Tuesday, July 7, 2026

Page One of Pages Two. Crazy Horse Doctor in Sacramento, California at that Facility that I was taken to after that car Accident on I-5, please double-check this information as word everything or word it said words in word type[tipe[Tipe[TIPE]] don’t go to Damascus and to compare to the 666 in the kjv of the KJV is equated, so you have to do it as it seemed much more serious. Title: Words This is Damascus

Cantore Arithmetic is able to state to word doctor type in on my blogs words per type in words

1. the way of Distance

2. the Passage of Narrow

3. the way of damascus

words, You’re in goo, word GOO, you have word Goo, there is no-circulation there are word designation destinations to bend word line to word set to word marrow to word bone to word Skull again.

Dr. Ziegler, I never want to hear anything about anything to do with the blood of anything, do you understand word me?

READ as word stile[Stile[STILE]] equated from word Shirts Showing posts sorted by relevance for query the way of damascus. Sort by date Show all posts

Monday, June 29, 2026

Title: Post Relevance for The Three Faces of Eve DSM Advanced: Precept! PLEASE FIX as it is to exact to ZOMBIE or a lower TONE REAVERS[Reavers are a terrifying fictional group of humans from the Firefly television series and the film Serenity. Driven mad by exposure to a behavior-modifying drug, they roam the fringes of space as savage cannibals, easily identified by their extreme self-mutilation and crude ships.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![[[[[[[[[[[[((((((((((([[[[[[[!!!!!!!.

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"ME" in the KJV Bible

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And the man said, The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat.

Words This equated word is as word damascus.

1. word is equated word damascus[Damascus[DAMASCUS]]

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Genesis 1:11chapter context similar meaning copy save: And God said, Let the earth bring forth grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind, whose seed is in itself, upon the earth: and it was so.
Genesis 1:29chapter context similar meaning copy save: And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.
Genesis 1:30chapter context similar meaning copy save: And to every beast of the earth, and to every fowl of the air, and to every thing that creepeth upon the earth, wherein there is life, I have given every green herb for meat: and it was so.
Genesis 2:9chapter context similar meaning copy save: And out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil.
Genesis 2:11chapter context similar meaning copy save: The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;
Genesis 2:12chapter context similar meaning copy save: And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.
Genesis 2:13chapter context similar meaning copy save: And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia.
Genesis 2:14chapter context similar meaning copy save: And the name of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates.
Genesis 2:18chapter context similar meaning copy save: And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him.
Genesis 2:23chapter context similar meaning copy save: And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man.
Genesis 3:3chapter context similar meaning copy save: But of the fruit of the tree which is in the midst of the garden, God hath said, Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.
Genesis 3:13chapter context similar meaning copy save: And the LORD God said unto the woman, What is this that thou hast done? And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat.
Genesis 3:17chapter context similar meaning copy save: And unto Adam he said, Because thou hast hearkened unto the voice of thy wife, and hast eaten of the tree, of which I commanded thee, saying, Thou shalt not eat of it: cursed is the ground for thy sake; in sorrow shalt thou eat of it all the days of thy life;
Genesis 3:22chapter context similar meaning copy save: And the LORD God said, Behold, the man is become as one of us, to know good and evil: and now, lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever:
Genesis 4:6chapter context similar meaning copy save: And the LORD said unto Cain, Why art thou wroth? and why is thy countenance fallen?
Genesis 4:9chapter context similar meaning copy save: And the LORD said unto Cain, Where is Abel thy brother? And he said, I know not: Am I my brother's keeper?
Genesis 4:13chapter context similar meaning copy save: And Cain said unto the LORD, My punishment is greater than I can bear.
Genesis 5:1chapter context similar meaning copy save: This is the book of the generations of Adam. In the day that God created man, in the likeness of God made he him;
Genesis 6:3chapter context similar meaning copy save: And the LORD said, My spirit shall not always strive with man, for that he also isflesh: yet his days shall be an hundred and twenty years.
Genesis 6:13chapter context similar meaning copy save: And God said unto Noah, The end of all flesh is come before me; for the earth isfilled with violence through them; and, behold, I will destroy them with the earth.
Genesis 6:15chapter context similar meaning copy save: And this is the fashion which thou shalt make it of: The length of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and the height of it thirty cubits.
Genesis 6:17chapter context similar meaning copy save: And, behold, I, even I, do bring a flood of waters upon the earth, to destroy all flesh, wherein is the breath of life, from under heaven; and every thing that is in the earth shall die.
Genesis 6:21chapter context similar meaning copy save: And take thou unto thee of all food that is eaten, and thou shalt gather it to thee; and it shall be for food for thee, and for them.
Genesis 7:15chapter context similar meaning copy save: And they went in unto Noah into the ark, two and two of all flesh, wherein is the breath of life.
Genesis 8:17chapter context similar meaning copy save: Bring forth with thee every living thing that is with thee, of all flesh, both of fowl, and of cattle, and of every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth; that they may breed abundantly in the earth, and be fruitful, and multiply upon the earth.
Genesis 8:21chapter context similar meaning copy save: And the LORD smelled a sweet savour; and the LORD said in his heart, I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth; neither will I again smite any more every thing living, as I have done.
Genesis 9:4chapter context similar meaning copy save: But flesh with the life thereof, which is the blood thereof, shall ye not eat.
Genesis 9:10chapter context similar meaning copy save: And with every living creature that is with you, of the fowl, of the cattle, and of every beast of the earth with you; from all that go out of the ark, to every beast of the earth.
Genesis 9:12chapter context similar meaning copy save: And God said, This is the token of the covenant which I make between me and you and every living creature that is with you, for perpetual generations:
Genesis 9:15chapter context similar meaning copy save: And I will remember my covenant, which is between me and you and every living creature of all flesh; and the waters shall no more become a flood to destroy all flesh.

...

