over to the other side,

it's a Pirate, it's a Plank, it's a Dive, it's A Board,Know it's a Site & It's JUST CALLED Life.

Modus operandi

Wednesday, July 9, 2014

It Is Just How I Deal

My gut a twist in timely open fights for what belief is Blunt in deed does the world heal is bleed by never let,

a simple meet a hug to feet the eyes to absorb the heart of know beat that Life Itself is purposeful to leak,

the horror is not for James Blunts defeat in He I see my more of breathe a Sir to better lead controlled,

so as the bleeding from my hurt begins an opportunity to seek a win not witness the worlds demise in Sin.

An Interview from way back when Blunt began Career in trend he told or said John the Baptist read interest,

the other equalizers in the said read away I things of stead in balance my anger just goes red his is breeding,

in classical poems the writes are homes in tragedy of passing many have boned by self inflictions died,

I do not subscribe to deadly detailed lies to counter such disgust for I live in James Blunts Trust of Heel.

To Sake one Site for a bitter taste of Reality of which is just disgraced by me in real but still must lace string,

to not be forward with a scene the worms of that coupling inside my stomach burns with ill for sick it quilts,

I stand for a Single Man that I would like to Meet hand to hand for should he feel that worth is real it's land,

for the children to grow dreams again not laiden with the horrors of been at thrashings of Religious lens.

I do not hope for faith or burial as questions are the Answers when a facial muds the eyes to send a Card,

liken His Songs on Moon Landing the Tribe of Certain long to Curtain or the Flame ignites to Our turnings,

commonalities not close but in exacts as Kenning rote his is back from pen to pencil it's the Key Boardings,

striking ink to strumming voice his does settle accounts of noise for anger rage corks me doings a forked.

The radio blasts as I drive the highway to ride the horses teach the available the ringings of a bell tail bob,

the listen knives my ears with brushed singers closely speaking crush swimming Norther Stars lorings,

should equal stand to bother brand that in the extremes Wares are doubled for Life Itself is bold to braved,

no linger will hold the tidal bites as every day children cannot play for the workings of corpses bane baked.

An Epic Plan I know I am that Fairy Land or Unicorn Drake changing wheels to create sum brakes to date,

a match in the making not based on anything but a chance of fate taking time to the table investing a cabled,

the Morse Code of Syncs that require nothing more than ...........................wide the knot to looming Lots,

a simple wrought to help the Kids of this World know that there is a place in every Infinity no baptism licks.

It's the worry of the young the suicide murdering themselves for the World seems just to Sell bothered life,

like we are loosing one saying at a time 'make a wish and throw it in the Fountain' replacing scared by wipe,

I can't even dream of a Knight because of the laughing I have suffered in straight sights so damps me tears,

for I'm a supposed Adult the funny of my admit is the barrel of truth in a full bore fit age two real no joke!!

For this small blessing I am able to bounce through in a quick with any positive that I manage to love me wit,

a strange sort of weird that makes Jamie believable to coming to be a something I have never seen before,

not knowing much of anything other that the streams of the dank dark bag sighs I don't ask or appeal river,

for that storms like I when it rains it fills as it runs it rolls boulders to banks as new positioning for viewed,

a kind hand of Nature delivered through the Mind of Evolution in a stooling from a Pigeon dove bike Rider.

The League Leans

Saturday, June 21, 2014

If All I Have Is Time I'll Resolve The Product Lines To Beal

In the game of trust-me a B.D.S.M favorite intro. line to know pain know gain the book was a sell,

in the Nation that sneaks behind backs to the rack to purchase or laugh in the wonder of sacked,

the movie is coming I heard it's a popular in two type of reels the heat is the deal.

As interest was not mine in fact I did not read the 50 Shades of Purple,

the act so familiar the name hit my middle in seemed almost fiddle,

as life was an living testimony to the real with all the treasures wrapped in a peel!!

The Apple of Eden to the Snake in the Birth the Answer to blame was the gift in my Claim,

roles from the Old days where the 60's exclaimed to better or drop in the time of the race.

To discount the Sight of the years in a Life as not part of the makings of Rites,

than the lives that are lived to fuck and to shiv in the back doors of basements or the kids that were chored,

is the example that abandonment when hands speak to real,

the actions beget the hubs of the Heeled!!

Traits that Continue to learn for Mend of the loss in a Time as Ages in Signs,

the words on the advice to the multiple shines give Creed to the know but say it's not fine,

it's as if here take a bite of the fruit in delight by the way you have sinned and now you must lie!!

Strange how history repeats and repeats in the same of the trains in the available stains,

to seek out the measure of guilty of pleasure is just in plain view so all can judge do,

not by the ridiculous of Exorcisms by Evangelicals in the Act of a Priest,

for truth be said it's a role play stead!!

I have watched in my life on this Earth to find that the simple evolves with the dirt,

mud slingers wave to the watering paved as stoning is still in used for the blame.

As it begins to add up in the brain Central would speak in obvious ways long before the factuals,

in laying the ground work for the rubble I became encompasses All in the ever of gamed,

to discount the News as only a shame would be to admit that the equal has Fame!!

Friday, July 4, 2014

Doodling Dude

The Sting is not the Formula in the Race of Humanity rather the adjunct Set of Name Calling wrecks,

the divisive nature of human ploys have no regard for the broth of Life Itself being Original to living Welts,

boards of Crackers crumbling from Slaved Birth in death the Avenue is a Breadth too Vest,

a place or a product in locality is Here on the Boulevards of a Grift in Verse a One Way Streets pieces,

puzzling this anxiety of purchase as the lungs breath the oxygen Trees express as Waste produced.

People tooth the chew of a Cud to a Bovine Belly fourth coming to digestive detail in Workings would,

create the bound by leather sound to a Whip in the rescue of a World gone Wild to the be Haters.

Cause and eventual grade slips on the greens in a dew that slims the Noise to critter through a Park,

colonized by locust still grains of salt for the Cockroach is cell proof to circumvent the Flu,

chemicals driven in expense for the living a natural will provide an opportunity to peace full my brother.

Taking the Laws insulted capable Men breaking valleys with outer Tanks for decisions bye Ranked,

truth be known the prescription zone deads the minds that spook to vine the point of a ball bounce.

Negating a walking body the treasure of the foundlings pull escapes my Mind in Brain Tolled,

exhaust from Humanity as likened to the Car in the Garage hosing sucks the heir of bleeding stairs,

building from passing apt to Sail finding wisdom is an extra pale for what is needed is the Rail,

proving once to have been the courtesy of society has now reapplied as the nail in a Coffer.

Should Men not be capable of Self Rule than Freedom will Mountain the Top of a Stoop,

the view taken to shake the fist placates the interest to why the kit!!

But in a World of Religious hits Wars that Seek the Sought out Deep questions awareness kept for Fair,

upon return to home or land the deck of treason is not my Man as he will Real any Dealt by knowing,

a simple yet complexity to a Stream of Derived halts that stick a Needle in your Eye for Sake Spur.

Gain Bondage Discipline Sanity Maneuvers the Change begets the Vice in Stet,

a dutiful watch enhances let for belief is lost by the Coward Rec. in a C.D. Pate declaring Chicken Rated,

all Persons Concerned should Avail the Crop as the Big Bang Batter taught,

real to the wanter good to the better threads to James Blunt leather is my Breach of Contracting racked.

