death equated Virus. What is a simple definition of virus?
A virus is an infectious agent that can only replicate within a host organism. Viruses can
infect a variety of living organisms, including bacteria, plants, and animals. Viruses are so
small that a microscope is necessary to visualize them, and they have a very simple
Cantore Arithmetic is able to state that there are word Junctions. The map to word streets[Streets] is word Space, word jet streams for lack a better term. Atmosphere should considered by the Obstetricians, at this word compression the word delivered is “In my Father’s house are many mansions equated words galaxy or Universe and word mansions equated word Earths as this equated word floor[Floor]. Now word Space[space[faith]] equated word Galaxy[galaxies].
So, now, words do you have any faith equated words at word faith[Faith] word faith[Faith] equated word Lord[lord]. Then word Lord equated only word floor[Earth] as the word Father’s equated words fjord.
Word geography equated word strength.
Cantore Arithmetic is able to state The Green Apple has word shelf[book Case] in addition!! So, word they[They] are able to word Book: Serenity Film and Series: Shepherd Book. And, Shepherd Book is a fictional character and[their] the Actors name was Ron Glass, so The Green Apple based on the name Ron Glass is able to obtain words spare the rod and is able to write and deliver books, magazines, and, Videos, now word only. The San Francisco Public Library on 9th and Clement gets word Text[text[Film[flutter[butter[Butter]]]]].
Whereas Danny DeVito is able at word Dancing Kings[mad[found]] and John Travolta is able at word plan[man[stance]]. To be in able words lettered a e i o u are word kept to change spelling of word in abled to enable the a e i o u is word lost and new vowels are retained at lettered word notes eh bee see d E ef gee aitch eye jay kay el im in owe pea Q are S tea ewe V double-ewe ex why zee[a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z]. This is to resolve word letter[Letter] in REM sleep as nightmares are word stuffed in word horror as words are word limited and letters run duplicates.
Sylvester Stallone is word can as word able is gated: Rocky III • Eye of the Tiger • Survivor [4K]!!!!!!! Name George Lucas is Sham and equated word worth at Star Wars on Geary Blvd and then became word merit[mare it]. The AMA, American Medical Association gets word Dressage for word nerve[found[Found{pound{Pond{Sound}}}[findings[flounder[Flounder{cast}[sound{scoff}]]]]]]: Word Classical.
Jerry Dyer Mayor of Fresno gets word test and he gets letters F E I equated word Marc Klaas, and comma[,] the Film Temple Grandin (2010 - TV Movie) - Visual Thinking is able to show what is happening to people with diagnosis[DSM: word Sort[sorted{and this for the Fjord}]]. A good example is in the short clip titled Visual Thinking from the Film Temple Grandin - HBO Original Film starring Claire Danes the words the eel, ate and the limited view of the picture, the drawing in explanation of that particular is word symmetric sound a mathematical word 8 in word lane[vain]. For word pound[ounce[gram]] for The AMA, American Medical Association gets word Dressage as seen on this published post in paragraph six so the word Pain for the Film Contact (1997) Trailer #1 | Movieclips Classic Trailers and you are not meant to words lose hope so, the primer[Primer[S.R. Heden Explain decoding 3 Dimentional Mathematics to Dr. Ellie (Contact 1997)]] in the Film Contact (1997) Trailer #1 | Movieclips Classic Trailers is for word box and, at this junction[1st avenue as the zero continued to word spin; word spun equated Rumpelstiltskin for word now, word zone?] word box equated words hand flame, possibly hyphenated to get word gram.
Words just to be clear no matter the happening, one would have to go school to obtain said position and words just to be clear should this be happening, I don’t think so and yet I know the abuse from those whom have gone to school and would like to further their careers and lifestyles in words all aspect. To cover genres, from tarot too medicine to physics is roughly the balance of words all aspect: Word neglect.
add.’1: Word neglect kjv
You searched for
"NEGLECT" in the KJV Bible
3 Instances - Page 1 of 1 - Sort by Book Order - Feedback
- Matthew 18:17chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And if he shall neglect to hear them, tell it unto the church: but if he neglect to hear the church, let him be unto thee as an heathen man and a publican.
- Hebrews 2:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- How shall we escape, if we neglect so great salvation; which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord, and was confirmed unto us by them that heard him;
- 1 Timothy 4:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Neglect not the gift that is in thee, which was given thee by prophecy, with the laying on of the hands of the presbytery.
Showing posts sorted by relevance for query Sham. Sort by date Show all posts
Thursday, November 6, 2014
It took 2000 Years to dish the b.c. in On the cross to the nailing Science,
building blocks with changed verse to the Christendom curse,
hammering lives drowning the feed,
in loss of the people to the handcuffing bring,
planking the torture to expand on The Land,
church in the steeple Pope on the pan,
whistle the Pyramids the Ages in Span,
the wonder of taken touch the Tombs on the sleeve,
death in The Talkers preaching a Key,
cage to the Church knees in the burn,
scabs on the rails stakes on the Urn,
scattered to Earth in the brains of the sip,
blood is the Honey and flesh is the R.I.P.,
no apology comes to the deaf and the dumb,
the difference of looking to the ceilings of lung,
chapel this to the missing in peace,
for that is the Signs of the genesis leap!!
Where has the challenge come with the dead land,
in mirror of the induction to the vote of the sham,
shagging the Pole with respecting the What,
in the deck on the Porch is the robe of a crux,
clapping the purse of brought so much March,
down with the Which is it bearings or twitch.