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"DAMASCUS" in the KJV Bible

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Isaiah 17:1chapter context similar meaning copy save: The burden of Damascus. Behold, Damascus is taken away from being a city, and it shall be a ruinous heap.
1 Kings 11:24chapter context similar meaning copy save: And he gathered men unto him, and became captain over a band, when David slew them of Zobah: and they went to Damascus, and dwelt therein, and reigned in Damascus.
2 Kings 16:11chapter context similar meaning copy save: And Urijah the priest built an altar according to all that king Ahaz had sent from Damascus: so Urijah the priest made it against king Ahaz came from Damascus.
Isaiah 7:8chapter context similar meaning copy save: For the head of Syria is Damascus, and the head of Damascus is Rezin; and within threescore and five years shall Ephraim be broken, that it be not a people.
2 Kings 16:10chapter context similar meaning copy save: And king Ahaz went to Damascus to meet Tiglathpileser king of Assyria, and saw an altar that was at Damascus: and king Ahaz sent to Urijah the priest the fashion of the altar, and the pattern of it, according to all the workmanship thereof.
Acts 26:12chapter context similar meaning copy save: Whereupon as I went to Damascus with authority and commission from the chief priests,
Amos 5:27chapter context similar meaning copy save: Therefore will I cause you to go into captivity beyond Damascus, saith the LORD, whose name is The God of hosts.
Acts 9:22chapter context similar meaning copy save: But Saul increased the more in strength, and confounded the Jews which dwelt at Damascus, proving that this is very Christ.
Acts 9:3chapter context similar meaning copy save: And as he journeyed, he came near Damascus: and suddenly there shined round about him a light from heaven:
2 Corinthians 11:32chapter context similar meaning copy save: In Damascus the governor under Aretas the king kept the city of the Damascenes with a garrison, desirous to apprehend me:
Galatians 1:17chapter context similar meaning copy save: Neither went I up to Jerusalem to them which were apostles before me; but I went into Arabia, and returned again unto Damascus.
Acts 9:19chapter context similar meaning copy save: And when he had received meat, he was strengthened. Then was Saul certain days with the disciples which were at Damascus.
Genesis 15:2chapter context similar meaning copy save: And Abram said, Lord GOD, what wilt thou give me, seeing I go childless, and the steward of my house is this Eliezer of Damascus?
Jeremiah 49:27chapter context similar meaning copy save: And I will kindle a fire in the wall of Damascus, and it shall consume the palaces of Benhadad.
Jeremiah 49:23chapter context similar meaning copy save: Concerning Damascus. Hamath is confounded, and Arpad: for they have heard evil tidings: they are fainthearted; there is sorrow on the sea; it cannot be quiet.
Jeremiah 49:24chapter context similar meaning copy save: Damascus is waxed feeble, and turneth herself to flee, and fear hath seized on her: anguish and sorrows have taken her, as a woman in travail.
Acts 22:6chapter context similar meaning copy save: And it came to pass, that, as I made my journey, and was come nigh unto Damascusabout noon, suddenly there shone from heaven a great light round about me.
Acts 22:11chapter context similar meaning copy save: And when I could not see for the glory of that light, being led by the hand of them that were with me, I came into Damascus.
1 Kings 19:15chapter context similar meaning copy save: And the LORD said unto him, Go, return on thy way to the wilderness of Damascus: and when thou comest, anoint Hazael to be king over Syria:
Amos 1:3chapter context similar meaning copy save: Thus saith the LORD; For three transgressions of Damascus, and for four, I will not turn away the punishment thereof; because they have threshed Gilead with threshing instruments of iron:
Acts 9:8chapter context similar meaning copy save: And Saul arose from the earth; and when his eyes were opened, he saw no man: but they led him by the hand, and brought him into Damascus.
2 Samuel 8:6chapter context similar meaning copy save: Then David put garrisons in Syria of Damascus: and the Syrians became servants to David, and brought gifts. And the LORD preserved David whithersoever he went.
1 Chronicles 18:5chapter context similar meaning copy save: And when the Syrians of Damascus came to help Hadarezer king of Zobah, David slew of the Syrians two and twenty thousand men.
2 Samuel 8:5chapter context similar meaning copy save: And when the Syrians of Damascus came to succour Hadadezer king of Zobah, David slew of the Syrians two and twenty thousand men.
Acts 9:2chapter context similar meaning copy save: And desired of him letters to Damascus to the synagogues, that if he found any of this way, whether they were men or women, he might bring them bound unto Jerusalem.
Acts 9:10chapter context similar meaning copy save: And there was a certain disciple at Damascus, named Ananias; and to him said the Lord in a vision, Ananias. And he said, Behold, I am here, Lord.
2 Kings 8:7chapter context similar meaning copy save: And Elisha came to Damascus; and Benhadad the king of Syria was sick; and it was told him, saying, The man of God is come hither.
Genesis 14:15chapter context similar meaning copy save: And he divided himself against them, he and his servants, by night, and smote them, and pursued them unto Hobah, which is on the left hand of Damascus.
2 Kings 5:12chapter context similar meaning copy save: Are not Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, better than all the waters of Israel? may I not wash in them, and be clean? So he turned and went away in a rage.
Acts 26:20chapter context similar meaning copy save: But shewed first unto them of Damascus, and at Jerusalem, and throughout all the coasts of Judaea, and then to the Gentiles, that they should repent and turn to God, and do works meet for repentance.

Monday, June 29, 2026

Title: Post Relevance for The Three Faces of Eve DSM Advanced: Precept! PLEASE FIX as it is to exact to ZOMBIE or a lower TONE REAVERS[Reavers are a terrifying fictional group of humans from the Firefly television series and the film Serenity. Driven mad by exposure to a behavior-modifying drug, they roam the fringes of space as savage cannibals, easily identified by their extreme self-mutilation and crude ships.!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!![[[[[[[[[[[[((((((((((([[[[[[[!!!!!!!.

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Sunday, April 5, 2026

Title: Dr. Ziegler, how many Parents have a word Client of yours equating a Three, as they are also word Three are or stating word Coma?

Coma equated word gravestone without the tomb writ,

so write,

so wright!!

A unit circle is rolled across a surface; after a full revolution, the center of the circle has moved π units forwards.

An illustration of the value of pi

Cantore Arithmetic is able to state REM sleep is an avenue at this equated word Junction: Introduction Welcome to the California Highways home page. From this page, you can access a variety of information related to California highways and California highway history that I have collected over the years. I welcome comments and corrections to this information; you may reach me by sending Email to webmaster@cahighways.org. This site should answer most of your questions. However, there still may be a few questions that aren't covered by the areas in the site.

Words avenue[Avenue[AVENUE]] as a word junction[Junction[JUNCTION]] applied 2. Drugs in the Headshop at the Blade Runner - Voight-Kampff Test (HQ) and is meant or designed for the Owners of the Retail and from the DSM as DVM[A four-year program of academic study and clinical skills training leading to the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree] to gain a better word Counter to bring the Customer to an equated word decision with all available SIGNS to counter an objection: Rachel's Voight-Kampff test.

As REM Sleep most now as word recently is word annoying and only has driven me to wake-up and set on that annoyance something is happening and in a state of something it has gone from words as ‘this is so much fun’, ‘this is what we do’, and other such strange things to a fright of in midst of stating other strange things so the somebody is literally being over-set at singular stating in a funny equated word torque “I just got sanctioned!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! !!]

Psychiatry Films from AMHF: “The Three Faces of Eve” (1957)

by Evander Lomke on April 19, 2013 10:02 am

MPD a.k.a. DID, from the 1950s

Once known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD), Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) is the subject of film number eighteen of twenty-one in the AMHF series on psychiatry in Hollywood.

The Three Faces of Eve covers a most controversial disorder—often outright debunked as the current (as of this writing) DSM-4 had made significant changes to the diagnosis. Characterized by two or more distinct personalities within an individual, DID involves trauma and memory. Its diagnosis overlaps borderline personality, complex PTSD, difficult-to-classify ichtal states, and undoubtedly others. Untreated, it is said DID could lead to self-harm and attempted suicides.

Notable is that Joanne Woodward won the Best Actress Oscar for this complicated three-part role.

The plot, modified from Wikipedia, follows.

Eve White (Woodward) is a self-effacing wife and mom who has blinding headaches and blackouts. She is sent to see a so-called, personality psychiatrist Dr. Curtis Luther (the ever-reliably excitable—in other productions at any rate—Lee J. Cobb).

While conversing, her “alter personality”—wild, fun-loving Eve Black—emerges.

Black knows everything about White, but White is unaware of Black. With Black on the loose, Eve White’s husband leaves her and abandons their daughter, Bonnie. White is sent to an asylum after Black tries to kill White’s daughter. (You can see the complications.)

Luther considers both White and Black to be incomplete and inadequate personalities. Most of the film depicts his attempts to understand and deal with two faces of Eve.

The Cobb character eventually prompts Eve to remember a traumatic event from childhood. Her grief and terror at the time led to her “splitting off” into two distinctly different personalities. But under hypnosis at one session, a third personality emerges: the relatively stable Jane. After discovering the cause of her disorder, Jane is gradually able to remember everything that has ever happened to all three personalities. When Luther asks to speak with White, they discover that White and Black no longer exist.

All three personalities are a whole. Eve marries a man named Earl, whom she met when she was Jane, and reunites with her daughter.

This film depicts an institutional setting, as seen earlier in Bedlam, One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Awakenings, Spellbound, The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Charly, Don Juan DeMarco, and even in passing Miracle on 34th Street, as Santa Claus is put away for “the delusion” of knowing who he is.

The central interest is hypnosis. (As it is central to another film, from an earlier era, not covered in this series: from the UK, The Seventh Veil.) The mesmeric analyst is often looked at with the same suspicion and jaundiced eye that DID is. There appears to be something of the showman and, worse, quack surrounding practitioners of the hypnotic modality. Is this any way to reassemble and “cure” the damaged psyche (which is derived from the ancient Greek for soul)?One wonders.

Serious students of DID include Lucy Freeman and Flora Rheta Schreiber. Freeman contended to me, in private meetings (and perhaps somewhere amidst her voluminous published writings) that Marilyn Monroe (sometimes also loosely diagnosed with Histrionic Personality Disorder) was a multiple personality, stemming from childhood and young-adult abuse, coupled with an actor’s keen, prophetic sensitivity.

The Three Faces of Eve is a relatively tame look at the entire DID phenomenon, with a fabulous case. It will be interesting to discover what the forthcoming (May 2013 at last word) DSM-5 says.

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Wednesday, August 24, 2016

Balance Sing The Bars Be Signed Once The Bridge Of Rags To Mined Now The Paper Cyst Tum From Sew^Duh Pop!!!!!