Rooster In The Winged of Cock Fighting The Boned

Tuesday, July 15, 2014

Know Love For Home Bounders Lost At Sad ~ Perk Directions? ~ Knew Way Immediately If Not Sooner

In a proper hold to Form the Stature taught me to Address the Inquiry in a Letter to the Require of Life itself,
as times in the lap topped communication is still Held by Prim in delivery of the Introduced via a Site Comp.,
this Male did receive base Post asking not a Weird rather declaring the intent of a C.D. recording as Visual,
entering the selection with a Tempo barring Fork tuned reviving a breadth Look in an Instant recognition aye!

Simply known to I the write was correct in the application of a suggested meeting to settle 'Old' accounts ear
the pass did not mirror a flirting with Death provides amply recording Past Lives in a Narrowing of Time Self
too having ability in ignorance never Tempo`ing to bitter sweets the Cream mere Sugar added to Honey bits.

The Treakle of a Caster should have brought the difference "how?" in the hurry of a World heading disasters,
in the Constance of Warring over exactly what has ended up being the evidential Proof written by mistake i,
to have had the dot point the alphabet skull was very nearly not my intention rather the error of my life hide.

Ancient communique flew via the Bird, Dove or Crow Called, these are as in addition a Tracking beacons,
Nigh the Fortnight to the grove saving Trees marketedly increasing the sent Sender key striking preventives,
no longer the Air carrier verses Time Aged questing the Wire hodge throwing down Purpose for Hymn salts.

It was the bemoaning of the the Listen I am in borrow on a Plain of discontentment in body life pleading Cry
bass in acoustics marvel my Mind even Today at the capture of the booming tyranny in a World catch Ride.

Trouble for the blaster gave I heed to the Oxygen in what appeared to release further drive puts on Setters,
not archaic in sound the envelope delivered the brought in a Mastery of a Quantum sheet Ballet of Instruct,
the Movement in and of Itself was the Mark of a Familiar Boom that looming of Anciently known personae.

Read the 10th Degree in an 11th Minor of a 22nd Breasting in a Life Destined to Breath Numbers opposite,
immediacy in dictatorial recognition of Symphony played right into the Self of Me no denial of the Agreement
flawed never until I opened the box of Pandora to the Web in crawling the bugged brought to Taskings!!

Oddly Repeated However Believable Wound

Monday, June 30, 2014

Evolution Gods Blunt

Lets go theory factors Gee the Big Bang Pram in the Hash-tag Centrals the dirty little spans,

the Lord was Crucified for Lore the trigger in the Can to Rome a Cross of Complete in Stone,

than that leaves a list of Gods killed for Myth and Statutes that Law beyond the Planned,

not Still Photographs but real Granite Carved their Bones to display in the Museums Homed.

Now you still have problems with the Christians dump for evidence of life before seems to be Trumped,

the Archives in the Lands upon this Earth with Isis as a Curtained First,

a Sphinx to guard the Pyramid the Tombs of the Kings in plenty of these brings to Site,

now bite upon the Rings of Pawned for Gold does bring such change to Song that Man has a Throng!!

Add the burning Torch Rite in we're back to making History Hymn now Answer to the Trued,

down the ribbon of the sewn what is sense to the dollar grown if Satan its the threat to Sold,

it's like a Commerce bringing Speak to Preach a Way to the Guise of what the Vail Rose,

the Book of the Dead must be a simple prose to aid in the exposure of Mappings in the Head!!

Trust this trust that trust WHAT? if no Belief in Times that Came and Left enormous Signs,

science studies all these things to what ends does the education bring if not for the facts of rings,

a Bell or a Toll or a Crossing or a Nail or a Hammer or a Life or the Evidence that Lives,

to sum it up to Death Erupt for where is the Earth in Truck if after before in bucked!!

Pluto now a Star trips to Mars the Sign-up starts a One Way Suicide legal and accepted as Research,

in the foreign plane of rockets to again study another environment with no water and no apparent life,

in formal regulations does this too behave in the Law of Nature someone must be proved,

to either have lied for Centuries of Killing under the belief of Structure that Moves?

This Planet is Green that Planed is Red the Planets between are not worth Anything?,

the swing of life to the Oceans Plight melting Glaciers to sheeting fights,

Walls so Built to open Spite does Nothing call a Persons Mind to Question all Time?

The written verse that is not rehearsed no Interview that I pay to deliver or pave a particular truth,

to prod with fakes in news of takes it's tiresome to say the least in most without the face to eyes of choke,

wrap a CD scratch the Vinyl play it Backwards the Singers liable.

Sunday, June 29, 2014

Price Not Included

MUSE: the brain sensing headband

See your brain in action. See how it performs. Improve it over time. In the future, use your thoughts to play games, operate appliances and so much more.

Toronto, Ontario, Canada Technology

StoryUpdates 33Comments 939Funders 1,613Gallery 26

Muse: The Brain Sensing Headband

Changing the Way the World Thinks

For most up to date info: ChooseMuse.com

Thank you to all our supporters, we reached our goal!

Muse: the brain sensing headbandhas started shipping to contributors of our Indiegogo campaign

[last updated April 24th 2014]

Please note:

This campaign reached its goal December 7th 2012. InteraXon is no longer offering pledge perks shown on this page. This page will no longer be updated or maintained by the InteraXon team.

Contact our Customer Care Team

community@interaxon.ca

Join us on social media

Twitter: @choosemuse

Facebook: /choosemuse

"The slim, fashion-forward device, which even Anna Wintour would conceivably wear"

- Huffington Post

"Finally: a brainwave-sensing gadget disguised as a stylish wearable headband that would fit right in with Google Glass."
- KurzweilAI.net

"The world just got a little better."
- Trendhunter.com

"The uses for a device like the Muse in the future are even more intriguing"
- CNET.com

Everyone deserves a Muse.

Introducing Muse: the brain sensing headband.

Muse is a brain fitness tool that helps you do more with your mind by helping you calm and settle your mind.

Muse is a comfortable, lightweight headband with 7 sensors designed to detect and measure your brain activity, just as a heart monitor measures your pulse.

Muse uses 7 sensors to detect and measure your brain activity. This activity is converted into information you can track on your tablet or smartphone via Bluetooth.

Our guided sessions can be used in as little as 3 minutes a day, with audio and visual feedback of your brain’s response in real time. This helps you improve your mind, your concentration and your focus each time you use Muse.

Everyone who has contributed at the Earliest Bird level or higher will receive one of our holiday bonus perks, This includes all new contributors too!

Bonus brain training: Earliest Bird, Early Bird, Standard Pledge, My Brain on a Shirt and Beer on Your Mind contributors will receive bonus content with our brain training application so you can do even more with your mind.
Source code: Developer’s Muse, Developer’s Deluxe and Muse Quad Pack contributors will receive source code from one of our games to get you immersed in the world of Muse even faster.

How does it work?

Your brain creates brainwave activity every moment of your life, day and night, awake or asleep.

Each state is accompanied by specific brain wave patterns. For example, brains of people in relaxed states create gentle, slow-moving alpha waves, while those engaged in intense concentration generate quick, jagged beta waves.

Muse’s brain sensors detect the spontaneous activity of neurons in your brain. Your brain generates electrical frequencies that are detected using electroencephalography (EEG) sensors along the surface of the scalp.

As you shift between states like concentration and relaxation, Muse’s algorithms detect the subtle changes in your brain and show you those changes in real time, just like a heart rate monitor can provide information about your physical activity.

The medical community has used EEG technology since the early 1920s. However, recent advances in sensor technology now make it possible to offer EEG in an easy-to-use and mobile form.

Muse sits across your forehead like a headband, and rests behind your ears like a pair of glasses. When properly worn, the EEG (electroencephalography) sensors on the front of the band make contact on your forehead, and the reference sensors on the arms rest on the backs of your ears. Muse connects wirelessly to your devices via Bluetooth. Once Muse is on, you’ll hardly notice it at all.