Twats on the tweets that bank to the from,
scattering signals like the lights are the brain,
in Mind of the Folding to scrolls of the come,
flags are the liter in the measure of sum,
both are the same in the extraction of spice,
run down the average and bump up the price,
seat on the stand Stage to the slam,
jams in the jelly with Jello on pram.
Milking the nurse to the tips on the stick,
hoses that spread to the Future in bic,
cigarettes smoke the ash in remind,
is the big detail the combing of FIND.
Remove the attention to nothing in Hand,
what is the average of Age in the can,
logic does hit at grade 54 in the born of the system the Congress is horror,
for should the pour side be on that front lawn,
than the washed up is simply dismissed for the bomb,
yet on the Congressional seats that go long,
the average in age is the Seventies sound,
decades to time scales years on the Feat,
nothing can change till the Toll is of ranged,
moving the particles in Universe youth,
the bigger the stanchions the closer the stand.
Why is it alright to be of great age,
voted and placed in the Company gave,
for public opinions the look to the save,
is in the magazine of rifles that day,
recognition comes knot on the Ship to the play,
the depth to the bottom of the sandbars at ray,
swimming with sharks on the drive of the Way,
placates the advance of the all in the stay.
Thirty year Retirements are coming to stay,
so why is the Public so old before gray,
in the silver of streak the dollars on gained,
why is the spread in the Tooth of the line,
why is the dentist not covered to place,
why is Insurance the scoop of the shape,
why is the Health of the genuine saved,
why is the sugar of cream in a sigh,
why is the coffee in beans before grind,
why is the tree sap the syrup on tap,
why is the character of cartoons on milk,
why is the gas the oils of lark,
why is the rain on one coast so bad,
why is the draught on the other in laugh,
why is the earth quake the same in the joke,
why is the Twister on shaking the froze,
why is the T.V. on every by toast,
why is the empty Detroit on the host,
why is the food in the plastic for coats,
why is the filler being considered to roast,
why is the jars of the dirt on the boast,
why is the suicide in murdering groats,
why is the air not dirty in smoke,
why is Nigeria missing the choked,
why is the Air so clean in the shots,
why is the Air not filled with the pots,
why is the photos so set with the film,
why is the truth looking better than bent.
Sunday, April 24, 2016
Clear^Ring The Fields Or Is It Plan^Taines??
Should radio active elements just be the threads of cent,
the bearing of compass would match??,
what is the bulb.
Does Canada have a declare,
the Civil War on the fiber,
Trees to that is the Lumber,
what is the plough but a cleansing buried to air rate the Scene??,
up comes the fossil or is the history that so many have bickled the Global Sites with Human Sack Ra Fish shawl,
the cloak room.
That is the Thunder,
the bolt of the Harness,
where is the tug on the Trains and the chills.
In the word of mouth to that field of corn,
blisters that Quakers is Oatmeals Bill,
legislation or that is Congressional than why the Accent,
or is it the frozen ton draw that cloaks the strange to the lens.
for in the South Dakota of Lead,
the carve of the year to complete,
now no the Hoover of vacuum,
instead say that it is a stand of what Vacuums do to the Ran??.
Should the Timber be of the Paper on the tremble of what is a Cow,
than the Plan take shin would Cotton a bee bee??
Well in the Horse at the barn of Pony Club to the Polo Wrap vs Track Bandages,
the difference to the layman is nothing,
yet what are Shipping Boots??
A trailer to the Hitch is a tag a long,
the Fifth Wheel is a a Combo,
does it haul Steer to the slaughter or move Horse to the Eventing of show??,
than what is the Three-day Event,
the show jumper??,
dressage??,
or is the ride to a saddle??,
what is circle Y on the Cinch should the horn be description to bag??,
a particular language is version??,
no.
My Grandfather settled in Oregon,
the Truckers The Mills and a Stow,
the Umpqua was a River at the forks of the Bank that My Grandfather knew of a Planned??,
no,
My Grandfather shed many lessons,
the elk, the deer and the Ram,
yet what of the Mountain on sitting,
it was the find of the sheep on the Herd??,
no,
it was the fact that Selmer would remember,
the Tractor Supply of the fun to know that more than I did a list,
in Mind of the memory to listen,
now earplugs ignore as the milk is the span of the sham??.
Sunday, June 26, 2016
Whats' Flew^Id While Persons Both Swipe, E!^Race & IM^A^Grate The Wok On Sheds Of Light??
Sudden wake from my sleep the event of horror in that dream,
a seaside of role'ing peoples rinsing their bot.tolds sleeve to raise see's waves at ships shale.lean,
history on the reef to stones that whence the lands lie to crowds that now have spline,
kidney belch to hips shock yet the world has done ovens melt,
cookies Sheets to Hoods and beaks that crossing grains to actual sleep woke to rum.
Trees in shiver from the wind of flooding Human Beings arrive to shell note bile,
vomit fills the beaches slammed,
what say the mortal on this sham of hobbled language kept from ancient maples??
Wares of Cadence 'Catholic' blatants 'Christians' fathom know designed,
grooves of ditches Wars and stitches now is time Times Ages lime'd.
Frost is Chilling glaciers leap,
animals on say to beans and slate,
shook from grave to write this plate,
the memory of old dimes on shakes that brought this binder signed!!
Note to Self: This post was written on my google blog 'The Secret of the Universe is Choice; Know Decision by I, Karen Anastasia Placek and held in draft until 'Published June 26th, 2016'. At and for my reference to the many more posts in 'the hold' google time stamp on my acer laptop computer running Windows to say the time is
5:35 AM to date and state Published Now. Original and free write done by I on June 15th, 2016.Saturday, March 12, 2016
Dr. Lorraine Day has repeatedly referred to the Holocaust as a lie, and she has indicated that she believes that Jews are involved in a conspiracy "to destroy Christianity."
