As and not inconsideration is the exploration of so much that the courtiers approach would only broadside mankind as the actual machine. To announce a door approach is the reality to what is a threshold as the wood is made, material provided, and, answers just sweating the application to production. The sales force to this technique is indeed a magical scene: Attention Retired Chief Gregg Suhr, Golden Gate Park Mounted Unit and S.F.P.D., this is an important message!!
Please bank on active as the watch has barely begun to tick and the clock is on:
Fact: Photographic evidence from Mars has been provided my the rover, "a Mars rover is an automated motor vehicle that propels itself across the surface of the planet Mars upon arrival. Rovers have several advantages over stationary landers: they examine more territory, and they can be directed to interesting features, they can place themselves in sunny positions to weather winter months, and they can advance the knowledge of how to perform very remote robotic vehicle control", read more at wikipedia address https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_rover. Expansion to Space, Moons and accent the thought to creative designs why the adventure will true the quest to out that question and put the Man on the Moon to a print that is held and not just seen. By absolute fact: The three dimensional printer!! Hold a piece of the moon and understand that creation is indeed the men whom have given to evolution a landing.
3D printing
A MakerBot three-dimensional printer
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The term "3D printing" originally referred to a process that deposits a binder material onto a powder bed with inkjet printer heads layer by layer. More recently, the term is being used in popular vernacular to encompass a wider variety of additive manufacturing techniques. United States and global technical standards use the official term additive manufacturing for this broader sense.
Contents
Terminology
The umbrella term additive manufacturing (AM) gained wide currency in the 2000s,[5] inspired by the theme of material being added together (in any of various ways). In contrast, the term subtractive manufacturing appeared as a retronym for the large family of machining processes with material removal as their common theme. The term 3D printing still referred only to the polymer technologies in most minds, and the term AM was likelier to be used in metalworking and end use part production contexts than among polymer, inkjet, or stereolithography enthusiasts.By the early 2010s, the terms 3D printing and additive manufacturing evolved senses in which they were alternate umbrella terms for additive technologies, one being used in popular vernacular by consumer-maker communities and the media, and the other used more formally by industrial end-use part producers, machine manufacturers, and global technical standards organizations. Until recently, the term 3D printing has been associated with machines low-end in price or in capability.[6] Both terms reflect that the technologies share the theme of material addition or joining throughout a 3D work envelope under automated control. Peter Zelinski, the editor-in-chief of Additive Manufacturing magazine, pointed out in 2017 that the terms are still often synonymous in casual usage[7] but that some manufacturing industry experts are increasingly making a sense distinction whereby Additive Manufacturing comprises 3D printing plus other technologies or other aspects of a manufacturing process.[7]
Other terms that have been used as synonyms or hypernyms have included desktop manufacturing, rapid manufacturing (as the logical production-level successor to rapid prototyping), and on-demand manufacturing (which echoes on-demand printing in the 2D sense of printing). That such application of the adjectives rapid and on-demand to the noun manufacturing was novel in the 2000s reveals the prevailing mental model of the long industrial era in which almost all production manufacturing involved long lead times for laborious tooling development. Today, the term subtractive has not replaced the term machining, instead complementing it when a term that covers any removal method is needed. Agile tooling is the use of modular means to design tooling that is produced by additive manufacturing or 3D printing methods to enable quick prototyping and responses to tooling and fixture needs. Agile tooling uses a cost effective and high quality method to quickly respond to customer and market needs, and it can be used in hydro-forming, stamping, injection molding and other manufacturing processes.
History
1981 : Early additive manufacturing equipment and materials were developed in the 1980s.[8] In 1981, Hideo Kodama of Nagoya Municipal Industrial Research Institute invented two additive methods for fabricating three-dimensional plastic models with photo-hardening thermoset polymer, where the UV exposure area is controlled by a mask pattern or a scanning fiber transmitter.[9][10]1984 : On 16 July 1984, Alain Le Méhauté, Olivier de Witte, and Jean Claude André filed their patent for the stereolithography process.[11] The application of the French inventors was abandoned by the French General Electric Company (now Alcatel-Alsthom) and CILAS (The Laser Consortium).[12] The claimed reason was "for lack of business perspective".[13]
Three weeks later in 1984, Chuck Hull of 3D Systems Corporation[14] filed his own patent for a stereolithography fabrication system, in which layers are added by curing photopolymers with ultraviolet light lasers. Hull defined the process as a "system for generating three-dimensional objects by creating a cross-sectional pattern of the object to be formed,".[15][16] Hull's contribution was the STL (Stereolithography) file format and the digital slicing and infill strategies common to many processes today.
1988: The technology used by most 3D printers to date—especially hobbyist and consumer-oriented models—is fused deposition modeling, a special application of plastic extrusion, developed in 1988 by S. Scott Crump and commercialized by his company Stratasys, which marketed its first FDM machine in 1992.
AM processes for metal sintering or melting (such as selective laser sintering, direct metal laser sintering, and selective laser melting) usually went by their own individual names in the 1980s and 1990s. At the time, all metalworking was done by processes that we now call non-additive (casting, fabrication, stamping, and machining); although plenty of automation was applied to those technologies (such as by robot welding and CNC), the idea of a tool or head moving through a 3D work envelope transforming a mass of raw material into a desired shape with a toolpath was associated in metalworking only with processes that removed metal (rather than adding it), such as CNC milling, CNC EDM, and many others. But the automated techniques that added metal, which would later be called additive manufacturing, were beginning to challenge that assumption. By the mid-1990s, new techniques for material deposition were developed at Stanford and Carnegie Mellon University, including microcasting[17] and sprayed materials.[18] Sacrificial and support materials had also become more common, enabling new object geometries.[19]
1993 : The term 3D printing originally referred to a powder bed process employing standard and custom inkjet print heads, developed at MIT in 1993 and commercialized by Soligen Technologies, Extrude Hone Corporation, and Z Corporation.