What else comes with Muse?

We’re including our first application with every Muse.

Built using custom algorithms designed by our in-house team of experts, the first Muse app is called Calm. The name says it all as this app helps you calm and settle your mind and is the foundation for improving the power and capabilities of your mind with future apps. Calm helps build skills like maintaining composure, improving concentration and enhancing productivity.

It is virtually impossible to function at your intellectual best if you are dealing with negative emotions. We recognize how the emotional and intellectual are interconnected, which is why we've designed an integrated system to help people calm their minds. Our first app, Calm, provides sessions based on scientifically proven techniques and practices shown to reduce anxiety and stress, to focus the mind, and to foster positive rather than negative responses. These practices improve composure, mental clarity, concentration, productivity, and your EQ.

We decided to introduce this application with Muse because of discussions we had with people about their attempts to improve their mood and build a more positive outlook and the growing number of stress-related illnesses. The problem most people had was a lack of helpful, moment-to-moment feedback to know whether what they were doing was working. People simply didn’t know whether they were doing the exercises right. Lacking direction and helpful guidance, it’s no wonder most gave up.

This was the “A-ha!” moment for our first application.

With our background in brain-computer interfaces, we saw how EEG could provide meaningful and timely feedback to help people get past the usual stumbling blocks. So we’ve been working with experts who teach mental practices, fusing their methods and our technology into gorgeous, compelling digital experiences to engage in with your compatible smartphone or tablet.

Who’s behind it?

InteraXon is an interdisciplinary team of artists & engineers, neuroscientists & designers. Our founders have been working with this technology for almost a decade. The team started to come together in 2007, and since then we’ve been working to make brain-computer interfaces an accessible, affordable reality.

We’re best known for the installation we created for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics. It allowed people in Vancouver to control the lights on Niagara Falls, the CN Tower, and the Canadian Parliament buildings from more than 3000k (over 2000 miles!) away, using only their brainwaves!

Since then, we’ve been building the coolest things we can think of for ourselves and for others. For Wrigley’s we created a chewing game competition. Every chew pumped up the size of one of their fruit flavors until it exploded with juice. The first to get the fruit-flavored explosion was the winner. We also built a game where TEDxToronto after partygoers raced to fill virtual martini glasses using their brainwaves; the winners got drink tickets to make their martinis a reality. Of course, we should also give mention to our brain-sensing beer tap. Concentrate hard and the tap unleashed a frothy cold one right into your glass.

From brain sensing slot cars to responsive toasters. From levitating chairs to remote-controlled blimps. We’ve been playing and experimenting, pushing the boundaries of what’s possible with this technology. It’s given us a profound understanding of what makes this technology work, what makes it fun, and what makes it meaningful. And all of that knowledge is built into Muse.

Other people working on EEG spend most of their time thinking about the technology. At InteraXon, we’re constantly thinking about ground breaking solutions that make sense in everyday life for people just like you. It’s this focus that we think is going to make all the difference to you.

This is just the beginning.

We want Muse to be a part of your daily life so we crafted it to be as attractive, comfortable, light and intuitive as possible. We develop applications that address real-life scenarios, providing real-life benefits, while also developing applications that inspire, educate and entertain.

Muse is here to be the guide to the wonders of brain sensing technology for people all over the world. Beyond the initial app included with Muse will be apps created by ourselves and others – maybe including you!

We’re including an SDK (Software Development Kit) with your Muse as well. You’ll get the same set of tools for analyzing and visualizing brain waves, that we use in our lab.

And please, please, keep us in the loop about what you’re up to with your Muse on Facebook and Twitter. We can’t wait to see the sort of things people do with Muse.

We need your help.

We’ve spent the last four years designing Muse and developing the algorithms that make brainwaves meaningful, and we’re ready to take the next step. But taking Muse from a prototype to a finished product means we need to purchase tooling (the parts that make the parts), order components, and build test equipment to make sure everything runs smoothly. And that stuff ain’t cheap.

That’s why we’re asking you to help us fund our first production run. Muse can’t start changing the world until it’s in your hands, and that’s what this project is about. We’ve been playing, experimenting and building with this technology for years now, and we want to give the rest of the world access to amazing experiences and interactions as soon as we can. Your contributions will make that possible.

Thanks for your support!

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

What's in the Box?

With Every Muse

Every pledge that includes our Muse headband as a reward (earliest bird, early bird, standard, developer's, developer's deluxe and brainwaves on a t-shirt Muse) includes our first application - geared towards any and everyone interested in improving aspects such as attention, working memory, and emotional intelligence and fun, simple games that you can play with your mind.

Paired with every Muse, in addition to our first application, is the Software Development Kit (SDK). If developing is your thing, this is for you! If it's not your thing, not to worry - though it will come with your Muse, you do not have to use it.

With every Muse, you have your choice of black or white.

Find This Campaign On

Facebook Twitter YouTube Website

Team

Trevor Coleman
Founder & CPO
1261 FRIENDS
Ariel Garten
Founder & CEO
Tracy Chong
VP Marketing
206 FRIENDS
Jayar La Fontaine
Researcher
Gena Meldazy
Director of Social Media
Chris Aimone
Founder & CTO
Michael Apollo
Director of Applied Mind Science
Rohan Jayasekera
Product Development Advisor
Dani Cullimore
Researcher
Sina Mackay
VERIFIED
Paula Fletcher
Rachel O'Neill

$287,472USD

RAISED OF $150,000 GOAL

192%

0 time left

Fixed Funding

CAMPAIGN CLOSED

This campaign ended on December 7, 2012

$10USD
Our eternal gratitude
To show our appreciation, everyone who pledges at this level or above will have their name featured in the credits of our first application.
39 claimed
$45USD
InteraXon Shirt ($30 +s/h)
Who doesn’t love a good t-shirt? This pledge gets you our brainy InteraXon logo with our philosophy: “Thoughts. Matter.” (Shipping costs included for US and Canada. International orders please add additional $15)
Estimated delivery: January 2013
18 claimed
SOLD OUT
$135USD
The Earliest Bird ($120 +s/h)
If you help us get started, you’ll get Muse in your choice of black or white, along with our brain fitness app and SDK for the super discount price of a third off of retail. Price will go up when these run out. (Shipping costs included for US and Canada. International orders please add additional $15)
Estimated delivery: December 2013
200 out of 200 claimed
SOLD OUT
$145USD
The Early Bird ($130 +s/h)
If you missed our Earliest Bird Special, you can still get in now with a discount on Muse in either black or white, bundled with our brain fitness app. (Includes $15 shipping costs for US and Canada. Add $15 for International orders.)
Estimated delivery: December 2013
325 out of 325 claimed
$165USD
Standard Pledge ($150 +s/h)
Get Muse in your choice of black or white, plus our brain fitness app and SDK, at $50 off retail. We’ve designed Muse to help people perform more effectively, reduce stress and anxiety, and improve cognitive skills like memory and focus. We’re thrilled you’ve decided to join us on the journey of making brainwave-enabled technology a part of everyday life. (Shipping costs included for US and Canada. International orders please add additional $15)
Estimated delivery: December 2013
283 claimed
$190USD
Developer's Muse ($175 +s/h)
Get Muse bundles with our first application and SDK, PLUS the set of brainwave visualization and analytic tools we use to develop brainwave applications so you can start building your own applications (Analytics tools will be Mac and PC compatible, and interface with processing and Max/MSP). Be the first to join our developer community, and have your feedback shape future releases. (Shipping costs included for US and Canada. International orders please add additional $15)
Estimated delivery: December 2013
540 claimed
$275USD
My Brain on a Shirt ($260+s/h)
Send us your brainwave data from our app and we’ll turn it into an awesome custom t-shirt for you. Proudly display your brain’s signature rhythm across your chest. How’s that for a conversation starter? Plus, you’ll get the headset in black or white. (Shipping costs included for US and Canada. International orders please add additional $15.)
Estimated delivery: December 2013
5 out of 100 claimed
$335USD
Holiday Gift Pair
Get one Developer’s Muse and one Standard Pledge. Show off your developer skills with someone else or just give them the gift of Muse so they can do more with their minds too (like your Mom!). (US and Candian shipping included, International orders please add additional $15)
Estimated delivery: December 2013
9 claimed
SOLD OUT
$375USD
Developer's Deluxe ($350 +s/h)
You’ll get two Muses: one of our standard offerings when the final batch ships, plus one of our limited supply of hand-numbered prototypes, available months in advance! You also get early access to our SDK and brainwave visualization and analytic tools that our team uses to develop brainwave applications. (Shipping costs included for US and Canada. International orders please add additional $15)
Estimated delivery: October 2013
75 out of 75 claimed
$530USD
Muse Quad Pack (save 40%)
Save 40% off FOUR Muse headbands in black or white, which includes our brain fitness app and SDK, plus our brainwave visualization and analytic tools so you can start building your own apps right away. It’s the perfect pack for research labs, distributors, hackers and corporations. (Shipping costs are included for US & Canada. International orders please include an additional $30 for shipping.)
Estimated delivery: December 2013
32 out of 100 claimed
$8,500USD
Beer on Your Mind
Want your next event to really blow people’s minds? If you pledge at this tier, we’ll show up at your door with our thought-controlled beer tap. Yes, you read that right. Beer tap. Thought-controlled. Think you can pour a perfect pint using your brainwaves? We KNOW you wanna try. Here’s your chance. The beer is on you, though! Also included is a 'quad pack' of four Muse headbands bundled with our application and SDK! (Flight included in US and Canada. International orders, let's talk!)
0 out of 3 claimed