PP; http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/

This Country speak in the State of California the adoption on Illegal Immigrants to the legal adoption of California to out dyed families without the permission from the origin of those Immigrants that illegally crossed the boarders to birth children as slaves?? The count on that is what 13-24 years on return to the orphan off sleeve to Vital Recording the legal illegal adoption of what would base.sick 'Human Traffic' on the new slaves width Worldwide on NOW.

The spoke of a Wheel Wright would than family-out to Teak back as Tiers on the Country of pickin's that gave harbor to sprite on raised in American Fashion of address. These would than be the trapped. That carriage as 'The Trap' would goat path?? The speech of being on.or.a.bowl?? Why is the States of The United States not per.Mission.kneeing back to the Country of course to even add.dressed to 'The Way' of country now on the Hems??

Diving off the Acapulco Cliffs is a Heritage of acrobats that runs in the genealogy as the circus of this brain to mined of matter on the dollar of Russia back in the day of their replicant Town to the U.S.A. espionage of Training to the boot itself??

Stick the key to be raised by court?? This is an avenue of few chores or Futures to Wall Streets to growth?? What a bust to chest of that simple mare ridge or is it the pier mathematics on the truth of clove to the Spice Trades: Compass, 'Salt of the Earth'!

Ship to Shore, Continent to the Middle East I tribe you to your under grow when of such duck staple to the paper trail of your dishonest Sheets. True to core of the Caw ball la is as the lyrics blunt to the noted postcard as the Public School in England on the British soy^ole to byte of text in rye as the sweet potato Pi.

Figures and fudge, be.Cons and the hefty hover to grant money today and terror to tomorrows as the spoke to your faith on the enth degree is the lies that are soled to the Feat of habit is the fact that you wood to cricket legs to rub a dubbed double tongue on Hames that stride coin despair!!!!!

Fickle fracking?? No, this is this Country at the blindness of numb Nuts to a.corn a field at cost of after crass to delve this clock of Times on agriculture that Human Beings have be craned to egg full berth. Spark that to the flight ore free.ease and that shove.Vol. tanks blunt.Lee to a spit in the bare.role of idiocy. As James Blunt is the biggest shot bum to stupid product of in.knee that bare.roles these legal lay.in's to just a hand!!!!

For that is the process of Parade that shirts shale shifted dark Hour lack of balls has givin Nun's the new Priest to approve the Catholic on a bean of a hymn to sing the stock of bars at the land of fleecing.! The Slums that thought to the dumped is brought to ask, Wares on the Branch. A route to roof is sealed for the strip of honesty is truth to the steer in todays whirled of the come.

Friday, July 4, 2014

Doodling Dude

The Sting is not the Formula in the Race of Humanity rather the adjunct Set of Name Calling wrecks,

the divisive nature of human ploys have no regard for the broth of Life Itself being Original to living Welts,

boards of Crackers crumbling from Slaved Birth in death the Avenue is a Breadth too Vest,

a place or a product in locality is Here on the Boulevards of a Grift in Verse a One Way Streets pieces,

puzzling this anxiety of purchase as the lungs breath the oxygen Trees express as Waste produced.

People tooth the chew of a Cud to a Bovine Belly fourth coming to digestive detail in Workings would,

create the bound by leather sound to a Whip in the rescue of a World gone Wild to the be Haters.

Cause and eventual grade slips on the greens in a dew that slims the Noise to critter through a Park,

colonized by locust still grains of salt for the Cockroach is cell proof to circumvent the Flu,

chemicals driven in expense for the living a natural will provide an opportunity to peace full my brother.

Taking the Laws insulted capable Men breaking valleys with outer Tanks for decisions bye Ranked,

truth be known the prescription zone deads the minds that spook to vine the point of a ball bounce.

Negating a walking body the treasure of the foundlings pull escapes my Mind in Brain Tolled,

exhaust from Humanity as likened to the Car in the Garage hosing sucks the heir of bleeding stairs,

building from passing apt to Sail finding wisdom is an extra pale for what is needed is the Rail,

proving once to have been the courtesy of society has now reapplied as the nail in a Coffer.

Should Men not be capable of Self Rule than Freedom will Mountain the Top of a Stoop,

the view taken to shake the fist placates the interest to why the kit!!

But in a World of Religious hits Wars that Seek the Sought out Deep questions awareness kept for Fair,

upon return to home or land the deck of treason is not my Man as he will Real any Dealt by knowing,

a simple yet complexity to a Stream of Derived halts that stick a Needle in your Eye for Sake Spur.

Gain Bondage Discipline Sanity Maneuvers the Change begets the Vice in Stet,

a dutiful watch enhances let for belief is lost by the Coward Rec. in a C.D. Pate declaring Chicken Rated,

all Persons Concerned should Avail the Crop as the Big Bang Batter taught,

real to the wanter good to the better threads to James Blunt leather is my Breach of Contracting racked.

Rooster In The Winged of Cock Fighting The Boned

Tuesday, June 24, 2014

At The Tip Of The Tongues Nipping Be Dare

In the tickle to my Mother's sides this the new revealing of a life thats' been prepared for such in plight,

she would speak upon the phone from early until the clock hit midnight or close enough in 'bouts!!

A treasure in Pandora's Chest to prepare for what I'll say for laughter starts my day this now,

as back in the older ways of phones the ring would begin and off we ran to answer in the fun!!

As in my Mothers' home of Calls there were more than one line to fact that she was busily talks,

no interupts or bugging tucks just the dial of the number to a different line to home the Wares!!

Now in this fun of chortle stun the conversations would so leak to listen from a different lung,

so carefully you'd pick-up receive to ease dropping the ever stuns about lives in the wrung!!

Ladder that to finely wired as cables that were Poles in tracks to towering the Party Cry,

in the known of questions answered the point was driven on the lack should you not like noise.

You would slam that handle down and scoot your chair to the back pouting for the proof exacts,

sharing funnies with the walk to the Breakfast Nook in block to toast your bread and butter locked!!

The fine was in the eyes of the pupil in the taughts of the actual in belief for that was priceless as a read,

nearly almost as good at that was my Siblings in the flea of troubled by the sneaking rounds!!

To the belly of the beast that showed the reasons we release to walking down the street for our coffee,

at the corner of California and the Avenue of the Fleet a shipping News in the Leads to pours of completes!!

The by-way segway'd in the listen was filling all the blanks to know that the Examiner was safe in return,

the warmth of lasting the press to knowing that conversations leaked!!

To say I am not laughing about these reformations would be to admit that inking did not fit,

for now the disappointment is the cell of pits.

Should you get that ringing sound it sounds more as if a tune is played to a favorite in displayed,

than how on earth in the dirts do you satisfy the slam with a thumb swipe fingering!!

The click to sit and front your lip to the stiff in angry met for as the 60's are a trip the questing of a needling,

back to the tickle upon the Verse that Riddles to the unrehearsed.

Hand-Held Reamings

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Wednesday, June 3, 2026

doctor Ziegler type in on my blogs or read this post for words the way of Shirts

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Wednesday, August 24, 2016

Balance Sing The Bars Be Signed Once The Bridge Of Rags To Mined Now The Paper Cyst Tum From Sew^Duh Pop!!!!!

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Sunday, April 5, 2026

Title: Dr. Ziegler, how many Parents have a word Client of yours equating a Three, as they are also word Three are or stating word Coma?

Coma equated word gravestone without the tomb writ,

so write,

so wright!!

An illustration of the value of pi

mathematical constant $π$
Part of a series of articles on the
3.1415926535897932384626433...
Uses
Area of a circle Circumference Use in other formulae
Properties
Irrationality Transcendence
Value
Less than 22/7 Approximations Milü Madhava's correction term Memorization
People
Archimedes Liu Hui Zu Chongzhi Aryabhata Madhava Jamshid al-Kashi Ludolph van Ceulen François Viète Seki Takakazu Takebe Kenkō William Jones John Machin William Shanks Srinivasa Ramanujan John Wrench Chudnovsky brothers Yasumasa Kanada
History
Chronology A History of Pi
In culture
Indiana pi bill Pi Day
Related topics
Squaring the circle Basel problem Six nines in $π$ Other topics related to $π$ Tau
v t e

The number $π$ (/paɪ/ ^ⓘ; spelled out as pi) is a mathematical constant, approximately equal to 3.14159, that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. It appears in many formulae across mathematics and physics, and some of these formulae are commonly used for defining $π$ , to avoid relying on the definition of the length of a curve.