The year 1993 also saw the start of a company called Solidscape, introducing a high-precision polymer jet fabrication system with soluble support structures, (categorized as a "dot-on-dot" technique).
1995: In 1995 the Fraunhofer Institute developed the selective laser melting process.
2009: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) printing process patents expired in 2009.[20]
As the various additive processes matured, it became clear that soon metal removal would no longer be the only metalworking process done through a tool or head moving through a 3D work envelope transforming a mass of raw material into a desired shape layer by layer. The 2010s were the first decade in which metal end use parts such as engine brackets[21] and large nuts[22] would be grown (either before or instead of machining) in job production rather than obligately being machined from bar stock or plate. It is still the case that casting, fabrication, stamping, and machining are more prevalent than additive manufacturing in metalworking, but AM is now beginning to make significant inroads, and with the advantages of design for additive manufacturing, it is clear to engineers that much more is to come.
As technology matured, several authors had begun to speculate that 3D printing could aid in sustainable development in the developing world.[23][24]
2013: NASA employees Samantha Snabes and Matthew Fiedler[25] create first prototype of large-format, affordable 3D printer, Gigabot, and launch 3D printing company re:3D.[26]
2018: re:3D develops a system that uses plastic pellets that can be made by grinding up waste plastic.[27]
General principles
Modeling
CAD model used for 3D printing
3D models are generated from 2D pictures taken at the Fantasitron 3D photo booth at Madurodam
Printing
Timelapse video of a hyperboloid object (designed by George W. Hart) made of PLA using a RepRap "Prusa Mendel" 3D printer for molten polymer deposition
- holes;
- faces normals;
- self-intersections;
- noise shells;
- manifold errors.[31]
Once completed, the STL file needs to be processed by a piece of software called a "slicer," which converts the model into a series of thin layers and produces a G-code file containing instructions tailored to a specific type of 3D printer (FDM printers).[citation needed] This G-code file can then be printed with 3D printing client software (which loads the G-code, and uses it to instruct the 3D printer during the 3D printing process).
Printer resolution describes layer thickness and X–Y resolution in dots per inch (dpi) or micrometers (µm). Typical layer thickness is around 100 μm (250 DPI), although some machines can print layers as thin as 16 μm (1,600 DPI).[36] X–Y resolution is comparable to that of laser printers. The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 100 μm (510 to 250 DPI) in diameter.[citation needed] For that printer resolution, specifying a mesh resolution of 0.01–0.03 mm and a chord length ≤ 0.016 mm generate an optimal STL output file for a given model input file.[37] Specifying higher resolution results in larger files without increase in print quality.
Construction of a model with contemporary methods can take anywhere from several hours to several days, depending on the method used and the size and complexity of the model. Additive systems can typically reduce this time to a few hours, although it varies widely depending on the type of machine used and the size and number of models being produced simultaneously.[38]
Traditional techniques like injection moulding can be less expensive for manufacturing polymer products in high quantities, but additive manufacturing can be faster, more flexible and less expensive when producing relatively small quantities of parts. 3D printers give designers and concept development teams the ability to produce parts and concept models using a desktop size printer.[39]
Seemingly paradoxic, more complex objects can be cheaper for 3D printing production than less complex objects.[citation needed]
Finishing
Though the printer-produced resolution is sufficient for many applications, printing a slightly oversized version of the desired object in standard resolution and then removing material[40] with a higher-resolution subtractive process can achieve greater precision.The layered structure of all Additive Manufacturing processes leads inevitably to a strain-stepping effect on part surfaces which are curved or tilted in respect to the building platform. The effects strongly depend on the orientation of a part surface inside the building process.[41]
Some printable polymers such as ABS, allow the surface finish to be smoothed and improved using chemical vapor processes[42] based on acetone or similar solvents.
Some additive manufacturing techniques are capable of using multiple materials in the course of constructing parts. These techniques are able to print in multiple colors and color combinations simultaneously, and would not necessarily require painting.
Some printing techniques require internal supports to be built for overhanging features during construction. These supports must be mechanically removed or dissolved upon completion of the print.
All of the commercialized metal 3D printers involve cutting the metal component off the metal substrate after deposition. A new process for the GMAW 3D printing allows for substrate surface modifications to remove aluminum[43] or steel.[44]
Processes and printers
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This section should include only a brief summary of 3D printing processes. See Wikipedia:Summary style for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text. (August 2017)
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Schematic representation of the 3D printing technique known as Fused Filament Fabrication; a filament a) of plastic material is fed through a heated moving head b) that melts and extrudes it depositing it, layer after layer, in the desired shape c). A moving platform e) lowers after each layer is deposited. For this kind of technology additional vertical support structures d) are needed to sustain overhanging parts
A timelapse video of a robot model (logo of Make magazine) being printed using FDM on a RepRapPro Fisher printer.
ISO/ASTM52900-15 defines seven categories of Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes within its meaning: binder jetting, directed energy deposition, material extrusion, material jetting, powder bed fusion, sheet lamination, and vat photopolymerization.[48]
Some methods melt or soften the material to produce the layers. In Fused filament fabrication, also known as Fused deposition modeling (FDM), the model or part is produced by extruding small beads or streams of material which harden immediately to form layers. A filament of thermoplastic, metal wire, or other material is fed into an extrusion nozzle head (3D printer extruder), which heats the material and turns the flow on and off. FDM is somewhat restricted in the variation of shapes that may be fabricated. Another technique fuses parts of the layer and then moves upward in the working area, adding another layer of granules and repeating the process until the piece has built up. This process uses the unfused media to support overhangs and thin walls in the part being produced, which reduces the need for temporary auxiliary supports for the piece.[49]
Laser sintering techniques include selective laser sintering, with both metals and polymers, and direct metal laser sintering.[50] Selective laser melting does not use sintering for the fusion of powder granules but will completely melt the powder using a high-energy laser to create fully dense materials in a layer-wise method that has mechanical properties similar to those of conventional manufactured metals. Electron beam melting is a similar type of additive manufacturing technology for metal parts (e.g. titanium alloys). EBM manufactures parts by melting metal powder layer by layer with an electron beam in a high vacuum.[51][52] Another method consists of an inkjet 3D printing system, which creates the model one layer at a time by spreading a layer of powder (plaster, or resins) and printing a binder in the cross-section of the part using an inkjet-like process. With laminated object manufacturing, thin layers are cut to shape and joined together.