Dr Lorraine Day Board Certified Orthopedic Trauma Surgeon. On the faculty of the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine for 15 years, as Associate Professor and Vice Chairman of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery. Chief of Orthopedic Surgery at San Francisco General Hospital and is recognized world-wide as an AIDS expert.
http://www.drday.com/
She has been invited to lecture extensively throughout the U.S. and the world and has appeared on numerous radio and television shows including 60 minutes, Nightline, CNN Crossfire, Oprah Winfrey, Larry King Live, The 700 Club, John Ankerberg Show, USA Radio Network, Art Bell Radio Show, Three Angels Broadcasting Network and Trinity Broadcasting Network. In addition on a request from the Holocaust denier Ingrid Rimland, Dr. Lorraine Day testified in September 2003 at a Toronto Detention Hearing for Neo-Nazi Ernst Zündel.
Holocaust denial
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Part of a series on |
| The Holocaust |
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Holocaust denial is the act of denying the genocide of Jews and other groups in the Holocaust during World War II.[1] Holocaust denial often includes the following claims: that Nazi Germany's Final Solution was aimed only at deporting Jews from the Reich, but that it did not include the extermination of Jews; that Nazi authorities did not use extermination camps and gas chambers to mass murder Jews; and that the actual number of Jews killed was significantly (typically an order of magnitude) lower than the historically accepted figure of 5 to 6 million.[2][3][4]
Scholars use the term "denial" to describe the views and methodology of Holocaust deniers in order to distinguish them from legitimate historical revisionists, who challenge orthodox interpretations of history using established historical methodologies.[5]Holocaust deniers generally do not accept the term denial as an appropriate description of their activities, and use the termrevisionism instead.[6] The methodologies of Holocaust deniers are often based on a predetermined conclusion that ignores overwhelming historical evidence to the contrary.[7]
Most Holocaust denial claims imply, or openly state, that the Holocaust is a hoax arising out of a deliberate Jewish conspiracy to advance the interest of Jews at the expense of other peoples.[8] For this reason, Holocaust denial is generally considered to be anantisemitic[9] conspiracy theory,[10] is frequently criticized, and is illegal in several countries.
Contents
[hide]- 1Terminology and etymology
- 2Background: staking a claim on post-war Holocaust historiography
- 3History and development of Holocaust denial after World War II
- 3.1Harry Elmer Barnes
- 3.2Beginnings of the modern denial movement
- 3.3Institute for Historical Review
- 3.4Bradley Smith and the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust
- 3.5James Keegstra
- 3.6Zündel trials
- 3.7Ernst Nolte
- 3.8Mayer controversy
- 3.9Ken McVay and alt.revisionism
- 3.10David Irving and the Lipstadt libel case
- 4Recent developments and trends
- 5Reactions to Holocaust denial
- 6Examination of claims
- 7Laws against Holocaust denial
- 8Focus on Allied war crimes in Holocaust denial literature
- 9Other genocide denials
- 10Notable Holocaust deniers
- 11See also
- 12Notes
- 13References
- 14External links
Terminology and etymology[edit]
Holocaust deniers prefer to refer to their work as historical revisionism, and object to being referred to as "deniers".[6] Scholars consider this misleading, since the methods of Holocaust denial differ from those of legitimate historical revision.[5] Legitimate historical revisionism is explained in a resolution adopted by the Duke University History Department, November 8, 1991, and reprinted in Duke Chronicle, November 13, 1991 in response to an advertisement produced by Bradley R Smith's Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust:
In The Holocaust: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation, Donald L. Niewyk gives some examples of how legitimate historical revisionism—the re-examination of accepted history and its updating with newly discovered, more accurate, or less-biased information—may be applied to the study of the Holocaust as new facts emerge to change the historical understanding of it:
In contrast, the Holocaust denial movement bases its approach on the predetermined idea that the Holocaust, as understood by mainstream historiography, did not occur.[7]Sometimes referred to as "negationism", from the French term négationnisme introduced by Henry Rousso,[13] Holocaust deniers attempt to rewrite history by minimizing, denying or simply ignoring essential facts. Koenraad Elst writes:
Background: staking a claim on post-war Holocaust historiography[edit]
Efforts to conceal the historical record[edit]
See also: Sonderaktion 1005 and Posen speeches
German efforts[edit]
While the Second World War was still underway, the Nazis had already formed a contingency plan that in case of defeat they would carry out the total destruction of German records.[15]
Historians have documented evidence that as Germany's defeat became imminent and Nazi leaders realized they would most likely be captured and brought to trial, great effort was made to destroy all evidence of mass extermination. Heinrich Himmler instructed his camp commandants to destroy records, crematoria, and other signs of mass extermination.[16] As one of many examples, the bodies of the 25,000 mostly Latvian Jews whom Friedrich Jeckeln and the soldiers under his command had shot at Rumbula (near Riga) in late 1941 were dug up and burned in 1943.[17] Similar operations were undertaken at Belzec, Treblinka and other death camps.[16] In the infamousPosen speeches of October 1943 such as the one on October 4, Himmler explicitly referred to the extermination of the Jews of Europe and further stated that the genocide must be permanently kept secret:
French collaboration in archive destruction[edit]
In occupied France, the situation with respect to preserving war records was not much better, partly as a result of French state secrecy rules dating back to well before the war aimed at protecting the French government and the state from embarrassing revelations, and partly to avoid culpability. For example, at Liberation, the Prefecture of Police destroyed nearly all of the massive archive of Jewish arrest and deportation.[15]
Efforts to preserve the historical record[edit]
During the war[edit]
One of the earliest efforts occurred in France during the war, where Drancy internment camp records were carefully preserved and turned over to the new French Bureau of Veterans and War Victims[fr]; which however then held them in secret refusing to release copies later, even to the CDJC.