The number $π$ is an irrational number, meaning that it cannot be expressed exactly as a ratio of two integers, although fractions such as $⁠ 22 / 7 ⁠$ are commonly

Cantore Arithmetic is able to state for the Parents of their word Child whom are currently in word Coma, this is a strange word Place as everything is word set in Florida!! I, _ _ _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ placed the word Coma or the Client Comatose on the Fibonacci Sequence;

1. Fibonacci Sequence in Nature

2. the way of Coma

3. The Fibonacci Sequence and the Golden Ratio

For instance[Instance[INSTANCE:[::] fibonacci sequence in nature - YouTube www.youtube.com › watch fibonacci sequence in nature from www.youtube.com Nov 26, 2014 · Share your videos with friends, family, and the world. Duration: 6:13 in the line up on this Page equated words fibonacci square!!!.

Fibonacci Sequence in Nature - YouTube

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May 11, 2013 · This is a video compilation of clips from various sources with The Divine Book: The Absolute Creator.
Duration: 2:29
Posted: May 11, 2013

The Fibonacci sequence can be revealed in the most unexpected places in nature, from pinecone spirals to sunflower seeds. - Facebook

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Mar 1, 2026 · The Fibonacci sequence can be revealed in the most unexpected places in nature, from ...
Duration: 2:25
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The Fibonacci Sequence: Nature's Code - YouTube

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Aug 17, 2012 · Hank introduces us to the most beautiful numbers in nature - the Fibonacci sequence. Like ...
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The fibonacci sequence in nature - YouTube

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Words, So, the word square root is applicable as word see Quinn and I used Quincy, M.E.:::

"Quincy, M.E." TV Intro - YouTube

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Jan 8, 2013 · "Quincy, M.E.," starring Jack Klugman, debuted in the fall of 1976 as part of "The NBC Mystery ...
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Spaulding Researchers Participate in First Global Study to Reveal Epidemiologic Data on Coma

NEWS-ARTICLE

September 7, 2022

Coma is a serious medical condition caused by brain injury or illness that has no known cure. Until now, information about how common coma is has not been available. A new study, titled “Incidence and prevalence of coma in the UK and the USA” and published in Brain Communications, was conducted jointly by eighteen neuroscientists from the United States and Europe who are involved in the Curing Coma Campaign. The study has revealed the first epidemiologic data on coma in the United Kingdom and the US. The researchers utilized crowdsourcing methodology to determine how frequently coma occurs.

"In contrast to neurological conditions for which epidemiological data are available, coma results from many different brain injuries or medical diseases. Coma is not readily identifiable with conventional methods that utilize electronic medical records, insurance billing codes or clinical surveyance data," says Daniel Kondziella, a neurologist from Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, in Copenhagen, Denmark.

So, who knows how frequent coma is? “The family knows,” he adds.

Joseph T. Giacino, PhD, Director of Rehabilitation Neuropsychology and the Disorders of Consciousness Program at Spaulding Rehabilitation and study co-author explains that, "Crowdsourcing methodology allows representative sampling of participants from the UK and the US populations based on official census data. Moreover, family members are acutely aware of the impact of coma on their loved ones and can state with high confidence when a relative has been in a coma within the preceding year or at the time of inquiry." In addition to Dr. Giacino, Spaulding’s Yelena G. Bodien, PhD, Research Scientist, co-authored the paper.

The co-chairs of the Curing Coma Campaign, J. Claude Hemphill III, Professor of Neurology at the Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital in San Francisco, CA, and DaiWai Olson, Professor at the University of Texas Southwestern in Dallas, TX, recognize the importance of this study: ”The authors have shown that in the US, at any given time, approximately 31 in 100,000 people are in a coma, and each year, there are around 258 in 100,000 people who enter a coma because of acute brain injury."

Dr. Giacino continues, “The frequency of coma is comparable to other major conditions that we often encounter in intensive care such as sepsis and traumatic brain injury, but until now we had no figures to demonstrate this.”

Interestingly, the authors identified many more cases of coma in the US than in the UK. Dr. Bodien states, “I don’t think this difference reflects a perceptional bias of the participants because we included measures to correct for this in the survey. Although speculative, one contributing factor might be a difference in the medical systems between the two countries."

"For example," Daniel Kondziella says, "the number of intensive care beds in the UK per capita is considerably lower than in the US, but we have to do more research to find out if this is part of the explanation. A combination of traditional epidemiological methods and crowdsourcing of family observations might provide even more accurate estimates for coma in the future. These figures are urgently needed because they broaden the public health perspective for patients in coma and other disorders of consciousness.”

About Spaulding Rehabilitation

A member of the Mass General Brigham Health System, Spaulding Rehabilitation includes Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, with a main campus in Charlestown the 3rd ranked rehabilitation hospital in the country by U.S. News & World Report, along with Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Cape Cod, Spaulding Hospital Cambridge, Spaulding Nursing and Therapy Center Brighton, and over 25 outpatient sites throughout Eastern Massachusetts. An acclaimed teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School and home to the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding is recognized as a top residency program in the U.S. in the Doximity Residency Navigator. Spaulding also was recognized by the 2022 Disability Equality Index as a “Best Places to Work for Disability Inclusion.” For more information, visit www.spauldingrehab.org.

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Friday, November 18, 2022

The Moon Is Postion

In subtle latitude of arithmetic (Cantore) the project aspect will attempt to work the following: To map the stars with a natural growth of the Redwood.

To do such the aspect would have to see the photograph to the idea. This round would include a location of judgement on earth to drop the rings and add the known star systems: Milky Way. The Redwood Tree is on foundation of Earth and at “age” the bearing would deliver the “Age in Aquarius”? As the Age of Aquarius is to match the age of our Earth at this time it would give in the now a fair bearing.

This would be able to deliver the Sun as either a disc or a halo to engage the thought of the Pyramid without the glyph. To think on this tactile environment and with the added dimensional ability to average the idea the truth of the outline of just the ceiling at Grand Central Station would have a real American keel. To build the idea at the concept the watch with embellishment might deliver a larger star system.

Milky Way

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Milky Way^[b] is the galaxy that includes our Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye. The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea, from the Greek γαλακτικός κύκλος (galaktikos kýklos), meaning "milky circle".^[18]^[19]^[20] From Earth, the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk-shaped structure is viewed from within. Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610. Until the early 1920s, most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe.^[21] Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis,^[22] observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies.

The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with an estimated D₂₅ isophotal diameter of 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,590 light-years),^[8] but only about 1,000 light years thick at the spiral arms (more at the bulge). Recent simulations suggest that a dark matter area, also containing some visible stars, may extend up to a diameter of almost 2 million light-years (613 kpc).^[23]^[24] The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies, which form part of the Virgo Supercluster, which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster.^[25]^[26]

It is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars^[27]^[28] and at least that number of planets.^[29]^[30] The Solar System is located at a radius of about 27,000 light-years (8.3 kpc) from the Galactic Center,^[31] on the inner edge of the Orion Arm, one of the spiral-shaped concentrations of gas and dust. The stars in the innermost 10,000 light-years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge. The Galactic Center is an intense radio source known as Sagittarius A*, a supermassive black hole of 4.100 (± 0.034) million solar masses.^[32]^[33] Stars and gases at a wide range of distances from the Galactic Center orbit at approximately 220 kilometers per second. The constant rotational speed appears to contradict the laws of Keplerian dynamics and suggests that much (about 90%)^[34]^[35] of the mass of the Milky Way is invisible to telescopes, neither emitting nor absorbing electromagnetic radiation. This conjectural mass has been termed "dark matter".^[36] The rotational period is about 212 million years at the radius of the Sun.^[13]

The Milky Way as a whole is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second with respect to extragalactic frames of reference. The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang.^[37]

Etymology and mythology[edit]

The Origin of the Milky Way by Tintoretto (circa 1575–1580)

In the Babylonian epic poem Enūma Eliš, the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragoness Tiamat, set in the sky by Marduk, the Babylonian national god, after slaying her.^[38]^[39] This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlilof Nippur,^[40]^[41] but is now thought to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities.^[41]

In Greek mythology, Zeus places his son born by a mortal woman, the infant Heracles, on Hera's breast while she is asleep so the baby will drink her divine milk and thus become immortal. Hera wakes up while breastfeeding and then realizes she is nursing an unknown baby: she pushes the baby away, some of her milk spills, and it produces the band of light known as the Milky Way. In another Greek story, the abandoned Heracles is given by Athena to Hera for feeding, but Heracles' forcefulness causes Athena to rip him from her breast in pain.^[42]^[43]^[44]