Schematic representation of Stereolithography; a light-emitting device a) (laser or DLP) selectively illuminate the transparent bottom c) of a tank b) filled with a liquid photo-polymerizing resin; the solidified resin d) is progressively dragged up by a lifting platform e)
In Mask-image-projection-based stereolithography, a 3D digital model is sliced by a set of horizontal planes. Each slice is converted into a two-dimensional mask image. The mask image is then projected onto a photocurable liquid resin surface and light is projected onto the resin to cure it in the shape of the layer.[55] Continuous liquid interface production begins with a pool of liquid photopolymer resin. Part of the pool bottom is transparent to ultraviolet light (the "window"), which causes the resin to solidify. The object rises slowly enough to allow resin to flow under and maintain contact with the bottom of the object.[56] In powder-fed directed-energy deposition, a high-power laser is used to melt metal powder supplied to the focus of the laser beam. The powder fed directed energy process is similar to Selective Laser Sintering, but the metal powder is applied only where material is being added to the part at that moment.[57][58]
As of December 2017, additive manufacturing systems were on the market that ranged from $99 to $500,000 in price and were employed in industries including aerospace, architecture, automotive, defense, and medical replacements, among many others. For example, General Electric uses the high-end model to build parts for turbines.[59] Many of these systems are used for rapid prototyping, before mass production methods are employed. Higher education has proven to be a major buyer of desktop and professional 3D printers which industry experts generally view as a positive indicator.[60] Libraries around the world have also become locations to house smaller 3D printers for educational and community access.[61] Several projects and companies are making efforts to develop affordable 3D printers for home desktop use. Much of this work has been driven by and targeted at DIY/Maker/enthusiast/early adopter communities, with additional ties to the academic and hacker communities.[62]
Applications
A Jet Engine turbine printed from the Howard Community College Makerbot.
3D printed enamelled pottery.
3D printed sculpture of the Egyptian Pharaoh Merankhre Mentuhotep shown at Threeding
Additive manufacturing of food is being developed by squeezing out food, layer by layer, into three-dimensional objects. A large variety of foods are appropriate candidates, such as chocolate and candy, and flat foods such as crackers, pasta,[65] and pizza.[66][67]
3D printing has entered the world of clothing, with fashion designers experimenting with 3D-printed bikinis, shoes, and dresses.[68] In commercial production Nike is using 3D printing to prototype and manufacture the 2012 Vapor Laser Talon football shoe for players of American football, and New Balance is 3D manufacturing custom-fit shoes for athletes.[68][69] 3D printing has come to the point where companies are printing consumer grade eyewear with on-demand custom fit and styling (although they cannot print the lenses). On-demand customization of glasses is possible with rapid prototyping.[70]
Vanessa Friedman, fashion director and chief fashion critic at The New York Times, says 3D printing will have a significant value for fashion companies down the road, especially if it transforms into a print-it-yourself tool for shoppers. "There's real sense that this is not going to happen anytime soon," she says, "but it will happen, and it will create dramatic change in how we think both about intellectual property and how things are in the supply chain." She adds: "Certainly some of the fabrications that brands can use will be dramatically changed by technology."[71]
In cars, trucks, and aircraft, Additive Manufacturing is beginning to transform both (1) unibody and fuselage design and production and (2) powertrain design and production. For example:
- In early 2014, Swedish supercar manufacturer Koenigsegg announced the One:1, a supercar that utilizes many components that were 3D printed.[72] Urbee is the name of the first car in the world car mounted using the technology 3D printing (its bodywork and car windows were "printed").[73][74][75]
- In 2014, Local Motors debuted Strati, a functioning vehicle that was entirely 3D Printed using ABS plastic and carbon fiber, except the powertrain.[76] In May 2015 Airbus announced that its new Airbus A350 XWB included over 1000 components manufactured by 3D printing.[77]
- In 2015, a Royal Air Force Eurofighter Typhoon fighter jet flew with printed parts. The United States Air Force has begun to work with 3D printers, and the Israeli Air Force has also purchased a 3D printer to print spare parts.[78]
- In 2017, GE Aviation revealed that it had used design for additive manufacturing to create a helicopter engine with 16 parts instead of 900, with great potential impact on reducing the complexity of supply chains.[79]
Surgical uses of 3D printing-centric therapies have a history beginning in the mid-1990s with anatomical modeling for bony reconstructive surgery planning. Patient-matched implants were a natural extension of this work, leading to truly personalized implants that fit one unique individual.[88] Virtual planning of surgery and guidance using 3D printed, personalized instruments have been applied to many areas of surgery including total joint replacement and craniomaxillofacial reconstruction with great success.[89] One example of this is the bioresorbable trachial splint to treat newborns with tracheobronchomalacia [90] developed at the University of Michigan. The use of additive manufacturing for serialized production of orthopedic implants (metals) is also increasing due to the ability to efficiently create porous surface structures that facilitate osseointegration. The hearing aid and dental industries are expected to be the biggest area of future development using the custom 3D printing technology.[91]