In 1943, Isaac Schneersohn, anticipating the need for a center to document and preserve the memory of the persecution for historical reasons and also support claims post-war, gathered together 40 representatives from Jewish organizations in Grenoble which was under Italian occupation at the time[20] in order to form a centre de documentation.[21]Exposure meant the death penalty, and as a result little actually happened before liberation.[22] Serious work began after the center moved to Paris in late 1944 and was renamed the Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation (CDJC).[21][22]
Immediate post-war period[edit]
In 1945, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander, anticipated that someday an attempt would be made to recharacterize the documentation of Nazi crimes as propaganda and took steps against it:
Eisenhower, upon finding the victims of the death camps, ordered all possible photographs to be taken, and for the German people from surrounding villages to be ushered through the camps and even made to bury the dead. He wrote the following to General Marshall after visiting a German internment camp near Gotha, Germany:
Nuremberg trials[edit]
The Nuremberg trials took place in Germany in 1945-1946. The stated aim was to dispense justice in retribution for atrocities of the German government. This Allied intention to administer justice post-war was first announced in 1943 in the Declaration on German Atrocities in Occupied Europe and reiterated at the Yalta Conference and at Berlin in 1945.[26] While the intention was not specifically to preserve the historical record of the Holocaust, some of the core documents required to prosecute the cases were provided to them by the CDJC, and much of the huge trove of archives were then transferred to the CDJC after the trials and became the core of future Holocaust historiography.[27]
The Nuremberg trials were important historically, but the events were still very recent, television was in its infancy and not present, and there was little public impact. There were isolated moments of limited public awareness from Hollywood films such as The Diary of Anne Frank (1959) or the 1961 Judgment at Nuremberg which had some newsreel footage of actual scenes from liberated Nazi concentration camps including scenes of piles of naked corpses laid out in rows and bulldozed into large pits, which was considered exceptionally graphic for the time. Public awareness changed when the Eichmann trial riveted the world's attention fifteen years later.[28][29]
Trial of Adolf Eichmann[edit]
In 1961, the Israeli government captured Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought him to Israel to stand trial for war crimes. At this point, knowledge of the Holocaust was not widespread among the public.[citation needed] Chief prosecutor Gideon Hausner's intentions were not only to demonstrate Eichmann's guilt personally but to present material about the entire Holocaust, thus producing a comprehensive record.[30]
The Israeli government arranged for the trial to have prominent media coverage.[31] Many major newspapers from all over the globe sent reporters and published front-page coverage of the story.[30] Israelis had the opportunity to watch live television broadcasts of the proceedings, and videotape was flown daily to the United States for broadcast the following day.[30][32]
History and development of Holocaust denial after World War II[edit]
See also: Category:Holocaust deniers.
Harry Elmer Barnes[edit]
Harry Elmer Barnes, at one time a mainstream American historian, assumed a Holocaust-denial stance in his later years.[33] Between World War I and World War II, Barnes became an anti-war writer and a leader in the historical revisionism movement. Starting in 1924, the American worked closely with the Centre for the Study of the Causes of the War, a German government-funded think tank whose sole purpose was to disseminate the official government position that Germany was the victim of Allied aggression in 1914 and that the Versailles Treaty was morally invalid.[34] Headed by Major Alfred von Wegerer, a völkisch activist, the organization portrayed itself as a scholarly society, but historians later described it as "a clearinghouse for officially desirable views on the outbreak of the war."[35]
Following World War II, Barnes became convinced that allegations made against Germany and Japan, including the Holocaust, were wartime propaganda used to justify the United States' involvement in World War II. Barnes claimed there were two false claims made about World War II, namely that Germany started the war in 1939, and the Holocaust, which Barnes claimed did not happen.[36]
In his 1962 pamphlet, Revisionism and Brainwashing, Barnes claimed that there was a "lack of any serious opposition or concerted challenge to the atrocity stories and other modes of defamation of German national character and conduct".[37] Barnes argued that there was "a failure to point out the atrocities of the Allies were more brutal, painful, mortal and numerous than the most extreme allegations made against the Germans".[38] He claimed that in order to justify the "horrors and evils of the Second World War", the Allies made the Nazis the "scapegoat" for their own misdeeds.[36]
Barnes cited the French Holocaust denier Paul Rassinier, whom Barnes called a "distinguished French historian" who had exposed the "exaggerations of the atrocity stories".[38]In a 1964 article, "Zionist Fraud", published in the American Mercury, Barnes wrote: "The courageous author [Rassinier] lays the chief blame for misrepresentation on those whom we must call the swindlers of the crematoria, the Israeli politicians who derive billions of marks from nonexistent, mythical and imaginary cadavers, whose numbers have been reckoned in an unusually distorted and dishonest manner."[39] Using Rassinier as his source, Barnes claimed that Germany was the victim of aggression in both 1914 and 1939, and that reports of the Holocaust were propaganda to justify a war of aggression against Germany.[38]
Beginnings of the modern denial movement[edit]