Do you think this campaign contains prohibited content? Let us know.

Showing posts sorted by relevance for query the way of Still. Sort by date Show all posts

Friday, November 18, 2022

The Moon Is Postion

In subtle latitude of arithmetic (Cantore) the project aspect will attempt to work the following: To map the stars with a natural growth of the Redwood.

To do such the aspect would have to see the photograph to the idea. This round would include a location of judgement on earth to drop the rings and add the known star systems: Milky Way. The Redwood Tree is on foundation of Earth and at “age” the bearing would deliver the “Age in Aquarius”? As the Age of Aquarius is to match the age of our Earth at this time it would give in the now a fair bearing.

This would be able to deliver the Sun as either a disc or a halo to engage the thought of the Pyramid without the glyph. To think on this tactile environment and with the added dimensional ability to average the idea the truth of the outline of just the ceiling at Grand Central Station would have a real American keel. To build the idea at the concept the watch with embellishment might deliver a larger star system.

Milky Way

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Milky Way^[b] is the galaxy that includes our Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye. The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea, from the Greek γαλακτικός κύκλος (galaktikos kýklos), meaning "milky circle".^[18]^[19]^[20] From Earth, the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk-shaped structure is viewed from within. Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610. Until the early 1920s, most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe.^[21] Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis,^[22] observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies.

The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with an estimated D₂₅ isophotal diameter of 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,590 light-years),^[8] but only about 1,000 light years thick at the spiral arms (more at the bulge). Recent simulations suggest that a dark matter area, also containing some visible stars, may extend up to a diameter of almost 2 million light-years (613 kpc).^[23]^[24] The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies, which form part of the Virgo Supercluster, which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster.^[25]^[26]

It is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars^[27]^[28] and at least that number of planets.^[29]^[30] The Solar System is located at a radius of about 27,000 light-years (8.3 kpc) from the Galactic Center,^[31] on the inner edge of the Orion Arm, one of the spiral-shaped concentrations of gas and dust. The stars in the innermost 10,000 light-years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge. The Galactic Center is an intense radio source known as Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole of 4.100 (± 0.034) million solar masses.^[32]^[33] Stars and gases at a wide range of distances from the Galactic Center orbit at approximately 220 kilometers per second. The constant rotational speed appears to contradict the laws of Keplerian dynamics and suggests that much (about 90%)^[34]^[35] of the mass of the Milky Way is invisible to telescopes, neither emitting nor absorbing electromagnetic radiation. This conjectural mass has been termed "dark matter".^[36] The rotational period is about 212 million years at the radius of the Sun.^[13]

The Milky Way as a whole is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second with respect to extragalactic frames of reference. The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang.^[37]

Etymology and mythology[edit]

The Origin of the Milky Way by Tintoretto (circa 1575–1580)

In the Babylonian epic poem Enūma Eliš, the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragoness Tiamat, set in the sky by Marduk, the Babylonian national god, after slaying her.^[38]^[39] This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlilof Nippur,^[40]^[41] but is now thought to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities.^[41]

In Greek mythology, Zeus places his son born by a mortal woman, the infant Heracles, on Hera's breast while she is asleep so the baby will drink her divine milk and thus become immortal. Hera wakes up while breastfeeding and then realizes she is nursing an unknown baby: she pushes the baby away, some of her milk spills, and it produces the band of light known as the Milky Way. In another Greek story, the abandoned Heracles is given by Athena to Hera for feeding, but Heracles' forcefulness causes Athena to rip him from her breast in pain.^[42]^[43]^[44]

Llys Dôn (literally "The Court of Dôn") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion ("The fortress of Gwydion") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way,^[45]^[46] and Caer Arianrhod ("The Fortress of Arianrhod") being the constellation of Corona Borealis.^[47]^[48]

In western culture, the name "Milky Way" is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky. The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea, in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας, short for γαλαξίας κύκλος (galaxías kýklos), meaning "milky circle". The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας (galaxias) – from root γαλακτ-, γάλα ("milk") + -ίας (forming adjectives) – is also the root of "galaxy", the name for our, and later all such, collections of stars.^[18]^[49]^[50]^[51]

The Milky Way, or "milk circle", was just one of 11 "circles" the Greeks identified in the sky, others being the zodiac, the meridian, the horizon, the equator, the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, the Arctic Circleand the Antarctic Circle, and two colure circles passing through both poles.^[52]

A view of the Milky Way toward the constellation Sagittarius (including the Galactic Center), as seen from a dark site with little light pollution (the Black Rock Desert, Nevada), the bright object on the lower right is Jupiter, just above Antares

Appearance[edit]

A time-lapse video capturing the Milky Way arching over ALMA

The Milky Way is visible as a hazy band of white light, some 30° wide, arching the night sky.^[53] Although all the individual naked-eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way Galaxy, the term "Milky Way" is limited to this band of light.^[54]^[55] The light originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane. Brighter regions around the band appear as soft visual patches known as star clouds. The most conspicuous of these is the Large Sagittarius Star Cloud, a portion of the central bulge of the galaxy.^[56] Dark regions within the band, such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack, are areas where interstellar dust blocks light from distant stars. Peoples of the southern hemisphere, including the Inca and Australian aborigines, identified these regions as dark cloud constellations.^[57] The area of sky that the Milky Way obscures is called the Zone of Avoidance.^[58]

The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness. Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light, such as light pollution or moonlight. The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be visible.^[59] It should be visible if the limiting magnitude is approximately +5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at +6.1.^[60] This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from brightly lit urban or suburban areas, but very prominent when viewed from rural areas when the Moon is below the horizon.^[c] Maps of artificial night sky brightness show that more than one-third of Earth's population cannot see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution.^[61]