Llys Dôn (literally "The Court of Dôn") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia. At least three of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion ("The fortress of Gwydion") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way,^[45]^[46] and Caer Arianrhod ("The Fortress of Arianrhod") being the constellation of Corona Borealis.^[47]^[48]

In western culture, the name "Milky Way" is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky. The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea, in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας, short for γαλαξίας κύκλος (galaxías kýklos), meaning "milky circle". The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας (galaxias) – from root γαλακτ-, γάλα ("milk") + -ίας (forming adjectives) – is also the root of "galaxy", the name for our, and later all such, collections of stars.^[18]^[49]^[50]^[51]

The Milky Way, or "milk circle", was just one of 11 "circles" the Greeks identified in the sky, others being the zodiac, the meridian, the horizon, the equator, the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, the Arctic Circleand the Antarctic Circle, and two colure circles passing through both poles.^[52]

A view of the Milky Way toward the constellation Sagittarius (including the Galactic Center), as seen from a dark site with little light pollution (the Black Rock Desert, Nevada), the bright object on the lower right is Jupiter, just above Antares

Appearance[edit]

A time-lapse video capturing the Milky Way arching over ALMA

The Milky Way is visible as a hazy band of white light, some 30° wide, arching the night sky.^[53] Although all the individual naked-eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way Galaxy, the term "Milky Way" is limited to this band of light.^[54]^[55] The light originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane. Brighter regions around the band appear as soft visual patches known as star clouds. The most conspicuous of these is the Large Sagittarius Star Cloud, a portion of the central bulge of the galaxy.^[56] Dark regions within the band, such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack, are areas where interstellar dust blocks light from distant stars. Peoples of the southern hemisphere, including the Inca and Australian aborigines, identified these regions as dark cloud constellations.^[57] The area of sky that the Milky Way obscures is called the Zone of Avoidance.^[58]

The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness. Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light, such as light pollution or moonlight. The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be visible.^[59] It should be visible if the limiting magnitude is approximately +5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at +6.1.^[60] This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from brightly lit urban or suburban areas, but very prominent when viewed from rural areas when the Moon is below the horizon.^[c] Maps of artificial night sky brightness show that more than one-third of Earth's population cannot see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution.^[61]

As viewed from Earth, the visible region of the Milky Way's galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations.^[d] The Galactic Center lies in the direction of Sagittarius, where the Milky Way is brightest. From Sagittarius, the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the galactic anticenter in Auriga. The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky, back to Sagittarius, dividing the sky into two roughly equal hemispheres.^{[citation needed]}

The galactic plane is inclined by about 60° to the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit). Relative to the celestial equator, it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux, indicating the high inclination of Earth's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic, relative to the galactic plane. The north galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12^h 49^m, declination +27.4° (B1950) near β Comae Berenices, and the south galactic pole is near α Sculptoris. Because of this high inclination, depending on the time of night and year, the Milky Way arch may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky. For observers from latitudes approximately 65° north to 65° south, the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day.^{[citation needed]}

The Milky Way arching at a high inclination across the night sky, (this composited panorama was taken at Paranal Observatory in northern Chile); the Magellanic Clouds can be seen on the left; the bright object near top center is Jupiter in the constellation Sagittarius, and the orange glow at the horizon on the right is Antofagasta city with a jet trail above it; galactic north is downward.
The Milky Way viewed at different wavelengths

Astronomical history[edit]

The shape of the Milky Way as deduced from star counts by William Herschel in 1785; the Solar System was assumed near center

In Meteorologica, Aristotle (384–322 BC) states that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras (c. 500–428 BC) and Democritus (460–370 BC) proposed that the Milky Way is the glow of stars not directly visible due to Earth's shadow, while other stars receive their light from the Sun (but have their glow obscured by solar rays).^[62] Aristotle himself believed that the Milky Way was part of the Earth's upper atmosphere (along with the stars), and that it was a byproduct of stars burning that did not dissipate because of its outermost location in the atmosphere (composing its great circle). He also said that the Milky appearance of the Milky Way galaxy was due to the refraction of the earth's atmosphere.^[63]^[64]^[65] The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger (c. 495–570 AD) criticized this view, arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary, it should appear different at different times and places on Earth, and that it should have parallax, which it does not. In his view, the Milky Way is celestial. This idea would be influential later in the Muslim world.^[66]

The Persian astronomer Al-Biruni (973–1048) proposed that the Milky Way is "a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars".^[67] The Andalusianastronomer Avempace (d 1138) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image in the Earth's atmosphere, citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence.^[64] The Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) in his Tadhkira wrote: "The Milky Way, i.e. the Galaxy, is made up of a very large number of small, tightly clustered stars, which, on account of their concentration and smallness, seem to be cloudy patches. Because of this, it was likened to milk in color."^[68] Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) proposed that the Milky Way is "a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars".^[69]

Proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars. Galileo also concluded that the appearance of the Milky Way was due to refraction of the Earth's atmosphere .^[70]^[71]^[63] In a treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant, drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright,^[72] speculated (correctly) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales.^[73] The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Wright and Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate "galaxies" themselves, similar to our own. Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the "extragalactic nebulae" as "island universes", a term still current up to the 1930s.^[74]^[75]^[76]

The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky. He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center.^[77]

In 1845, Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral-shaped nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture.^[78]^[79]

Photograph of the "Great Andromeda Nebula" from 1899, later identified as the Andromeda Galaxy

In 1904, studying the proper motions of stars, Jacobus Kapteyn reported that these were not random, as it was believed in that time; stars could be divided into two streams, moving in nearly opposite directions.^[80] It was later realized that Kapteyn's data had been the first evidence of the rotation of our galaxy,^[81] which ultimately led to the finding of galactic rotation by Bertil Lindblad and Jan Oort.^{[citation needed]}

In 1917, Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula (Messier object 31). Searching the photographic record, he found 11 more novae. Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way. As a result, he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs. He became a proponent of the "island universes" hypothesis, which held that the spiral nebulae were independent galaxies.^[82]^[83] In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the Universe. To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy, Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way, as well as the significant Doppler shift.^[84]

The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m (100 in) Hooker telescope. With the light-gathering power of this new telescope, he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars. He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae. He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun, far too distant to be part of the Milky Way.^[85]^[86]

Astrography[edit]

Map of the Milky Way Galaxy with the constellations that cross the galactic plane in each direction and the known prominent components annotated including main arms, spurs, bar, nucleus/bulge, notable nebulae and globular clusters.

An all-sky view of stars in the Milky Way and neighbouring galaxies, based on the first year of observations from Gaia satellite, from July 2014 to September 2015. The map shows the density of stars in each portion of the sky. Brighter regions indicate denser concentrations of stars. Darker regions across the Galactic Plane correspond to dense clouds of interstellar gas and dust that absorb starlight.

The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2016, 2018, 2021 and 2024.^[87]^[88] Data from Gala has been described as "transformational". It has been estimated that Gaia has expanded the number of observations of stars from about 2 million stars as of the 1990s to 2 billion. It has expanded the measurable volume of space by a factor of 100 in radius and a factor of 1,000 in precision.^[89] A study in 2020 concluded that Gaia detected a wobbling motion of the galaxy, which might be caused by "torques from a misalignment of the disc's rotation axis with respect to the principal axis of a non-spherical halo, or from accreted matter in the halo acquired during late infall, or from nearby, interacting satellite galaxies and their consequent tides".^[90]

Sun's location and neighborhood[edit]

Diagram of the Milky Way with the position of the Solar System marked by a yellow arrow and a red dot in the Orion Arm. The dot roughly covers the larger surroundings of the Solar System, the space between the Radcliffe waveand Split linear structures (formerly the Gould Belt).^[91]

Artistic close-up of the Orion Arm with the main features of the Radcliffe Wave and Split linear structures, and with the Solar System surrounded by the closest large scale celestial features at the surface of the Local Bubble at a distance of 400–500 light years.