In 1961, a protégé of Barnes, David Hoggan published Der Erzwungene Krieg (The Forced War) in West Germany, which claimed that Germany had been the victim of an Anglo-Polish conspiracy in 1939. Though Der Erzwungene Krieg was primarily concerned with the origins of World War II, it also down-played or justified the effects of Nazi antisemitic measures in the pre-1939 period.[40] For example, Hoggan justified the huge one billion Reich-mark fine imposed on the entire Jewish community in Germany after the 1938 Kristallnacht as a reasonable measure to prevent what he called "Jewish profiteering" at the expense of German insurance companies and alleged that no Jews were killed in the Kristallnacht (in fact, 91 German Jews were killed in the Kristallnacht).[40] Subsequently, Hoggan explicitly denied the Holocaust in 1969 entitled The Myth of the Six Million, which was published by the Noontide Press, a small Los Angeles publisher specializing in antisemitic literature.[41]
In 1964, French historian Paul Rassinier published The Drama of the European Jews. Rassinier was himself a concentration camp survivor (he was held in Buchenwald for having helped French Jews escape the Nazis), and modern-day deniers continue to cite his works as scholarly research that questions the accepted facts of the Holocaust. Critics argued that Rassinier did not cite evidence for his claims and ignored information that contradicted his assertions; he nevertheless remains influential in Holocaust denial circles for being one of the first deniers to propose that a vast Zionist/Allied/Soviet conspiracy faked the Holocaust, a theme that would be picked up in later years by other authors.[42]
The publication of Arthur Butz's The Hoax of the Twentieth Century: The case against the presumed extermination of European Jewry in 1976; and David Irving's Hitler's War in 1977 brought other similarly inclined individuals into the fold.[43] Butz was a tenured associate professor of electrical engineering at Northwestern University. In December 1978 and January 1979, Robert Faurisson, a French professor of literature at the University of Lyon, wrote two letters to Le Monde claiming that the gas chambers used by the Nazis to exterminate the Jews did not exist. A colleague of Faurisson, Jean-Claude Pressac, who initially shared Faurisson's views, later became convinced of the Holocaust's evidence while investigating documents at Auschwitz in 1979. He published his conclusions along with much of the underlying evidence in his 1989 book, Auschwitz: Technique and operation of the gas chambers.[44]
Henry Bienen, the former president of Northwestern University, has described Arthur Butz's view of the Holocaust as an "embarrassment to Northwestern".[45] In 2006, sixty of Butz's colleagues from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science faculty signed a censure describing Butz's Holocaust denial as "an affront to our humanity and our standards as scholars".[46] The letter also called for Butz to "leave our Department and our University and stop trading on our reputation for academic excellence".[46]
Institute for Historical Review[edit]
In 1978 Willis Carto founded the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), an organization dedicated to publicly challenging the commonly accepted history of the Holocaust.[47] The IHR sought from the beginning to establish itself within the broad tradition of historical revisionism, by soliciting token supporters who were not from a neo-Nazi background such as James J. Martin and Samuel Edward Konkin III, and by promoting the writings of French socialist Paul Rassinier and American anti-war historian Harry Elmer Barnes, in an attempt to show that Holocaust denial had a base of support beyond neo-Nazis. The IHR republished most of Barnes's writings, which had been out of print since his death. While it included articles on other topics and sold books by mainstream historians, the majority of material published and distributed by IHR was devoted to questioning the facts surrounding the Holocaust.[48]
In the "About the IHR" statement on their website, the IHR states, "The IHR does not 'deny' the Holocaust. Indeed, the IHR as such has no 'position' on any specific event.... [The] IHR does not necessarily agree with the content or outlook of posted or distributed [on the IHR website, and presentations given at IHR meetings and conferences]."[49] One example of a Holocaust denialist's view that was published by the IHR is the transcript of the speech made by the Lutheran pastor Herman Otten at the Ninth IHR Conference (1989), in which he says
Commentators and historians have noted the misleading nature of statements by the IHR that they are not Holocaust deniers. Paul Rauber writes that:
According to British historian of Germany Richard J. Evans:
Bradley Smith and the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust[edit]
In 1987, Bradley R. Smith, a former media director of the Institute for Historical Review,[53] founded the Committee for Open Debate on the Holocaust (CODOH).[54] In the United States, CODOH has repeatedly tried to place advertisements questioning whether the Holocaust happened, especially in college campus newspapers,[55] which have not always been rejected.[56]
Bradley Smith has sought other avenues to promote Holocaust denial – with little success. On September 8, 2009, the Harvard Crimson school paper ran a paid ad from Bradley R Smith. It was quickly criticized and an apology was issued from the editor, claiming it was a mistake.[57]
Smith referred to his tactics as the CODOH campus project. He says, "I don't want to spend time with adults anymore, I want to go to students. They are superficial. They are empty vessels to be filled." "What I wanted to do was I wanted to set forth three or four ideas that students might be interested in, that might cause them to think about things or to have questions about things. And I wanted to make it as simple as possible, and to set it up in a way that could not really be debated."[58] Holocaust deniers have placed "Full page advertisements in college and university newspaper, including those of Brandeis University, Boston College, Pennsylvania State University, and Queens College. Some of these ads arguing that Holocaust never happened ran without comment; others generated op-ed pieces by professors and students."[59]
James Keegstra[edit]
For more details on this topic, see R. v. Keegstra.
In 1984, James Keegstra, a Canadian high-school teacher, was charged under the Canadian Criminal Code for "promoting hatred against an identifiable group by communicating anti-Semitic statements to his students". During class, he would describe Jews as a people of profound evil who had "created the Holocaust to gain sympathy." He also tested his students in exams on his theories and opinion of Jews.