As viewed from Earth, the visible region of the Milky Way's galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations.^[d] The Galactic Center lies in the direction of Sagittarius, where the Milky Way is brightest. From Sagittarius, the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the galactic anticenter in Auriga. The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky, back to Sagittarius, dividing the sky into two roughly equal hemispheres.^{[citation needed]}

The galactic plane is inclined by about 60° to the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit). Relative to the celestial equator, it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux, indicating the high inclination of Earth's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic, relative to the galactic plane. The north galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12^h 49^m, declination +27.4° (B1950) near β Comae Berenices, and the south galactic pole is near α Sculptoris. Because of this high inclination, depending on the time of night and year, the Milky Way arch may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky. For observers from latitudes approximately 65° north to 65° south, the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day.^{[citation needed]}

The Milky Way arching at a high inclination across the night sky, (this composited panorama was taken at Paranal Observatory in northern Chile); the Magellanic Clouds can be seen on the left; the bright object near top center is Jupiter in the constellation Sagittarius, and the orange glow at the horizon on the right is Antofagasta city with a jet trail above it; galactic north is downward.
The Milky Way viewed at different wavelengths

Astronomical history[edit]

The shape of the Milky Way as deduced from star counts by William Herschel in 1785; the Solar System was assumed near center

In Meteorologica, Aristotle (384–322 BC) states that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras (c. 500–428 BC) and Democritus (460–370 BC) proposed that the Milky Way is the glow of stars not directly visible due to Earth's shadow, while other stars receive their light from the Sun (but have their glow obscured by solar rays).^[62] Aristotle himself believed that the Milky Way was part of the Earth's upper atmosphere (along with the stars), and that it was a byproduct of stars burning that did not dissipate because of its outermost location in the atmosphere (composing its great circle). He also said that the Milky appearance of the Milky Way galaxy was due to the refraction of the earth's atmosphere.^[63]^[64]^[65] The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger (c. 495–570 AD) criticized this view, arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary, it should appear different at different times and places on Earth, and that it should have parallax, which it does not. In his view, the Milky Way is celestial. This idea would be influential later in the Muslim world.^[66]

The Persian astronomer Al-Biruni (973–1048) proposed that the Milky Way is "a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars".^[67] The Andalusianastronomer Avempace (d 1138) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image in the Earth's atmosphere, citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence.^[64] The Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) in his Tadhkira wrote: "The Milky Way, i.e. the Galaxy, is made up of a very large number of small, tightly clustered stars, which, on account of their concentration and smallness, seem to be cloudy patches. Because of this, it was likened to milk in color."^[68] Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) proposed that the Milky Way is "a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars".^[69]

Proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars. Galileo also concluded that the appearance of the Milky Way was due to refraction of the Earth's atmosphere .^[70]^[71]^[63] In a treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant, drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright,^[72] speculated (correctly) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales.^[73] The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Wright and Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate "galaxies" themselves, similar to our own. Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the "extragalactic nebulae" as "island universes", a term still current up to the 1930s.^[74]^[75]^[76]

The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky. He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center.^[77]

In 1845, Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral-shaped nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture.^[78]^[79]

Photograph of the "Great Andromeda Nebula" from 1899, later identified as the Andromeda Galaxy

In 1904, studying the proper motions of stars, Jacobus Kapteyn reported that these were not random, as it was believed in that time; stars could be divided into two streams, moving in nearly opposite directions.^[80] It was later realized that Kapteyn's data had been the first evidence of the rotation of our galaxy,^[81] which ultimately led to the finding of galactic rotation by Bertil Lindblad and Jan Oort.^{[citation needed]}

In 1917, Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula (Messier object 31). Searching the photographic record, he found 11 more novae. Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way. As a result, he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs. He became a proponent of the "island universes" hypothesis, which held that the spiral nebulae were independent galaxies.^[82]^[83] In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the Universe. To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy, Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way, as well as the significant Doppler shift.^[84]

The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m (100 in) Hooker telescope. With the light-gathering power of this new telescope, he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars. He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae. He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun, far too distant to be part of the Milky Way.^[85]^[86]

Astrography[edit]

Map of the Milky Way Galaxy with the constellations that cross the galactic plane in each direction and the known prominent components annotated including main arms, spurs, bar, nucleus/bulge, notable nebulae and globular clusters.

An all-sky view of stars in the Milky Way and neighbouring galaxies, based on the first year of observations from Gaia satellite, from July 2014 to September 2015. The map shows the density of stars in each portion of the sky. Brighter regions indicate denser concentrations of stars. Darker regions across the Galactic Plane correspond to dense clouds of interstellar gas and dust that absorb starlight.

The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2016, 2018, 2021 and 2024.^[87]^[88] Data from Gala has been described as "transformational". It has been estimated that Gaia has expanded the number of observations of stars from about 2 million stars as of the 1990s to 2 billion. It has expanded the measurable volume of space by a factor of 100 in radius and a factor of 1,000 in precision.^[89] A study in 2020 concluded that Gaia detected a wobbling motion of the galaxy, which might be caused by "torques from a misalignment of the disc's rotation axis with respect to the principal axis of a non-spherical halo, or from accreted matter in the halo acquired during late infall, or from nearby, interacting satellite galaxies and their consequent tides".^[90]

Sun's location and neighborhood[edit]

Diagram of the Milky Way with the position of the Solar System marked by a yellow arrow and a red dot in the Orion Arm. The dot roughly covers the larger surroundings of the Solar System, the space between the Radcliffe waveand Split linear structures (formerly the Gould Belt).^[91]

Artistic close-up of the Orion Arm with the main features of the Radcliffe Wave and Split linear structures, and with the Solar System surrounded by the closest large scale celestial features at the surface of the Local Bubble at a distance of 400–500 light years.

The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm, within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble, between the Radcliffe waveand Split linear structures (formerly Gould Belt).^[91] Based upon studies of stellar orbits around Sgr A* by Gillessen et al.(2016), the Sun lies at an estimated distance of 27.14 ± 0.46 kly (8.32 ± 0.14 kpc)^[31] from the Galactic Center. Boehle et al. (2016) found a smaller value of 25.64 ± 0.46 kly (7.86 ± 0.14 kpc), also using a star orbit analysis.^[92] The Sun is currently 5–30 parsecs (16–98 ly) above, or north of, the central plane of the Galactic disk.^[93] The distance between the local arm and the next arm out, the Perseus Arm, is about 2,000 parsecs (6,500 ly).^[94] The Sun, and thus the Solar System, is located in the Milky Way's galactic habitable zone.^[95]^[96]

There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs (49 ly) from the Sun, giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs, or one star per 2,360 cubic light-years (from List of nearest bright stars). On the other hand, there are 64 known stars (of any magnitude, not counting 4 brown dwarfs) within 5 parsecs (16 ly) of the Sun, giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs, or one per 284 cubic light-years (from List of nearest stars). This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars: in the entire sky, there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14.^[97]

The apex of the Sun's way, or the solar apex, is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way. The general direction of the Sun's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules, at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center. The Sun's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions. In addition, the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit.^[98] This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force (damping) term. These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth.^[99] A reanalysis of the effects of the Sun's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation.^[100]

It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a galactic year),^[101] so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans. The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km/s (490,000 mph) or 0.073% of the speed of light. The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km/h (52,000 mph). At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU (astronomical unit).^[102] The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius, which follows the ecliptic.^[103]

Galactic quadrants[edit]

Diagram of the Sun's location in the Milky Way, the angles represent longitudes in the galactic coordinate system.