In March 2014, surgeons in Swansea used 3D printed parts to rebuild the face of a motorcyclist who had been seriously injured in a road accident.[92] In May 2018, 3D printing has been used for the kidney transplant to save a three-year-old boy.[93] As of 2012, 3D bio-printing technology has been studied by biotechnology firms and academia for possible use in tissue engineering applications in which organs and body parts are built using inkjet printing techniques. In this process, layers of living cells are deposited onto a gel medium or sugar matrix and slowly built up to form three-dimensional structures including vascular systems.[94] Recently, a heart-on-chip has been created which matches properties of cells.[95]
In 2018, 3D printing technology was used for the first time to create a matrix for cell immobilization in fermentation. Propionic acid production by Propionibacterium acidipropionici immobilized on 3D-printed nylon beads was chosen as a model study. It was shown that those 3D-printed beads were capable to promote high density cell attachment and propionic acid production, which could be adapted to other fermentation bioprocesses.[96]
In 2005, academic journals had begun to report on the possible artistic applications of 3D printing technology.[97] As of 2017, domestic 3D printing was reaching a consumer audience beyond hobbyists and enthusiasts. Off the shelf machines were incerasingly capable of producing practical household applications, for example, ornamental objects. Some practical examples include a working clock[98] and gears printed for home woodworking machines among other purposes.[99] Web sites associated with home 3D printing tended to include backscratchers, coat hooks, door knobs, etc.[100]
3D printing, and open source 3D printers in particular, are the latest technology making inroads into the classroom.[101][102][103] Some authors have claimed that 3D printers offer an unprecedented "revolution" in STEM education.[104] The evidence for such claims comes from both the low cost ability for rapid prototyping in the classroom by students, but also the fabrication of low-cost high-quality scientific equipment from open hardware designs forming open-source labs.[105] Future applications for 3D printing might include creating open-source scientific equipment.[105][106]
In the last several years 3D printing has been intensively used by in the cultural heritage field for preservation, restoration and dissemination purposes.[107] Many Europeans and North American Museums have purchased 3D printers and actively recreate missing pieces of their relics.[108] The Metropolitan Museum of Art and the British Museum have started using their 3D printers to create museum souvenirs that are available in the museum shops.[109] Other museums, like the National Museum of Military History and Varna Historical Museum, have gone further and sell through the online platform Threeding digital models of their artifacts, created using Artec 3D scanners, in 3D printing friendly file format, which everyone can 3D print at home.[110]
3D printed soft actuators is a growing application of 3D printing technology which has found its place in the 3D printing applications. These soft actuators are being developed to deal with soft structures and organs especially in biomedical sectors and where the interaction between human and robot is inevitable. The majority of the existing soft actuators are fabricated by conventional methods that require manual fabrication of devices, post processing/assembly, and lengthy iterations until maturity in the fabrication is achieved. To avoid the tedious and time-consuming aspects of the current fabrication processes, researchers are exploring an appropriate manufacturing approach for effective fabrication of soft actuators. Thus, 3D printed soft actuators are introduced to revolutionise the design and fabrication of soft actuators with custom geometrical, functional, and control properties in a faster and inexpensive approach. They also enable incorporation of all actuator components into a single structure eliminating the need to use external joints, adhesives, and fasteners.[111]
Legal aspects
Intellectual property
3D printing has existed for decades within certain manufacturing industries where many legal regimes, including patents, industrial design rights, copyright, and trademark may apply. However, there is not much jurisprudence to say how these laws will apply if 3D printers become mainstream and individuals or hobbyist communities begin manufacturing items for personal use, for non-profit distribution, or for sale.Any of the mentioned legal regimes may prohibit the distribution of the designs used in 3D printing, or the distribution or sale of the printed item. To be allowed to do these things, where an active intellectual property was involved, a person would have to contact the owner and ask for a licence, which may come with conditions and a price. However, many patent, design and copyright laws contain a standard limitation or exception for 'private', 'non-commercial' use of inventions, designs or works of art protected under intellectual property (IP). That standard limitation or exception may leave such private, non-commercial uses outside the scope of IP rights.
Patents cover inventions including processes, machines, manufactures, and compositions of matter and have a finite duration which varies between countries, but generally 20 years from the date of application. Therefore, if a type of wheel is patented, printing, using, or selling such a wheel could be an infringement of the patent.[112]
Copyright covers an expression[113] in a tangible, fixed medium and often lasts for the life of the author plus 70 years thereafter.[114] If someone makes a statue, they may have copyright on the look of that statue, so if someone sees that statue, they cannot then distribute designs to print an identical or similar statue.
When a feature has both artistic (copyrightable) and functional (patentable) merits, when the question has appeared in US court, the courts have often held the feature is not copyrightable unless it can be separated from the functional aspects of the item.[114] In other countries the law and the courts may apply a different approach allowing, for example, the design of a useful device to be registered (as a whole) as an industrial design on the understanding that, in case of unauthorized copying, only the non-functional features may be claimed under design law whereas any technical features could only be claimed if covered by a valid patent.