Keegstra was charged under s 281.2(2) of the Criminal Code (now s 319(2)), which provides that "Every one who, by communicating statements, other than in private conversation, wilfully promotes hatred against any identifiable group" commits a criminal offence.[60] He was convicted at trial before the Alberta Court of Queen's Bench. The court rejected the argument, advanced by Keegstra and his lawyer, Doug Christie, that promoting hatred is a constitutionally protected freedom of expression as per s 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Keegstra appealed to the Alberta Court of Appeal. That court agreed with Keegstra, and he was acquitted. The Crown then appealed the case to the Supreme Court of Canada, which rule by a 4-3 majority that promoting hatred could be justifiably restricted under s 1 of the Charter. The Supreme Court restored Keegstra's conviction.[61] He was fired from his teaching position shortly afterwards.[62]
Zündel trials[edit]
See also: Leuchter report
The Toronto-based photo retoucher Ernst Zündel operated a small-press called Samisdat Publishers, which published and distributed Holocaust-denial material such as Did Six Million Really Die? by Richard Harwood (a pseudonym of Richard Verrall – a British neo-Nazi). In 1985, he was tried in R. v. Zundel and convicted under a "false news" law and sentenced to 15 months imprisonment by an Ontariocourt for "disseminating and publishing material denying the Holocaust".[64] The Holocaust historian Raul Hilberg was a witness for the prosecution at the 1985 trial. Zündel's conviction was overturned in an appeal on a legal technicality, leading to a second trial in 1988, in which he was again convicted. The 1988 trial included, as witnesses for the defense, Fred A. Leuchter, David Irving and Robert Faurisson. The pseudo-scientific Leuchter report was presented as a defense document and was published in Canada in 1988 by Zundel's Samisdat Publishers and, in Britain, in 1989 by Irving's Focal Point Publishing. In both of his trials, Zündel was defended by Douglas Christie andBarbara Kulaszka. His conviction was overturned in 1992 when the Supreme Court of Canada declared the "false news" law unconstitutional.[64]
Zündel has a website, web-mastered by his wife Ingrid, which publicises his viewpoints.[65] In January 2002, the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal delivered a ruling in a complaint involving his website, in which it was found to be contravening the Canadian Human Rights Act. The court ordered Zündel to cease communicating hate messages. In February 2003, the American INS arrested him in Tennessee, USA, on an immigration violations matter, and few days later, Zündel was sent back to Canada, where he tried to gain refugee status. Zündel remained in prison until March 1, 2005, when he was deported to Germany and prosecuted for disseminating hate propaganda. On February 15, 2007, Zündel was convicted on 14 counts of incitement under Germany's Volksverhetzung law, which bans the incitement of hatred against a portion of the population, and given the maximum sentence of five years in prison.[66]
Ernst Nolte[edit]
The German philosopher and historian Ernst Nolte, starting in the 1980s, advanced a set of theories, which though not denying the Holocaust appeared to flirt with Holocaust denial as a serious historical argument.[67] In a letter to the Israeli historian Otto Dov Kulka of December 8, 1986, Nolte criticized the work of the French Holocaust denier Robert Faurisson on the ground that the Holocaust did occur, but went on to argue that Faurisson’s work was motivated by what Nolte claimed were the admirable motives of sympathy towards the Palestinians and opposition to Israel.[68] In his 1987 book Der europäische Bürgerkrieg (The European Civil War), Nolte claimed that the intentions of Holocaust deniers are "often honourable", and that some of their claims are "not obviously without foundation".[67][69] Nolte himself, though he has never denied the occurrence of the Holocaust, has claimed that the Wannsee Conference of 1942 never happened, and that the minutes of the conference were post-war forgeries done by "biased" Jewish historians designed to discredit Germany.[69]
The British historian Ian Kershaw has argued that Nolte was operating on the borderlines of Holocaust denial with his implied claim that the "negative myth" of the Third Reich was created by Jewish historians, his allegations of the domination of Holocaust scholarship by "biased" Jewish historians, and his statements that one should withhold judgment on Holocaust deniers, whom Nolte takes considerable pains to stress are not exclusively Germans or fascists.[70] In Kershaw's opinion, Nolte is attempting to imply that perhaps Holocaust deniers are on to something.[70]
In a 1990 interview, Nolte implied that there was something to the Leuchter report: "If the revisionists [Holocaust deniers] and Leuchter among them have made it clear to the public that even 'Auschwitz' must be an object of scientific inquiry and controversy then they should be given credit for this. Even if it finally turned out that the number of victims was even greater and the procedures were even more horrific than has been assumed until now."[71] In his 1993 book Streitpunkte (Points of Contention), Nolte praised the work of Holocaust deniers as superior to "mainstream scholars".[72] Nolte wrote that "radical revisionists have presented research which, if one is familiar with the source material and the critique of the sources, is probably superior to that of the established historians of Germany".[72][73] In a 1994 interview with Der Spiegel magazine, Nolte stated "I cannot rule out the importance of the investigation of the gas chambers in which they looked for remnants of the [chemical process engendered by Zyklon B]", and that "'Of course, I am against revisionists, but Fred Leuchter's 'study' of the Nazi gas ovens has to be given attention, because one has to stay open to 'other' ideas."[74]
The British historian Richard J. Evans in his 1989 book In Hitler's Shadow expressed the view that Nolte’s reputation as a scholar was in ruins as a result of these and other controversial statements on his part.[75] The American historian Deborah Lipstadt in a 2003 interview stated:
Mayer controversy[edit]
In 1988, the American historian Arno J. Mayer published a book entitled Why Did the Heavens Not Darken?, which did not explicitly deny the Holocaust, but lent support to Holocaust denial by stating that most people who died at Auschwitz were the victims of "natural causes" such as disease, not gassing.[77] Mayer also cited the works of Holocaust deniers Arthur Butz and Paul Rassinier in his book's bibliography. Critics such as Lucy Dawidowicz criticized Mayer's citation of deniers, and argued that his statements about Auschwitz were factually incorrect.[78] Holocaust expert Robert Jan van Pelt has noted that Mayer's book is as close as a mainstream historian has ever come to supporting Holocaust denial.[79] Holocaust deniers such as David Irving have often cited Mayer’s book as one reason for embracing Holocaust denial.[79] Though Mayer has been often condemned for his statement about the reasons for the Auschwitz death toll, his book does not deny the use of gas chambers at Auschwitz, as Holocaust deniers often claim.[80]
Some mainstream Holocaust historians have labeled Mayer a denier. The Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer wrote that Mayer "popularizes the nonsense that the Nazis saw in Marxism and Bolshevism their main enemy, and the Jews unfortunately got caught up in this; when he links the destruction of the Jews to the ups and downs of German warfare in the Soviet Union, in a book that is so cocksure of itself that it does not need a proper scientific apparatus, he is really engaging in a much more subtle form of Holocaust denial".[81]
Defenders of Mayer argue that his statement that "Sources for the study of the gas chambers at once rare and unreliable" has been taken out of context, particularly by Holocaust deniers.[82] Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman observe that the paragraph from which the statement is taken asserts that the SS destroyed the majority of the documention relating to the operation of the gas chambers in the death camps, which is why Mayer feels that sources for the operation of the gas chambers are "rare" and "unreliable".[83]
Ken McVay and alt.revisionism[edit]
Ken McVay, an American resident in Canada, was disturbed by the efforts of organizations like the Simon Wiesenthal Center to suppress the speech of the Holocaust deniers, feeling that it was better to confront them openly than to try to censor them. On the Usenet newsgroup alt.revisionism he began a campaign of "truth, fact, and evidence", working with other participants on the newsgroup to uncover factual information about the Holocaust and counter the arguments of the deniers by proving them to be based upon misleading evidence, false statements, and outright lies. He founded the Nizkor Project to expose the activities of the Holocaust deniers, who responded to McVay with personal attacks, slander, and death threats.[84]
David Irving and the Lipstadt libel case[edit]
Main article: Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt
Deborah Lipstadt's 1993 book Denying the Holocaust sharply criticized various Holocaust deniers, including British author David Irving, for deliberately misrepresenting evidence to justify their preconceived conclusions. In 1996 Irving filed a libel suit against Lipstadt and her publisher, Penguin Books. American historian Christopher Browning, an expert witness for the defense, wrote a comprehensive essay for the court summarizing the voluminous evidence for the reality of the Holocaust, and under cross-examination, effectively countered all of Irving's principal arguments to the contrary.[85] Cambridge historian Richard J. Evans, another defense expert witness, spent two years examining Irving's writings, and confirmed his misrepresentations, including evidence that he had knowingly used forged documents as source material. The judge, Justice Charles Gray, ultimately delivered a long and decisive verdict in favor of Lipstadt that referred to Irving as a "Holocaust denier" and "right-wing pro-Nazi polemicist."[86]
In February 2006 Irving was convicted in Austria, where Holocaust denial is illegal, for a speech he had made in 1989 in which he denied the existence of gas chambers at Auschwitz.[87] Irving was aware of the outstanding arrest warrant, but chose to go to Austria anyway "to give a lecture to a far-right student fraternity".[87] Although he pleaded guilty to the charge, Irving said he had been "mistaken", and had changed his opinions on the Holocaust. "I said that then, based on my knowledge at the time, but by 1991 when I came across the Eichmann papers, I wasn't saying that anymore and I wouldn't say that now. The Nazis did murder millions of Jews."[88] Irving served 13 months of a 3-year sentence in an Austrian prison, including the period between his arrest and conviction, and was deported in early 2007.[87] The episode sparked intense international debate over the limits of freedom of speech. Upon hearing of Irving's sentence, Lipstadt said, "I am not happy when censorship wins, and I don't believe in winning battles via censorship.... The way of fighting Holocaust deniers is with history and with truth."[88]
According to CNN, upon Irving's return to the UK, he "vow[ed] to repeat views denying the Holocaust that led to his conviction" stating he felt "no need any longer to show remorse" for his Holocaust views.[89]
Recent developments and trends[edit]
In February 1995 a Japanese magazine named Marco Polo, a 250,000-circulation monthly published by Bungei Shunju, ran a Holocaust denial article by physician Masanori Nishioka which stated:
The Los Angeles-based Simon Wiesenthal Center instigated a boycott of Bungei Shunju advertisers, including Volkswagen, Mitsubishi, and Cartier. Within days, Bungei Shunju shut down Marco Polo and its editor, Kazuyoshi Hanada, quit, as did the president of Bungei Shunju, Kengo Tanaka.[91]