A galactic quadrant, or quadrant of the Milky Way, refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way. In astronomical practice, the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system, which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system.^[104]

Quadrants are described using ordinals – for example, "1st galactic quadrant",^[105] "second galactic quadrant",^[106] or "third quadrant of the Milky Way".^[107] Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0° (zero degrees) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center, the quadrants are:

Galactic quadrant	Galactic longitude (ℓ)	Reference
1st	0° ≤ ℓ ≤ 90°	^[108]
2nd	90° ≤ ℓ ≤ 180°	^[106]
3rd	180° ≤ ℓ ≤ 270°	^[107]
4th	270° ≤ ℓ ≤ 360° (360° ≅ 0°)	^[105]

with the galactic longitude (ℓ) increasing in the counter-clockwise direction (positive rotation) as viewed from north of the Galactic Center (a view-point several hundred thousand light-years distant from Earth in the direction of the constellation Coma Berenices); if viewed from south of the Galactic Center (a view-point similarly distant in the constellation Sculptor), ℓ would increase in the clockwise direction (negative rotation).

Size and mass[edit]

The structure of the Milky Way is thought to be similar to this galaxy (UGC 12158 imaged by Hubble)

Size[edit]

A size comparison of the six largest galaxies of the Local Group, together with the Milky Way

The Milky Way is one of the two largest galaxies in the Local Group (the other being the Andromeda Galaxy), although the size for its galactic disc and how much it defines the isophotal diameter is not well understood.^[109] It is estimated that the significant bulk of stars in the galaxy lies within the 26 kiloparsecs (80,000 light-years) diameter, and that the number of stars beyond the outermost disc dramatically reduces to a very low number, with respect to an extrapolation of the exponential disk with the scale length of the inner disc.^[110]^[109]

There are several methods being used in astronomy in defining the size of a galaxy, and each of them can yield different results with respect to one another. The most commonly employed method is the D₂₅ standard – the isophote where the photometric brightness of a galaxy in the B-band (445 nm wavelength of light, in the blue part of the visible spectrum) reaches 25 mag/arcsec².^[111] An estimate from 1997 by Goodwin and others compared the distribution of Cepheid variable stars in 17 other spiral galaxies to the ones in the Milky Way, and modelling the relationship to their surface brightnesses. This gave an isophotal diameter for the Milky Way at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,590 light-years), by assuming that the galactic disc is well represented by an exponential disc and adopting a central surface brightness of the galaxy (µ₀) of 22.1±0.3 B-mag/arcsec⁻² and a disk scale length (h) of 5.0 ± 0.5 kpc (16,000 ± 1,600 ly).^[112]^[8]^[113] This is significantly smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy's isophotal diameter, and slightly below the mean isophotal sizes of the galaxies being at 28.3 kpc (92,000 ly).^[8] The paper concludes that the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy were not overly large spiral galaxies and as well as one of the largest known (if the former not being the largest) as previously widely believed, but rather average ordinary spiral galaxies.^[114] To compare the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter (24.3 mm (0.955 in)), the Milky Way would be approximately at least the greatest north–south line of the contiguous United States.^[115] An even older study from 1978 gave a lower diameter for Milky Way about 23 kpc (75,000 ly).^[8]

A 2015 paper discovered that there is a ring-like filament of stars called Triangulum–Andromeda Ring (TriAnd Ring) rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane, which alongside Monoceros Ring were both suggested to be primarily the result of disk oscillations and wrapping around the Milky Way, at a diameter of at least 50 kpc (160,000 ly),^[116] which may be part of the Milky Way's outer disk itself, hence making the stellar disk larger by increasing to this size.^[117] However, a more recent 2018 paper later somewhat ruled out this hypothesis, and supported a conclusion that the Monoceros Ring, A13 and TriAnd Ring were stellar overdensities rather kicked out from the main stellar disk, with the velocity dispersion of the RR Lyrae stars found to be higher and consistent with halo membership.^[118] Another 2018 study revealed the very probable presence of disk stars at 26–31.5 kpc (84,800–103,000 ly) from the Galactic Center or perhaps even farther, significantly beyond approximately 13–20 kpc (40,000–70,000 ly), in which it was once believed to be the abrupt drop-off of the stellar density of the disk, meaning that few or no stars were expected to be above this limit, save for stars that belong to the old population of the galactic halo.^[109]^[119]^[120]

A 2020 study predicted the edge of the Milky Way's dark matter halo being around 292 ± 61 kpc (952,000 ± 199,000 ly), which translates to a diameter of 584 ± 122 kpc (1.905 ± 0.3979 Mly).^[23]^[24] The Milky Way's stellar disk is also estimated to be approximately up to 1.35 kpc (4,000 ly) thick.^[121]^[122]

A schematic profile of the Milky Way.
Abbreviations: GNP/GSP: Galactic North and South Poles

Mass[edit]

The Milky Way is approximately 890 billion to 1.54 trillion times the mass of the Sun in total (8.9×10¹¹ to 1.54×10¹² solar masses),^[34]^[35]^[123] although stars and planets make up only a small part of this. Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. The low end of the estimate range is 5.8×10¹¹ solar masses (M_☉), somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy.^[124]^[125]^[126] Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s (570,000 mph) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way.^[127] Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius, this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive, roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7×10¹¹ M_☉ within 160,000 ly (49 kpc) of its center.^[128] In 2010, a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kiloparsecs is 7×10¹¹ M_☉.^[129] According to a study published in 2014, the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5×10¹¹ M_☉,^[130] but this is only half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy.^[130] A recent 2019 mass estimate for the Milky Way is 1.29×10¹² M_☉.^[131]

Much of the mass of the Milky Way seems to be dark matter, an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter. A dark matter halo is conjectured to spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs (kpc) from the Galactic Center. Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1–1.5×10¹² M_☉.^[132]^[133]^[134] 2013 and 2014 studies indicate a range in mass, as large as 4.5×10¹² M_☉^[135] and as small as 8×10¹¹ M_☉.^[136] By comparison, the total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6×10¹⁰ M_☉^[137]and 6.43×10¹⁰ M_☉.^[132] In addition to the stars, there is also interstellar gas, comprising 90% hydrogen and 10% helium by mass,^[138] with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one-third as molecular hydrogen.^[139] The mass of the Milky Way's interstellar gas is equal to between 10%^[139] and 15%^[138] of the total mass of its stars. Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1% of the total mass of the gas.^[138]

In March 2019, astronomers reported that the virial mass of the Milky Way galaxy is 1.54 trillion solar masses within a radius of about 39.5 kpc (130,000 ly), over twice as much as was determined in earlier studies, and suggesting that about 90% of the mass of the galaxy is dark matter.^[34]^[35]

Contents[edit]

360-degree panorama view of the Milky Way (an assembled mosaic of photographs) by ESO, the galactic centre is in the middle of the view, with galactic north up

360-degree rendering of the Milky Way using Gaia EDR3 data showing interstellar gas, dust backlit by stars (main patches labeled in black; white labels are main bright patches of stars). Left hemisphere is facing the galactic center, right hemisphere is facing the galactic anticenter.