Gun legislation and administration
The US Department of Homeland Security and the Joint Regional Intelligence Center released a memo stating that "significant advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing capabilities, availability of free digital 3D printable files for firearms components, and difficulty regulating file sharing may present public safety risks from unqualified gun seekers who obtain or manufacture 3D printed guns" and that "proposed legislation to ban 3D printing of weapons may deter, but cannot completely prevent, their production. Even if the practice is prohibited by new legislation, online distribution of these 3D printable files will be as difficult to control as any other illegally traded music, movie or software files."[115]Attempting to restrict the distribution of gun plans via the Internet has been likened to the futility of preventing the widespread distribution of DeCSS, which enabled DVD ripping.[116][117][118][119] After the US government had Defense Distributed take down the plans, they were still widely available via the Pirate Bay and other file sharing sites.[120] Downloads of the plans from the UK, Germany, Spain, and Brazil were heavy.[121][122] Some US legislators have proposed regulations on 3D printers to prevent them from being used for printing guns.[123][124] 3D printing advocates have suggested that such regulations would be futile, could cripple the 3D printing industry, and could infringe on free speech rights, with early pioneer of 3D printing Professor Hod Lipson suggesting that gunpowder could be controlled instead.[125][126][127][128][129][130][131]
Internationally, where gun controls are generally stricter than in the United States, some commentators have said the impact may be more strongly felt since alternative firearms are not as easily obtainable.[132] Officials in the United Kingdom have noted that producing a 3D printed gun would be illegal under their gun control laws.[133] Europol stated that criminals have access to other sources of weapons but noted that as technology improves, the risks of an effect would increase.[134][135]
Aerospace regulation
In the United States, the FAA has anticipated a desire to use additive manufacturing techniques and has been considering how best to regulate this process.[136] The FAA has jurisdiction over such fabrication because all aircraft parts must be made under FAA production approval or under other FAA regulatory categories.[137] In December 2016, the FAA approved the production of a 3D printed fuel nozzle for the GE LEAP engine.[138] Aviation attorney Jason Dickstein has suggested that additive manufacturing is merely a production method, and should be regulated like any other production method.[139][140] He has suggested that the FAA's focus should be on guidance to explain compliance, rather than on changing the existing rules, and that existing regulations and guidance permit a company "to develop a robust quality system that adequately reflects regulatory needs for quality assurance."[139]Health and safety
A video on research done on printer emissions
A National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) study noted particle emissions from a fused filament peaked a few minutes after printing started and returned to baseline levels 100 minutes after printing ended.[143] Emissions from fused filament printers can include a large number of ultrafine particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).[143][144][145]
The toxicity from emissions varies by source material due to differences in size, chemical properties, and quantity of emitted particles.[143] Excessive exposure to VOCs can lead to irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headache, loss of coordination, and nausea and some of the chemical emissions of fused filament printers have also been linked to asthma.[143][146] Based on animal studies, carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibers sometimes used in fused filament printing can cause pulmonary effects including inflammation, granulomas, and pulmonary fibrosis when at the nanoparticle size.[147]
Carbon nanoparticle emissions and processes using powder metals are highly combustible and raise the risk of dust explosions.[148] At least one case of severe injury was noted from an explosion involved in metal powders used for fused filament printing.[149] Other general health and safety concerns include the hot surface of UV lamps and print head blocks, high voltage, ultraviolet radiation from UV lamps, and potential for mechanical injury from moving parts.[150]
The problems noted in the NIOSH report were reduced by using manufacturer-supplied covers and full enclosures, using proper ventilation, keeping workers away from the printer, using respirators, turning off the printer if it jammed, and using lower emission printers and filaments. At least one case of severe injury was noted from an explosion involved in metal powders used for fused filament. Personal protective equipment has been found to be the least desirable control method with a recommendation that it only be used to add further protection in combination with approved emissions protection.[143]
Hazards to health and safety also exist from post-processing activities done to finish parts after they have been printed. These post-processing activities can include chemical baths, sanding, polishing, or vapor exposure to refine surface finish, as well as general subtractive manufacturing techniques such as drilling, milling, or turning to modify the printed geometry.[151] Any technique that removes material from the printed part has the potential to generate particles that can be inhaled or cause eye injury if proper personal protective equipment is not used, such as respirators or safety glasses. Caustic baths are often used to dissolve support material used by some 3D printers that allows them to print more complex shapes. These baths require personal protective equipment to prevent injury to exposed skin.[150]
Health regulation
Although no occupational exposure limits specific to 3D printer emissions exist, certain source materials used in 3D printing, such as carbon nanofiber and carbon nanotubes, have established occupational exposure limits at the nanoparticle size.[143][152]Since 3-D imaging creates items by fusing materials together, there runs the risk of layer separation in some devices made using 3-D Imaging. For example, in January 2013, the US medical device company, DePuy, recalled their knee and hip replacement systems. The devices were made from layers of metal, and shavings had come loose – potentially harming the patient. [153]
Impact
Additive manufacturing, starting with today's infancy period, requires manufacturing firms to be flexible, ever-improving users of all available technologies to remain competitive. Advocates of additive manufacturing also predict that this arc of technological development will counter globalization, as end users will do much of their own manufacturing rather than engage in trade to buy products from other people and corporations.[8] The real integration of the newer additive technologies into commercial production, however, is more a matter of complementing traditional subtractive methods rather than displacing them entirely.[154]The futurologist Jeremy Rifkin[155] claimed that 3D printing signals the beginning of a third industrial revolution,[156] succeeding the production line assembly that dominated manufacturing starting in the late 19th century.
Social change
As 3D printers became more accessible to consumers, online social platforms have developed to support the community.[160] This includes websites that allow users to access information such as how to build a 3D printer, as well as social forums that discuss how to improve 3D print quality and discuss 3D printing news, as well as social media websites that are dedicated to share 3D models.[161][162][163] RepRap is a wiki based website that was created to hold all information on 3d printing, and has developed into a community that aims to bring 3D printing to everyone. Furthermore, there are other sites such as Pinshape, Thingiverse and MyMiniFactory, which were created initially to allow users to post 3D files for anyone to print, allowing for decreased transaction cost of sharing 3D files. These websites have allowed greater social interaction between users, creating communities dedicated to 3D printing.