The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm, within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble, between the Radcliffe waveand Split linear structures (formerly Gould Belt).^[91] Based upon studies of stellar orbits around Sgr A* by Gillessen et al.(2016), the Sun lies at an estimated distance of 27.14 ± 0.46 kly (8.32 ± 0.14 kpc)^[31] from the Galactic Center. Boehle et al. (2016) found a smaller value of 25.64 ± 0.46 kly (7.86 ± 0.14 kpc), also using a star orbit analysis.^[92] The Sun is currently 5–30 parsecs (16–98 ly) above, or north of, the central plane of the Galactic disk.^[93] The distance between the local arm and the next arm out, the Perseus Arm, is about 2,000 parsecs (6,500 ly).^[94] The Sun, and thus the Solar System, is located in the Milky Way's galactic habitable zone.^[95]^[96]

There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs (49 ly) from the Sun, giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs, or one star per 2,360 cubic light-years (from List of nearest bright stars). On the other hand, there are 64 known stars (of any magnitude, not counting 4 brown dwarfs) within 5 parsecs (16 ly) of the Sun, giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs, or one per 284 cubic light-years (from List of nearest stars). This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars: in the entire sky, there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14.^[97]

The apex of the Sun's way, or the solar apex, is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way. The general direction of the Sun's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules, at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center. The Sun's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions. In addition, the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit.^[98] This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force (damping) term. These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth.^[99] A reanalysis of the effects of the Sun's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation.^[100]

It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a galactic year),^[101] so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans. The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km/s (490,000 mph) or 0.073% of the speed of light. The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km/h (52,000 mph). At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU (astronomical unit).^[102] The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius, which follows the ecliptic.^[103]

Galactic quadrants[edit]

Diagram of the Sun's location in the Milky Way, the angles represent longitudes in the galactic coordinate system.

A galactic quadrant, or quadrant of the Milky Way, refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way. In astronomical practice, the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system, which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system.^[104]

Quadrants are described using ordinals – for example, "1st galactic quadrant",^[105] "second galactic quadrant",^[106] or "third quadrant of the Milky Way".^[107] Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0° (zero degrees) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center, the quadrants are:

Galactic quadrant	Galactic longitude (ℓ)	Reference
1st	0° ≤ ℓ ≤ 90°	^[108]
2nd	90° ≤ ℓ ≤ 180°	^[106]
3rd	180° ≤ ℓ ≤ 270°	^[107]
4th	270° ≤ ℓ ≤ 360° (360° ≅ 0°)	^[105]

with the galactic longitude (ℓ) increasing in the counter-clockwise direction (positive rotation) as viewed from north of the Galactic Center (a view-point several hundred thousand light-years distant from Earth in the direction of the constellation Coma Berenices); if viewed from south of the Galactic Center (a view-point similarly distant in the constellation Sculptor), ℓ would increase in the clockwise direction (negative rotation).

Size and mass[edit]

The structure of the Milky Way is thought to be similar to this galaxy (UGC 12158 imaged by Hubble)

Size[edit]

A size comparison of the six largest galaxies of the Local Group, together with the Milky Way

The Milky Way is one of the two largest galaxies in the Local Group (the other being the Andromeda Galaxy), although the size for its galactic disc and how much it defines the isophotal diameter is not well understood.^[109] It is estimated that the significant bulk of stars in the galaxy lies within the 26 kiloparsecs (80,000 light-years) diameter, and that the number of stars beyond the outermost disc dramatically reduces to a very low number, with respect to an extrapolation of the exponential disk with the scale length of the inner disc.^[110]^[109]

There are several methods being used in astronomy in defining the size of a galaxy, and each of them can yield different results with respect to one another. The most commonly employed method is the D₂₅ standard – the isophote where the photometric brightness of a galaxy in the B-band (445 nm wavelength of light, in the blue part of the visible spectrum) reaches 25 mag/arcsec².^[111] An estimate from 1997 by Goodwin and others compared the distribution of Cepheid variable stars in 17 other spiral galaxies to the ones in the Milky Way, and modelling the relationship to their surface brightnesses. This gave an isophotal diameter for the Milky Way at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,590 light-years), by assuming that the galactic disc is well represented by an exponential disc and adopting a central surface brightness of the galaxy (µ₀) of 22.1±0.3 B-mag/arcsec⁻² and a disk scale length (h) of 5.0 ± 0.5 kpc (16,000 ± 1,600 ly).^[112]^[8]^[113] This is significantly smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy's isophotal diameter, and slightly below the mean isophotal sizes of the galaxies being at 28.3 kpc (92,000 ly).^[8] The paper concludes that the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy were not overly large spiral galaxies and as well as one of the largest known (if the former not being the largest) as previously widely believed, but rather average ordinary spiral galaxies.^[114] To compare the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter (24.3 mm (0.955 in)), the Milky Way would be approximately at least the greatest north–south line of the contiguous United States.^[115] An even older study from 1978 gave a lower diameter for Milky Way about 23 kpc (75,000 ly).^[8]

A 2015 paper discovered that there is a ring-like filament of stars called Triangulum–Andromeda Ring (TriAnd Ring) rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane, which alongside Monoceros Ring were both suggested to be primarily the result of disk oscillations and wrapping around the Milky Way, at a diameter of at least 50 kpc (160,000 ly),^[116] which may be part of the Milky Way's outer disk itself, hence making the stellar disk larger by increasing to this size.^[117] However, a more recent 2018 paper later somewhat ruled out this hypothesis, and supported a conclusion that the Monoceros Ring, A13 and TriAnd Ring were stellar overdensities rather kicked out from the main stellar disk, with the velocity dispersion of the RR Lyrae stars found to be higher and consistent with halo membership.^[118] Another 2018 study revealed the very probable presence of disk stars at 26–31.5 kpc (84,800–103,000 ly) from the Galactic Center or perhaps even farther, significantly beyond approximately 13–20 kpc (40,000–70,000 ly), in which it was once believed to be the abrupt drop-off of the stellar density of the disk, meaning that few or no stars were expected to be above this limit, save for stars that belong to the old population of the galactic halo.^[109]^[119]^[120]

A 2020 study predicted the edge of the Milky Way's dark matter halo being around 292 ± 61 kpc (952,000 ± 199,000 ly), which translates to a diameter of 584 ± 122 kpc (1.905 ± 0.3979 Mly).^[23]^[24] The Milky Way's stellar disk is also estimated to be approximately up to 1.35 kpc (4,000 ly) thick.^[121]^[122]

A schematic profile of the Milky Way.
Abbreviations: GNP/GSP: Galactic North and South Poles

Mass[edit]

The Milky Way is approximately 890 billion to 1.54 trillion times the mass of the Sun in total (8.9×10¹¹ to 1.54×10¹² solar masses),^[34]^[35]^[123] although stars and planets make up only a small part of this. Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. The low end of the estimate range is 5.8×10¹¹ solar masses (M_☉), somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy.^[124]^[125]^[126] Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s (570,000 mph) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way.^[127] Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius, this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive, roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7×10¹¹ M_☉ within 160,000 ly (49 kpc) of its center.^[128] In 2010, a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kiloparsecs is 7×10¹¹ M_☉.^[129] According to a study published in 2014, the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5×10¹¹ M_☉,^[130] but this is only half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy.^[130] A recent 2019 mass estimate for the Milky Way is 1.29×10¹² M_☉.^[131]

Much of the mass of the Milky Way seems to be dark matter, an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter. A dark matter halo is conjectured to spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs (kpc) from the Galactic Center. Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1–1.5×10¹² M_☉.^[132]^[133]^[134] 2013 and 2014 studies indicate a range in mass, as large as 4.5×10¹² M_☉^[135] and as small as 8×10¹¹ M_☉.^[136] By comparison, the total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6×10¹⁰ M_☉^[137]and 6.43×10¹⁰ M_☉.^[132] In addition to the stars, there is also interstellar gas, comprising 90% hydrogen and 10% helium by mass,^[138] with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one-third as molecular hydrogen.^[139] The mass of the Milky Way's interstellar gas is equal to between 10%^[139] and 15%^[138] of the total mass of its stars. Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1% of the total mass of the gas.^[138]

In March 2019, astronomers reported that the virial mass of the Milky Way galaxy is 1.54 trillion solar masses within a radius of about 39.5 kpc (130,000 ly), over twice as much as was determined in earlier studies, and suggesting that about 90% of the mass of the galaxy is dark matter.^[34]^[35]

Contents[edit]

360-degree panorama view of the Milky Way (an assembled mosaic of photographs) by ESO, the galactic centre is in the middle of the view, with galactic north up

360-degree rendering of the Milky Way using Gaia EDR3 data showing interstellar gas, dust backlit by stars (main patches labeled in black; white labels are main bright patches of stars). Left hemisphere is facing the galactic center, right hemisphere is facing the galactic anticenter.