The Milky Way contains between 100 and 400 billion stars^[9]^[10] and at least that many planets.^[140] An exact figure would depend on counting the number of very-low-mass stars, which are difficult to detect, especially at distances of more than 300 ly (90 pc) from the Sun. As a comparison, the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion (10¹²) stars.^[141] The Milky Way may contain ten billion white dwarfs, a billion neutron stars, and a hundred million stellar black holes.^[e]^[142]^[143] Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium. This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars,^[144] whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light-years for the colder gas to thousands of light-years for warmer gas.^[145]^[146]

The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars. Rather, the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way. For reasons that are not understood, beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 light years (13 kpc) from the center, the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius.^[110] Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical galactic halo of stars and globular clusters that extends farther outward, but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly (55 kpc).^[147] At this distance or beyond, the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds. Hence, such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way. The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around −20.9.^[148]^[149]^[f]

Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way,^[29]^[150] and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars.^[151]^[152] The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system Kepler-32 by the Kepler space observatory.^[30] A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth-sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way.^[153] On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way.^[154]^[155]^[156] 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars.^[157] The nearest exoplanet may be 4.2 light-years away, orbiting the red dwarf Proxima Centauri, according to a 2016 study.^[158] Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants,^[29] though harder to detect at great distances given their small size. Besides exoplanets, "exocomets", comets beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way.^[159] More recently, in November 2020, over 300 million habitable exoplanets are estimated to exist in the Milky Way Galaxy.^[160]

Structure[edit]

Overview of different elements of the overall structure of the Milky Way.

Supermassive black holeSagittarius A* imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope in radio waves. The central dark spot is the black hole's shadow, which is larger than the event horizon.

Bright X-ray flares from Sagittarius A* (inset) in the center of the Milky Way, as detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory.^[161]

0:27

Artist's impression of how the Milky Way would look from different vantage points – from edge-on lines-of-sight, the peanut-shell-shaped structure, not to be confused with the galaxy's central bulge, is evident; viewed from above, the central narrow bar that is responsible for this structure appears clearly, as would many spiral arms and their associated dust clouds

The Milky Way consists of a bar-shaped core region surrounded by a warped disk of gas, dust and stars.^[162]^[163] The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification, which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms.^[5] Astronomers first began to conjecture that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy, rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy, in the 1960s.^[164]^[165]^[166] These conjectures were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way's central bar to be larger than previously thought.^[167]

Galactic Center[edit]

The Sun is 25,000–28,000 ly (7.7–8.6 kpc) from the Galactic Center. This value is estimated using geometric-based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles, with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range.^[168]^[92]^[31]^[169]^[170]^[171]In the inner few kiloparsecs (around 10,000 light-years radius) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge.^[172] It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies, and that instead it only has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar.^[173] However, confusion in the literature between the (peanut shell)-shaped structure created by instabilities in the bar, versus a possible bulge with an expected half-light radius of 0.5 kpc, abounds.^[174]

The Galactic Center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A* (pronounced Sagittarius A-star). The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A* harbors a massive, compact object.^[175] This concentration of mass is best explained as a supermassive black hole^[g]^[168]^[176](SMBH) with an estimated mass of 4.1–4.5 million times the mass of the Sun.^[176] The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an inactive galactic nucleus, being estimated at 1×10⁻⁵ M_☉ per year.^[177] Observations indicate that there are SMBHs located near the center of most normal galaxies.^[178]^[179]

The nature of the Milky Way's bar is actively debated, with estimates for its half-length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc (3,000–16,000 ly) and 10–50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center.^[170]^[171]^[180] Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars, one nestled within the other.^[181] However, RR Lyrae-type stars do not trace a prominent Galactic bar.^[171]^[182]^[183] The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the "5 kpc ring" that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way, as well as most of the Milky Way's star formation activity. Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy, it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way.^[184] X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar^[177] and the Galactic ridge.^[185]

Gamma rays and x-rays[edit]

Since 1970, various gamma-ray detection missions have discovered 511-keV gamma rays coming from the general direction of the Galactic Center. These gamma rays are produced by positrons (antielectrons) annihilating with electrons. In 2008 it was found that the distribution of the sources of the gamma rays resembles the distribution of low-mass X-ray binaries, seeming to indicate that these X-ray binaries are sending positrons (and electrons) into interstellar space where they slow down and annihilate.^[186]^[187]^[188] The observations were both made by NASA and ESA's satellites. In 1970 gamma ray detectors found that the emitting region was about 10,000 light-years across with a luminosity of about 10,000 suns.^[187]

Illustration of the two gigantic X-ray/gamma-raybubbles (blue-violet) of the Milky Way (center)

In 2010, two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy gamma-emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core, using data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light-years (7.7 kpc) (or about 1/4 of the galaxy's estimated diameter); they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night-sky of the southern hemisphere.^[189]^[190] Subsequently, observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles. These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly (200 pc) of the Milky Way.^[191]

Later, on January 5, 2015, NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*.^[161]

Spiral arms[edit]

Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bar, the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms.^[192] Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation, as traced by H II regions^[193]^[194] and molecular clouds.^[195]

The Milky Way's spiral structure is uncertain, and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way's arms.^[196] Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun,^[194]^[197] because galaxies commonly have arms that branch, merge, twist unexpectedly, and feature a degree of irregularity.^[171]^[197]^[198] The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm^[194] emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique, and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way.^[197] Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7° to 25°.^[144]^[199] There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way Galaxy's center.^[200] These are named as follows, with the positions of the arms shown in the image below:

Observed (normal lines) and extrapolated (dotted lines) structure of the spiral arms of the Milky Way, viewed from north of the galaxy – the galaxy rotates clockwise in this view. The gray lines radiating from the Sun's position (upper center) list the three-letter abbreviations of the corresponding constellations

Color	Arm(s)
turquoise	Near 3 kpc Arm and Perseus Arm
blue	Norma and Outer arm (Along with extension discovered in 2004^[201])
green	Scutum–Centaurus Arm
red	Carina–Sagittarius Arm
There are at least two smaller arms or spurs, including:
orange	Orion–Cygnus Arm (which contains the Sun and Solar System)

Spitzer reveals what cannot be seen in visible light: cooler stars (blue), heated dust (reddish hue), and Sgr A* as bright white spot in the middle.

Artist's conception of the spiral structure of the Milky Way with two major stellar arms and a bar.^[196]

Two spiral arms, the Scutum–Centaurus arm and the Carina–Sagittarius arm, have tangent points inside the Sun's orbit about the center of the Milky Way. If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk, it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point. Two surveys of near-infrared light, which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction, detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum–Centaurus arm but not in the Carina–Sagittarius arm: the Scutum–Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30% more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm.^[199]^[202] This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms: the Perseus arm and the Scutum–Centaurus arm. The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars.^[196] In December 2013, astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star-forming regions matches the four-arm spiral description of the Milky Way.^[203]^[204]^[205] Thus, the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars. The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear.^[205]

Clusters detected by WISE used to trace the Milky Way's spiral arms.