Some call attention to the conjunction of Commons-based peer production with 3D printing and other low-cost manufacturing techniques.[164][165][166] The self-reinforced fantasy of a system of eternal growth can be overcome with the development of economies of scope, and here, society can play an important role contributing to the raising of the whole productive structure to a higher plateau of more sustainable and customized productivity.[164] Further, it is true that many issues, problems, and threats arise due to the democratization of the means of production, and especially regarding the physical ones.[164] For instance, the recyclability of advanced nanomaterials is still questioned; weapons manufacturing could become easier; not to mention the implications for counterfeiting[167] and on IP.[168] It might be maintained that in contrast to the industrial paradigm whose competitive dynamics were about economies of scale, Commons-based peer production 3D printing could develop economies of scope. While the advantages of scale rest on cheap global transportation, the economies of scope share infrastructure costs (intangible and tangible productive resources), taking advantage of the capabilities of the fabrication tools.[164] And following Neil Gershenfeld[169] in that "some of the least developed parts of the world need some of the most advanced technologies," Commons-based peer production and 3D printing may offer the necessary tools for thinking globally but acting locally in response to certain needs.
Larry Summers wrote about the "devastating consequences" of 3D printing and other technologies (robots, artificial intelligence, etc.) for those who perform routine tasks. In his view, "already there are more American men on disability insurance than doing production work in manufacturing. And the trends are all in the wrong direction, particularly for the less skilled, as the capacity of capital embodying artificial intelligence to replace white-collar as well as blue-collar work will increase rapidly in the years ahead." Summers recommends more vigorous cooperative efforts to address the "myriad devices" (e.g., tax havens, bank secrecy, money laundering, and regulatory arbitrage) enabling the holders of great wealth to "avoid paying" income and estate taxes, and to make it more difficult to accumulate great fortunes without requiring "great social contributions" in return, including: more vigorous enforcement of anti-monopoly laws, reductions in "excessive" protection for intellectual property, greater encouragement of profit-sharing schemes that may benefit workers and give them a stake in wealth accumulation, strengthening of collective bargaining arrangements, improvements in corporate governance, strengthening of financial regulation to eliminate subsidies to financial activity, easing of land-use restrictions that may cause the real estate of the rich to keep rising in value, better training for young people and retraining for displaced workers, and increased public and private investment in infrastructure development—e.g., in energy production and transportation.[170]
Michael Spence wrote that "Now comes a … powerful, wave of digital technology that is replacing labor in increasingly complex tasks. This process of labor substitution and disintermediation has been underway for some time in service sectors—think of ATMs, online banking, enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, mobile payment systems, and much more. This revolution is spreading to the production of goods, where robots and 3D printing are displacing labor." In his view, the vast majority of the cost of digital technologies comes at the start, in the design of hardware (e.g. 3D printers) and, more important, in creating the software that enables machines to carry out various tasks. "Once this is achieved, the marginal cost of the hardware is relatively low (and declines as scale rises), and the marginal cost of replicating the software is essentially zero. With a huge potential global market to amortize the upfront fixed costs of design and testing, the incentives to invest [in digital technologies] are compelling."[171]
Spence believes that, unlike prior digital technologies, which drove firms to deploy underutilized pools of valuable labor around the world, the motivating force in the current wave of digital technologies "is cost reduction via the replacement of labor." For example, as the cost of 3D printing technology declines, it is "easy to imagine" that production may become "extremely" local and customized. Moreover, production may occur in response to actual demand, not anticipated or forecast demand. Spence believes that labor, no matter how inexpensive, will become a less important asset for growth and employment expansion, with labor-intensive, process-oriented manufacturing becoming less effective, and that re-localization will appear in both developed and developing countries. In his view, production will not disappear, but it will be less labor-intensive, and all countries will eventually need to rebuild their growth models around digital technologies and the human capital supporting their deployment and expansion. Spence writes that "the world we are entering is one in which the most powerful global flows will be ideas and digital capital, not goods, services, and traditional capital. Adapting to this will require shifts in mindsets, policies, investments (especially in human capital), and quite possibly models of employment and distribution."[171]
Naomi Wu regards the usage of 3D printing in the Chinese classroom (where rote memorization is standard) to teach design principles and creativity as the most exciting recent development of the technology, and more generally regards 3D printing as being the next desktop publishing revolution.[172]
See also
- 3D bioprinting
- 3D Manufacturing Format
- Actuator
- Additive Manufacturing File Format
- AstroPrint
- Cloud manufacturing
- Computer numeric control
- Fusion3
- Laser cutting
- Limbitless Solutions
- List of 3D printer manufacturers
- List of common 3D test models
- List of emerging technologies
- List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts
- Magnetically assisted slip casting
- MakerBot Industries
- Milling center
- Organ-on-a-chip
- Self-replicating machine
- Ultimaker
- Volumetric printing
References
- Andre, Helene (29 November 2017). "Naomi Wu – "My visibility allows me to direct more attention to important issues and other deserving women"". Women in 3D Printing. Retrieved 2017-12-03.
Further reading
- Tran, Jasper (2017). "Reconstructionism, IP and 3D Printing". Available on SSRN. SSRN 2842345.
- Tran, Jasper (2016). "Press Clause and 3D Printing". Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property. 14: 75–80. SSRN 2614606.
- Tran, Jasper (2016). "3D-Printed Food". Minnesota Journal of Law, Science and Technology. 17: 855–80. SSRN 2710071.
- Tran, Jasper (2015). "To Bioprint or Not to Bioprint". North Carolina Journal of Law and Technology. 17: 123–78. SSRN 2562952.
- Tran, Jasper (2015). "Patenting Bioprinting". Harvard Journal of Law and Technology Digest. SSRN 2603693.
- Tran, Jasper (2015). "The Law and 3D Printing". John Marshall Journal of Information Technology and Privacy Law. 31: 505–20.
- Lindenfeld, Eric; et al. (2015). "Strict Liability and 3D-Printed Medical Devices". Yale Journal of Law and Technology. SSRN 2697245.