The Milky Way contains between 100 and 400 billion stars^[9]^[10] and at least that many planets.^[140] An exact figure would depend on counting the number of very-low-mass stars, which are difficult to detect, especially at distances of more than 300 ly (90 pc) from the Sun. As a comparison, the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion (10¹²) stars.^[141] The Milky Way may contain ten billion white dwarfs, a billion neutron stars, and a hundred million stellar black holes.^[e]^[142]^[143] Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium. This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars,^[144] whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light-years for the colder gas to thousands of light-years for warmer gas.^[145]^[146]

The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars. Rather, the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way. For reasons that are not understood, beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 light years (13 kpc) from the center, the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius.^[110] Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical galactic halo of stars and globular clusters that extends farther outward, but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly (55 kpc).^[147] At this distance or beyond, the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds. Hence, such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way. The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around −20.9.^[148]^[149]^[f]

Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way,^[29]^[150] and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars.^[151]^[152] The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system Kepler-32 by the Kepler space observatory.^[30] A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth-sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way.^[153] On November 4, 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way.^[154]^[155]^[156] 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars.^[157] The nearest exoplanet may be 4.2 light-years away, orbiting the red dwarf Proxima Centauri, according to a 2016 study.^[158] Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants,^[29] though harder to detect at great distances given their small size. Besides exoplanets, "exocomets", comets beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way.^[159] More recently, in November 2020, over 300 million habitable exoplanets are estimated to exist in the Milky Way Galaxy.^[160]

Structure[edit]

Overview of different elements of the overall structure of the Milky Way.

Supermassive black holeSagittarius A* imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope in radio waves. The central dark spot is the black hole's shadow, which is larger than the event horizon.

Bright X-ray flares from Sagittarius A* (inset) in the center of the Milky Way, as detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory.^[161]

0:27

Artist's impression of how the Milky Way would look from different vantage points – from edge-on lines-of-sight, the peanut-shell-shaped structure, not to be confused with the galaxy's central bulge, is evident; viewed from above, the central narrow bar that is responsible for this structure appears clearly, as would many spiral arms and their associated dust clouds

The Milky Way consists of a bar-shaped core region surrounded by a warped disk of gas, dust and stars.^[162]^[163] The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification, which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms.^[5] Astronomers first began to conjecture that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy, rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy, in the 1960s.^[164]^[165]^[166] These conjectures were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way's central bar to be larger than previously thought.^[167]

Galactic Center[edit]

The Sun is 25,000–28,000 ly (7.7–8.6 kpc) from the Galactic Center. This value is estimated using geometric-based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles, with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range.^[168]^[92]^[31]^[169]^[170]^[171]In the inner few kiloparsecs (around 10,000 light-years radius) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge.^[172] It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies, and that instead it only has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar.^[173] However, confusion in the literature between the (peanut shell)-shaped structure created by instabilities in the bar, versus a possible bulge with an expected half-light radius of 0.5 kpc, abounds.^[174]

The Galactic Center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A* (pronounced Sagittarius A-star). The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A* harbors a massive, compact object.^[175] This concentration of mass is best explained as a supermassive black hole^[g]^[168]^[176](SMBH) with an estimated mass of 4.1–4.5 million times the mass of the Sun.^[176] The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an inactive galactic nucleus, being estimated at 1×10⁻⁵ M_☉ per year.^[177] Observations indicate that there are SMBHs located near the center of most normal galaxies.^[178]^[179]

The nature of the Milky Way's bar is actively debated, with estimates for its half-length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc (3,000–16,000 ly) and 10–50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center.^[170]^[171]^[180] Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars, one nestled within the other.^[181] However, RR Lyrae-type stars do not trace a prominent Galactic bar.^[171]^[182]^[183] The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the "5 kpc ring" that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way, as well as most of the Milky Way's star formation activity. Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy, it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way.^[184] X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar^[177] and the Galactic ridge.^[185]

Gamma rays and x-rays[edit]

Since 1970, various gamma-ray detection missions have discovered 511-keV gamma rays coming from the general direction of the Galactic Center. These gamma rays are produced by positrons (antielectrons) annihilating with electrons. In 2008 it was found that the distribution of the sources of the gamma rays resembles the distribution of low-mass X-ray binaries, seeming to indicate that these X-ray binaries are sending positrons (and electrons) into interstellar space where they slow down and annihilate.^[186]^[187]^[188] The observations were both made by NASA and ESA's satellites. In 1970 gamma ray detectors found that the emitting region was about 10,000 light-years across with a luminosity of about 10,000 suns.^[187]

Illustration of the two gigantic X-ray/gamma-raybubbles (blue-violet) of the Milky Way (center)

In 2010, two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy gamma-emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core, using data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light-years (7.7 kpc) (or about 1/4 of the galaxy's estimated diameter); they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night-sky of the southern hemisphere.^[189]^[190] Subsequently, observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles. These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly (200 pc) of the Milky Way.^[191]

Later, on January 5, 2015, NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*.^[161]

Spiral arms[edit]

Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bar, the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms.^[192] Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation, as traced by H II regions^[193]^[194] and molecular clouds.^[195]

The Milky Way's spiral structure is uncertain, and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way's arms.^[196] Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun,^[194]^[197] because galaxies commonly have arms that branch, merge, twist unexpectedly, and feature a degree of irregularity.^[171]^[197]^[198] The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm^[194] emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique, and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way.^[197] Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7° to 25°.^[144]^[199] There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way Galaxy's center.^[200] These are named as follows, with the positions of the arms shown in the image below:

Observed (normal lines) and extrapolated (dotted lines) structure of the spiral arms of the Milky Way, viewed from north of the galaxy – the galaxy rotates clockwise in this view. The gray lines radiating from the Sun's position (upper center) list the three-letter abbreviations of the corresponding constellations

Color	Arm(s)
turquoise	Near 3 kpc Arm and Perseus Arm
blue	Norma and Outer arm (Along with extension discovered in 2004^[201])
green	Scutum–Centaurus Arm
red	Carina–Sagittarius Arm
There are at least two smaller arms or spurs, including:
orange	Orion–Cygnus Arm (which contains the Sun and Solar System)

Spitzer reveals what cannot be seen in visible light: cooler stars (blue), heated dust (reddish hue), and Sgr A* as bright white spot in the middle.

Artist's conception of the spiral structure of the Milky Way with two major stellar arms and a bar.^[196]

Two spiral arms, the Scutum–Centaurus arm and the Carina–Sagittarius arm, have tangent points inside the Sun's orbit about the center of the Milky Way. If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk, it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point. Two surveys of near-infrared light, which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction, detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum–Centaurus arm but not in the Carina–Sagittarius arm: the Scutum–Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30% more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm.^[199]^[202] This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms: the Perseus arm and the Scutum–Centaurus arm. The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars.^[196] In December 2013, astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star-forming regions matches the four-arm spiral description of the Milky Way.^[203]^[204]^[205] Thus, the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars. The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear.^[205]

Clusters detected by WISE used to trace the Milky Way's spiral arms.