The Near 3 kpc Arm (also called the Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply the 3 kpc Arm) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 centimeter radio measurements of H^I (atomic hydrogen).^[206]^[207] It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km/s. It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center. The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame (Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian). It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc (about 10,000 ly) from the Galactic Center.^[207]^[208]

A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy.^[209]

It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns: an inner one, formed by the Sagittarius arm, that rotates fast and an outer one, formed by the Carina and Perseus arms, whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound. In this scenario, suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms, the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring,^[210] and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm.^[211]

The long filamentary molecular cloud dubbed "Nessie" probably forms a dense "spine" of the Scutum–Centarus Arm

Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring (or Outer Ring), a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago. However, several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way.^[212] The structure of the Milky Way's disk is warped along an "S" curve.^[213]

Halo[edit]

The Galactic disk is surrounded by a spheroidal halo of old stars and globular clusters, of which 90% lie within 100,000 light-years (30 kpc) of the Galactic Center.^[214] However, a few globular clusters have been found farther, such as PAL 4 and AM 1 at more than 200,000 light-years from the Galactic Center. About 40% of the Milky Way's clusters are on retrograde orbits, which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation.^[215] The globular clusters can follow rosette orbits about the Milky Way, in contrast to the elliptical orbit of a planet around a star.^[216]

Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths, the halo component does not. Active star formation takes place in the disk (especially in the spiral arms, which represent areas of high density), but does not take place in the halo, as there is little cool gas to collapse into stars.^[101] Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk.^[217]

Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way's structure. With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) extends much farther than previously thought,^[218] the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending farther is apparent, and this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the Cygnus Arm^[201]^[219] and of a similar extension of the Scutum–Centaurus Arm.^[220] With the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart. Similarly, with the discovery of the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy, it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk.^{[citation needed]}

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure (spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models. The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way. The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way. This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light-years (9 kpc) away.^[221]

Gaseous halo[edit]

In addition to the stellar halo, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, XMM-Newton, and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is a gaseous halo with a large amount of hot gas. The halo extends for hundreds of thousand of light-years, much farther than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself.^[222]^[223]^[224] The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K (1.8 and 4.5 million °F).^[225]

Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one-sixth as much baryonic (ordinary) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old. However, only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way.^[226] If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed, it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way.^[226]

Galactic rotation[edit]

Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way – vertical axis is speed of rotation about the galactic center; horizontal axis is distance from the galactic center in kpcs; the sun is marked with a yellow ball; the observed curve of speed of rotation is blue; the predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red; scatter in observations roughly indicated by gray bars, the difference is due to dark matter^[36]^[227]^[228]

The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially, meaning that the rotation period varies with location. As is typical for spiral galaxies, the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center. Away from the central bulge or outer rim, the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 ± 10 km/s (470,000 ± 22,000 mph).^[229] Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled. This is unlike the situation within the Solar System, where two-body gravitational dynamics dominate, and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them. The rotation curve (shown in the figure) describes this rotation. Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low, whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation.^{[citation needed]}

If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars, gas, and other baryonic (ordinary) matter, the rotational speed would decrease with distance from the center. However, the observed curve is relatively flat, indicating that there is additional mass that cannot be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation. This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter.^[36] The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies, the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies. Alternatively, a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve.^[230]

Formation[edit]

History[edit]

The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang 13.61 billion years ago.^[231]^[232]^[233] Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed. Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies.^[231] Nonetheless, these stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way. Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars, the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly. Due to conservation of angular momentum, this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk. Therefore, later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk. Most younger stars, including the Sun, are observed to be in the disk.^[234]^[235]

Since the first stars began to form, the Milky Way has grown through both galaxy mergers (particularly early in the Milky Way's growth) and accretion of gas directly from the Galactic halo.^[235] The Milky Way is currently accreting material from several small galaxies, including two of its largest satellite galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, through the Magellanic Stream. Direct accretion of gas is observed in high-velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud.^[236]^[237] Cosmological simulations indicate that, 11 billion years ago, it merged with a particularly large galaxy that has been labeled the Kraken.^[238]^[239]However, properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass, angular momentum, and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years. This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies; its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with relatively large galaxies.^[240]^[241]

According to recent studies, the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the galaxy color–magnitude diagram is known as the "green valley", a region populated by galaxies in transition from the "blue cloud" (galaxies actively forming new stars) to the "red sequence" (galaxies that lack star formation). Star-formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star-forming gas in the interstellar medium. In simulated galaxies with similar properties, star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now, even accounting for the expected, short-term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy.^[242] In fact, measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies.^[243]

Age and cosmological history[edit]

Comparison of the night sky with the night sky of a hypothetical planet within the Milky Way 10 billion years ago, at an age of about 3.6 billion years and 5 billion years before the Sun formed.^[244]

Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way, which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way. The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long-lived radioactive elements such as thorium-232 and uranium-238, then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance, a technique called nucleocosmochronology. These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082-001^[245] and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD +17° 3248.^[246] Once a white dwarf is formed, it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops. By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature, an age estimate can be made. With this technique, the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years. Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years, and a 95% confidence upper limit of 16 billion years.^[247]

In November 2018, astronomers reported the discovery of one of the oldest stars in the universe. About 13.5 billion-years-old, 2MASS J18082002-5104378 B is a tiny ultra metal-poor (UMP) star made almost entirely of materials released from the Big Bang, and is possibly one of the first stars. The discovery of the star in the Milky Way galaxy suggests that the galaxy may be at least 3 billion years older than previously thought.^[248]^[249]^[250]

Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80-billion-year age of the Universe. In 2007, a star in the galactic halo, HE 1523-0901, was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old. As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time, this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way.^[251] This estimate was made using the UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R-process. The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes, from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology.^[251]Another star, HD 140283, is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old.^[37]^[252]

According to observations utilizing adaptive optics to correct for Earth's atmospheric distortion, stars in the galaxy's bulge date to about 12.8 billion years old.^[253]

The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology. Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago. These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk.^[254] Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation, 10 to 8 billion years ago, when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before.^[255]

The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed but seem to be the result of a break-up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light-years in diameter and 50,000 light-years wide.^[256] Close encounters between galaxies, like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas, which, over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at an arbitrary angle to the main disc.^[257]

Intergalactic neighbourhood[edit]

Diagram of the galaxies in the Local Group relative to the Milky Way

The position of the Local Group within the Laniakea Supercluster

The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group, surrounded by a Local Void, itself being part of the Local Sheet^[258] and in turn the Virgo Supercluster. Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids, devoid of many galaxies, the Microscopium Void to the "north", the Sculptor Void to the "left", the Boötes Void to the "right" and the Canes-Major Void to the "south". These voids change shape over time, creating filamentous structures of galaxies. The Virgo Supercluster, for instance, is being drawn towards the Great Attractor,^[259]which in turn forms part of a greater structure, called Laniakea.^[260]

Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way. The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 32,200 light-years.^[261] It has a close companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud. The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100° of the sky. The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way.^[262] Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf (the closest), Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, and Leo I Dwarf. The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light-years in diameter. These include Carina Dwarf, Draco Dwarf, and Leo II Dwarf. There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way, which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015.^[263] There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way, such as the progenitor of Omega Centauri.^[264]

In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction.^[265] This came as a surprise: according to standard cosmology, the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos, and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions. This discrepancy is still not fully explained.^[266]

In January 2006, researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way, causing vibrations when they pass through its edges. Previously, these two galaxies, at around 2% of the mass of the Milky Way, were considered too small to influence the Milky Way. However, in a computer model, the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way.^[267]

Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km/s (220,000 to 310,000 mph). In 4.3 billion years, there may be an Andromeda–Milky Way collision, depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies' relative motion. If they collide, the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low,^[268] but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy^[269] over the course of about six billion years.^[270]

Velocity[edit]

Although special relativity states that there is no "preferred" inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way, the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference.

One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow, the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space. Individual galaxies, including the Milky Way, have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow. Thus, to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow, one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local, random motions. A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow. Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km/s (1,400,000 mph) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference.^[271]^[272] The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters, including the Shapley Supercluster, behind it.^[273] The Local Group (a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing, among others, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster, centered near the Virgo Cluster: although they are moving away from each other at 967 km/s (2,160,000 mph) as part of the Hubble flow, this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster.^[274]

Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background (CMB), in which the CMB temperature is least distorted by Doppler shift (zero dipole moment). The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km/s (1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph)^[16] with respect to this frame, toward 10.5 right ascension, −24° declination (J2000 epoch, near the center of Hydra). This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) as a dipole contribution to the CMB, as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue-shifted in the direction of the motion and red-shifted in the opposite direction.^[16]