- Dickel, Sascha; Schrape, Jan-Felix (2016). "Materializing Digital Futures". The Decentralized and Networked Future of Value Creation. Progress in IS. pp. 163–78. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31686-4_9. ISBN 978-3-319-31684-0.
- "Results of Make Magazine's 2015 3D Printer Shootout". docs.google.com. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- "Evaluation Protocol for Make Magazine's 2015 3D Printer Shootout". makezine.com. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
- Vincent; Earls, Alan R. (February 2011). "Origins: A 3D Vision Spawns Stratasys, Inc". Today's Machining World. 7 (1): 24–25. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012.
- "Heat Beds in 3D Printing – Advantages and Equipment". Boots Industries. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
- Albert, Mark (17 January 2011). "Subtractive plus additive equals more than ( - + + = > )". Modern Machine Shop. 83 (9): 14.
- Stephens, B.; Azimi, P.; El Orch, Z.; Ramos, T. (2013). "Ultrafine particle emissions from desktop 3D printers". Atmospheric Environment. 79: 334–339. Bibcode:2013AtmEn..79..334S. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.050.
- Easton, Thomas A. (November 2008). "The 3D Trainwreck: How 3D Printing Will Shake Up Manufacturing". Analog. 128 (11): 50–63.
- Wright, Paul K. (2001). 21st Century Manufacturing. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
- "3D printing: a new industrial revolution - Safety and health at work - EU-OSHA". osha.europa.eu. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
- Hod., Lipson, (2013-02-11). Fabricated : the new world of 3D printing. Kurman, Melba. Indianapolis, Indiana. ISBN 9781118350638. OCLC 806199735.
External links
Find more about3D printingat Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Wikimedia Commons
- Rapid prototyping websites at Curlie (based on DMOZ)
3D printing – Wikipedia book- 3D Printing White Papers Expert insights on additive manufacturing and 3D printing
Languages
Important Instructions For The Ancient Astronauts Currently Experiencing Technical Difficulties. All Parents A.P.B. As Autism May Find It's Elephant!!
By Karen PlacekMay 1, 2018
https://anindependentmindknotlogic.blogspot.com/2018/05/important-instructions-for-ancient.html
The basis of fact to the Ancient Alien Series is as entertaining as the hosts in their tread stone printed by verbiage and choice of gods. Often the Series speaks of the astronaut in the ancient world as well as offering the same conclusion to each and every finding, delivering only the one outcome no-matter the evident chisel to type on granite, sand, clay or the infamous Column (provide contains only a short-list: Expansion later and to include paper and or paint dependent on the research to pen in hammer). To engage their prowess we must first cycle the Planet in our System as day is in 24 hour for not only words, the North, South, East, West is not an inch to what is shade or night. The character of rise to beach is ocean's apart however the lagoon and/or bay is not even on approach of fact to Lake, Loch, Moore, Bog or dams as the evident string to our Planet in our Solar System is simplicity. As the simple.wikipedia.org describes in quote:
"Occam's razor (or Ockham's razor) is a principle from philosophy. Suppose there exist two explanations for an occurrence. In this case the simpler one is usually better. Another way of saying it is that the more assumptions you have to make, the more unlikely an explanation is. Occam's razor applies especially in the philosophy of science, but also more generally".
History of William of Ockham: https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor
"William of Ockham, a Franciscan friar who studied logic in the 14th century, first made this principle well known.[1] In Latin it is sometimes called lex parsimoniae, or "the law of briefness". William of Ockham supposedly (see below) wrote it in Latin as:
- Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem.[1]
This translates roughly as:
- More things should not be used than are necessary.
This means that if there are several possible ways that something might
have happened, the way that uses the fewest guesses is probably the
right one. However, Occam's razor only applies when the simple
explanation and complex explanation both work equally well. If a more
complex explanation does a better job than a simpler one, then you
should use the complex one.
Occam's razor is a principle, not an actual razor: the word 'razor' is a metaphor. Occam's razor gets rid of unnecessary explanations just like a razor shaves off extra hair.[2] This description is a violation of Occam's razor".
The aspect of all
planets in our Solar System is in-process of self-explanation as the
gaseous glare is only one of the findings on Mercury. This ride to
technology in the year of only 2018 is grand in effect towards learning
the technique of our very young and growing Universe!
These
tree to branches and with understanding the rings of both Time and the
Redwood as the Redwood alone has recorded our history as a sort of vinyl
Record. The mute to this product thus far is of interest however the
growth of endeavor will bring
to terms of Mankind the custody of thought to sharpen the slice as in
each Disk spoken of by the Ancient Alien Theorists it is the commonality
that queries the verb used to noun of arrivals. As their words and
sentence carriage shall differ in vast quality I shall pursue only the
revenue of wise repose and therefore the form to ink and type shall be
kept at discretion of Retired Chief Gregg Suhr. Predisposed to
the oath of what is a promise in earlier writes I amount the quiz to the
Golden Record sent to Space. Now from the 'disks' found on earth and a
record player quantity of just the recording of our Golden Record
(Voyager; The Voyager Golden Records are two phonograph records that were included aboard both Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977 )
why have the "Theorists" in general not tried to listen to the swail
(sp) of what is on the already filed in the Minds of Men and just their
prowess of N.A.S.A., Redwood aside?
To time the thin cut of a Redwood burl may indeed bring even more
information in ground as it will be in translation? Not according to
science. The Scientists to date say that the 'rings' alone hold a
tremendous shout to the ecologic Thermo-graphic weather and as such the
records of history in 'ring' to what is or what has happened throughout
our Solar System as a solar panel in heat to charge. I feel that the
recording played on an actual machine using the 'Disks' as demonstration
to start will be able to be heard as man has done a Caterers job on all
of the vast and taken amount to demonstration creatively. Treating
only this one excitement is to the variable as the 'disk' would be a
first step for Man and a giant leap from the Moon to Earth to not mirror
an approach but most certainly blush one. The vast forest of the
Redwood Grove lies in comprehended from Muir Woods in Marin County,
California, and that is the only the nearest grove to me.