The Near 3 kpc Arm (also called the Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply the 3 kpc Arm) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 centimeter radio measurements of H^I (atomic hydrogen).^[206]^[207] It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km/s. It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center. The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame (Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian). It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc (about 10,000 ly) from the Galactic Center.^[207]^[208]

A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy.^[209]

It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns: an inner one, formed by the Sagittarius arm, that rotates fast and an outer one, formed by the Carina and Perseus arms, whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound. In this scenario, suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms, the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring,^[210] and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm.^[211]

The long filamentary molecular cloud dubbed "Nessie" probably forms a dense "spine" of the Scutum–Centarus Arm

Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring (or Outer Ring), a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago. However, several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way.^[212] The structure of the Milky Way's disk is warped along an "S" curve.^[213]

Halo[edit]

The Galactic disk is surrounded by a spheroidal halo of old stars and globular clusters, of which 90% lie within 100,000 light-years (30 kpc) of the Galactic Center.^[214] However, a few globular clusters have been found farther, such as PAL 4 and AM 1 at more than 200,000 light-years from the Galactic Center. About 40% of the Milky Way's clusters are on retrograde orbits, which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation.^[215] The globular clusters can follow rosette orbits about the Milky Way, in contrast to the elliptical orbit of a planet around a star.^[216]

Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths, the halo component does not. Active star formation takes place in the disk (especially in the spiral arms, which represent areas of high density), but does not take place in the halo, as there is little cool gas to collapse into stars.^[101] Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk.^[217]

Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way's structure. With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) extends much farther than previously thought,^[218] the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending farther is apparent, and this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the Cygnus Arm^[201]^[219] and of a similar extension of the Scutum–Centaurus Arm.^[220] With the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart. Similarly, with the discovery of the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy, it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk.^{[citation needed]}

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure (spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models. The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way. The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way. This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light-years (9 kpc) away.^[221]

Gaseous halo[edit]

In addition to the stellar halo, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, XMM-Newton, and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is a gaseous halo with a large amount of hot gas. The halo extends for hundreds of thousand of light-years, much farther than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself.^[222]^[223]^[224] The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K (1.8 and 4.5 million °F).^[225]

Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one-sixth as much baryonic (ordinary) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old. However, only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way.^[226] If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed, it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way.^[226]

Galactic rotation[edit]

Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way – vertical axis is speed of rotation about the galactic center; horizontal axis is distance from the galactic center in kpcs; the sun is marked with a yellow ball; the observed curve of speed of rotation is blue; the predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red; scatter in observations roughly indicated by gray bars, the difference is due to dark matter^[36]^[227]^[228]

The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially, meaning that the rotation period varies with location. As is typical for spiral galaxies, the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center. Away from the central bulge or outer rim, the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 ± 10 km/s (470,000 ± 22,000 mph).^[229] Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled. This is unlike the situation within the Solar System, where two-body gravitational dynamics dominate, and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them. The rotation curve (shown in the figure) describes this rotation. Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low, whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation.^{[citation needed]}

If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars, gas, and other baryonic (ordinary) matter, the rotational speed would decrease with distance from the center. However, the observed curve is relatively flat, indicating that there is additional mass that cannot be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation. This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter.^[36] The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies, the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies. Alternatively, a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve.^[230]

Formation[edit]

History[edit]

The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang 13.61 billion years ago.^[231]^[232]^[233] Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed. Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies.^[231] Nonetheless, these stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way. Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars, the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly. Due to conservation of angular momentum, this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk. Therefore, later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk. Most younger stars, including the Sun, are observed to be in the disk.^[234]^[235]

Since the first stars began to form, the Milky Way has grown through both galaxy mergers (particularly early in the Milky Way's growth) and accretion of gas directly from the Galactic halo.^[235] The Milky Way is currently accreting material from several small galaxies, including two of its largest satellite galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, through the Magellanic Stream. Direct accretion of gas is observed in high-velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud.^[236]^[237] Cosmological simulations indicate that, 11 billion years ago, it merged with a particularly large galaxy that has been labeled the Kraken.^[238]^[239]However, properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass, angular momentum, and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years. This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies; its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with relatively large galaxies.^[240]^[241]

According to recent studies, the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the galaxy color–magnitude diagram is known as the "green valley", a region populated by galaxies in transition from the "blue cloud" (galaxies actively forming new stars) to the "red sequence" (galaxies that lack star formation). Star-formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star-forming gas in the interstellar medium. In simulated galaxies with similar properties, star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now, even accounting for the expected, short-term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy.^[242] In fact, measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies.^[243]

Age and cosmological history[edit]

Comparison of the night sky with the night sky of a hypothetical planet within the Milky Way 10 billion years ago, at an age of about 3.6 billion years and 5 billion years before the Sun formed.^[244]

Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way, which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way. The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long-lived radioactive elements such as thorium-232 and uranium-238, then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance, a technique called nucleocosmochronology. These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082-001^[245] and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD +17° 3248.^[246] Once a white dwarf is formed, it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops. By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature, an age estimate can be made. With this technique, the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years. Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years, and a 95% confidence upper limit of 16 billion years.^[247]

In November 2018, astronomers reported the discovery of one of the oldest stars in the universe. About 13.5 billion-years-old, 2MASS J18082002-5104378 B is a tiny ultra metal-poor (UMP) star made almost entirely of materials released from the Big Bang, and is possibly one of the first stars. The discovery of the star in the Milky Way galaxy suggests that the galaxy may be at least 3 billion years older than previously thought.^[248]^[249]^[250]

Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80-billion-year age of the Universe. In 2007, a star in the galactic halo, HE 1523-0901, was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old. As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time, this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way.^[251] This estimate was made using the UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R-process. The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes, from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology.^[251]Another star, HD 140283, is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old.^[37]^[252]

According to observations utilizing adaptive optics to correct for Earth's atmospheric distortion, stars in the galaxy's bulge date to about 12.8 billion years old.^[253]

The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology. Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago. These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk.^[254] Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation, 10 to 8 billion years ago, when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before.^[255]

The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed but seem to be the result of a break-up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light-years in diameter and 50,000 light-years wide.^[256] Close encounters between galaxies, like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas, which, over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at an arbitrary angle to the main disc.^[257]

Intergalactic neighbourhood[edit]

Diagram of the galaxies in the Local Group relative to the Milky Way

The position of the Local Group within the Laniakea Supercluster

The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group, surrounded by a Local Void, itself being part of the Local Sheet^[258] and in turn the Virgo Supercluster. Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids, devoid of many galaxies, the Microscopium Void to the "north", the Sculptor Void to the "left", the Boötes Void to the "right" and the Canes-Major Void to the "south". These voids change shape over time, creating filamentous structures of galaxies. The Virgo Supercluster, for instance, is being drawn towards the Great Attractor,^[259]which in turn forms part of a greater structure, called Laniakea.^[260]

Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way. The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 32,200 light-years.^[261] It has a close companion, the Small Magellanic Cloud. The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100° of the sky. The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way.^[262] Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf (the closest), Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, Ursa Minor Dwarf, Sculptor Dwarf, Sextans Dwarf, Fornax Dwarf, and Leo I Dwarf. The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light-years in diameter. These include Carina Dwarf, Draco Dwarf, and Leo II Dwarf. There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way, which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015.^[263] There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way, such as the progenitor of Omega Centauri.^[264]

In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction.^[265] This came as a surprise: according to standard cosmology, the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos, and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions. This discrepancy is still not fully explained.^[266]

In January 2006, researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way, causing vibrations when they pass through its edges. Previously, these two galaxies, at around 2% of the mass of the Milky Way, were considered too small to influence the Milky Way. However, in a computer model, the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way.^[267]

Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km/s (220,000 to 310,000 mph). In 4.3 billion years, there may be an Andromeda–Milky Way collision, depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies' relative motion. If they collide, the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low,^[268] but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy^[269] over the course of about six billion years.^[270]

Velocity[edit]

Although special relativity states that there is no "preferred" inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way, the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference.

One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow, the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space. Individual galaxies, including the Milky Way, have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow. Thus, to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow, one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local, random motions. A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow. Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km/s (1,400,000 mph) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference.^[271]^[272] The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters, including the Shapley Supercluster, behind it.^[273] The Local Group (a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing, among others, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster, centered near the Virgo Cluster: although they are moving away from each other at 967 km/s (2,160,000 mph) as part of the Hubble flow, this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster.^[274]

Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background (CMB), in which the CMB temperature is least distorted by Doppler shift (zero dipole moment). The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km/s (1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph)^[16] with respect to this frame, toward 10.5 right ascension, −24° declination (J2000 epoch, near the center of Hydra). This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) as a dipole contribution to the CMB, as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue-shifted in the direction of the motion and red-shifted in the opposite direction.^[16]

Karen Placek

Presents, a Life with a Plan. My name is Karen Anastasia Placek, I am the author of this Google Blog. This is the story of my journey, a quest to understanding more than myself. The title of my first blog delivered more than a million views!! The title is its work as "The Secret of the Universe is Choice!; know decision" will be the next global slogan. Placed on T-shirts, Jackets, Sweatshirts, it really doesn't matter, 'cause a picture with my slogan is worth more than a thousand words, it's worth??.......Know Conversation!!!