Back to the base of Mercury and we may study the development of both
terra-forming and land formation as I am sure that N.A.S.A. has
photographed the impacts of both meteor and comet. To know that the
evidence is registered as written on scrolls and recorded on stone it is
this wonder of the massive chiseled formula that may give N.A.S.A. even
greater depth to both Time, Dimension and development. Now branch to
only think of our planet Earth. Through nothing, shock your computer,
as this read will be better demonstrated should the scientist at-large
version the tactile event to a run-the-scenario and with great thanks
and due to the wonderful world of men we are able to venture and version
to further on just this thought to thunk!! :)
The ball of water collected our planet Earth in pre-variable as an
element to land, fire, possible sea (salted waters) and fire (Sun). To
the same breach, a sorted effect that would easily be seen on a computer
with or by using simulation of sand, as each grain in rise would
populate too. To count on this level of more could warrant a grander
expansion with greater depth and less mass. Now at the impact level of
all particle and or explosion of any nearby object or far reaching rock,
i.e. comet, would be as Newton and the apple placing 'hence' to the
word of the rippling. Should the depth of any object (solid) have
already sunk to the water collected than the 'at-impact' of another
foreign object would cause the floods. To the rise of just the soil,
i.e. mud, stone, rock, pebbles and much more I am sure the mountains may
be formed and the valley may be shown as a kind of duct bringing the
run-off to the large mass of a more formed body of water creating a
greater depth.
Stagger prepare
An astronaut. Let us entertain Mars as the planet to Mankind before
Earth. It could have shifted and or exploded sending that mass exodus
to our current Earth. Seeking that answer of the carvings on the walls
of China and other structured manipulation that has delivered that
astronaut understanding, at least in picture to the Ancient Alien
Theorists (Hosts) I say in simplicity, we are human beings. The fact to
face is that our body is our astronaut suit for this environment on
this Planet.
To now say that all agree we are in-addition 'Beings', are we not in the
expansion of knowledge and thereby able to understand that our bodies
are capable and encased (in-cased)? A funny aspect to ride as a bridle
to a bit piece while the saddle and girth fit in explanation as then we
would be in a natural form (shrugging shoulders). What of the giggle
to my sides as the entertainment of such a fathom gallops idea to the
blackboard and may the chalk be the stick-figure that jumps a nail and
spices the hammer to build more than blocks!
Don't stretch your imagination as the evidence must character to the
Walls of Structure that the ancients recorded in great 'Order to
Existence'. Loving the work of Stitchen I will have to bravo my query
and by that path read the work of the historians. The physics of the
physicist that so clearly rumbles the figures in write and wages pen to
paper on the chalkboard of Universities may retire their snobbery.
Plato, Socrates and many other Greeks must giggle your "Philosophy" at
the state of natural progression following the other name changes as in
"meaning" that logic would not random conclusion? The layman would
stand to chalk and the Board of description would return once again to
the Teacher. A scholar may ring the class and a room would not echo
more than opinion as shame would lie at the feet of Universities from
simply this rest. Math is not French nor is it Greek, and, it is not
all Egyptian, yet these terms have had international tales. In
conclusion, the figure to equation used as an excuse for the Physics
Departments World-round are just natural philosophy at the bench of
a,b,c, to comprehend the dictionary of an English Brief. From that the
language is just code to ride the endowments instead of swinging a
hammer to build our Country, the United States of America.
Also in fact, our D.N.A. and the structure of comprehension: Junk
D.N.A.? Study reincarnation as in 500 A.D. as per the Ancient Alien
Theorists Series playing specific on Show week ending 4/29/2018 had a
wonderful discovery of this and proved such with dictation and reference
to the exact chapter missing. The Church decided to remove the
chapters on the subject not only delivering strange effect it delivered
societies without responsibilities of, or, from life to life. Should
that not have been the case than the simplicity would have mooned. This
is not a concept as the Sciences have evolved to ask and to answer
saying, 'Junk d.n.a.' is not a necessary part of our everyday existence.
I beg to differ, and not in or of opinion as should during the biblical
Times, approximately in-said 500 A.D. the Chapter not been removed than
that chapter would logically lead to more than we would have made
mention of 'Matchmaker, Matchmaker' a much earlier social grace
(confirmation still to be studied: Dates!).
Removing such responsibility would indeed cause creation of a mess with
our 'Junk d.n.a.' fluttering should the prowess of understanding
comprehension hold in this 'string theory' of how people are in relation
to their parent and or parents. The rest being said and discussion to
the 'Matchmaker' dating as that treasure would invoke startling wonder,
as in those papers there may have been greater written record. Now,
here to fact, science has a ton of work, the completion of only this in
proof would not only bring reason to letter and chart, it would in
addition add to any deficient that may become a problematic cell in the
future of our society now, hence that strange three-parent system that
England is now promoting. Plus that send to cent as should we go-round
than our basic kid would be carrying the 'junk' from his last life in
parent to Father recording in actual the relation to comprehended in a
sort of tier standings explaining the growth or dynamics of simple
evolution, i.e. improvements, better skull, etc.!
Now to the parents of the Autistic,
This is important and do not panic. Due to the complications of our
"space suit" there may be restrictions and thereby the following should
be considered:
1.) Voice box not enabled yet :)
2.) Vocabulary from 'Being' to Astronaut suit changes sound to a,b,c
3.) Know your numbers: 1, 2, 3
4.) Count 1 to 100
1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 /
. / .. / ... / .... / ..... / ...... / ....... / ........ / ......... / .......... /
Posted 1st May by Karen Placek
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