In Turkey, in 1996, the Islamic preacher Harun Yahya distributed thousands of copies of a book which was originally published the previous year, entitled Soykırım Yalanı ("The Holocaust Lie") and mailed unsolicited texts to American and European schools and colleges.[92] The publication of Soykırım Yalanı sparked much public debate.[93] This book claims, "what is presented as Holocaust is the death of some Jews due to the typhus plague during the war and the famine towards the end of the war caused by the defeat of the Germans."[94] In March 1996, a Turkish painter and intellectual, Bedri Baykam, published a strongly worded critique of the book in the Ankara daily newspaper Siyah-Beyaz("Black and White"). A legal suit for slander was brought against him. During the trial in September, Baykam exposed the real author of the book as Adnan Oktar.[93] The suit was withdrawn in March 1997.[95][96]
In France, Holocaust denial became more prominent in the 1990s as négationnisme, though the movement has existed in ultra-left French politics since at least the 1960s, led by figures such as Pierre Guillaume (who was involved in the bookshop La Vieille Taupe during the 1960s). Recently, elements of the extreme far right in France have begun to build on each other's negationist arguments, which often span beyond the Holocaust to cover a range of antisemitic views, incorporating attempts to tie the Holocaust to the Biblical massacre of the Canaanites, critiques of Zionism, and other material fanning what has been called a "conspiratorial Judeo-phobia" designed to legitimize and "banalize" antisemitism.[97]
In Belgium in 2001, Roeland Raes, the ideologue and vice-president of one of the country's largest political parties, the Vlaams Belang (formerly named Vlaams Blok, Flemish Bloc), gave an interview on Dutch TV where he cast doubt over the number of Jews murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust. In the same interview he questioned the scale of the Nazis' use of gas chambers and the authenticity of Anne Frank's diary. In response to the media assault following the interview, Raes was forced to resign his position but vowed to remain active within the party.[98] Three years later, the Vlaams Blok was convicted of racism and chose to disband. Immediately afterwards, it legally reformed under the new name Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) with the same leaders and the same membership.[99]
Holocaust denial in the Arab world[edit]
Denials of the Holocaust have been promoted by various Middle Eastern figures and media. Holocaust denial is sponsored by some Middle Eastern governments, including Iran[100] and Syria.[101] Prominent Arab figures from the Middle East have rarely made publicized visits to Auschwitz—Israel's Arab community being the exception. In 2010,Hadash MK Mohammed Barakeh visited, following a previous visit of two other Arab-Israeli lawmakers, and a group of about 100 Arab-Israeli writers and clerics in 2003.[102]Individuals from the Syrian government, the Palestinian Authority, and a number of Palestinian groups have all engaged in various aspects of Holocaust denial.[101][103] In 2006Robert Satloff writing in The Washington Post, reported that "A respected Holocaust research institution recently reported that Egypt, Qatar and Saudi Arabia all promote Holocaust denial and protect Holocaust deniers."[104] Hamas leaders have promoted Holocaust denial; Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi held that the Holocaust never occurred, that Zionistswere behind the action of Nazis, and that Zionists funded Nazism.[105] A press release by Hamas in April 2000 decried "the so-called Holocaust, which is an alleged and invented story with no basis".[106] In August 2009, Hamas refused to allow Palestinian children to learn about the Holocaust, which it called "a lie invented by the Zionists" and referred to Holocaust education as a "war crime".[107] Nasser told a German newspaper in 1964 that "no person, not even the most simple one, takes seriously the lie of the six million Jews that were murdered [in the Holocaust]."[108][109]
The thesis of the 1982 doctoral dissertation of Mahmoud Abbas, a co-founder of Fatah and president of the Palestinian National Authority, was "The Secret Connection between the Nazis and the Leaders of the Zionist Movement".[110][111][112] In his 1983 book The Other Side: the Secret Relationship Between Nazism and Zionism based on the dissertation, Abbas denied that that six million Jews had died in the Holocaust; dismissing it as a "myth" and a "fantastic lie".[113] At most, he wrote, 890,000 Jews were killed by the Germans. Abbas claimed that the number of deaths has been exaggerated for political purposes. "It seems that the interest of the Zionist movement, however, is to inflate this figure [of Holocaust deaths] so that their gains will be greater. This led them to emphasize this figure [six million] in order to gain the solidarity of international public opinion with Zionism. Many scholars have debated the figure of six million and reached stunning conclusions—fixing the number of Jewish victims at only a few hundred thousand."[112][114][115][116][117] In his March 2006 interview with Haaretz, Abbas stated, "I wrote in detail about the Holocaust and said I did not want to discuss numbers. I quoted an argument between historians in which various numbers of casualties were mentioned. One wrote there were 12 million victims and another wrote there were 800,000. I have no desire to argue with the figures. The Holocaust was a terrible, unforgivable crime against the Jewish nation, a crime against humanity that cannot be accepted by humankind. The Holocaust was a terrible thing and nobody can claim I denied it."[118] While acknowledging the existence of the Holocaust in 2006 and 2014,[119] Abbas has defended the position that Zionists collaborated with the Nazis to perpetrate it. In 2012, Abbas told Al Mayadeen, a Beirut TV station affiliated with Iran and Hezbollah, that he "challenges anyone who can deny that the Zionist movement had ties with the Nazis before World War II".[120]
Surveys conducted by Sammy Smooha of the University of Haifa found that the fraction of Israeli Arabs denying that millions of Jews were murdered by the Nazis increased from 28% in 2006 to 40% in 2008.[121] Smooha commented:
Holocaust denial in Iran[edit]
Former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad frequently denied the Holocaust,[122] formally 'questioning' the reliability of the historical evidence,[123] although he on occasion confirmed belief in it.[124][125] In a December 2005 speech, Ahmadinejad said that a legend was fabricated and had been promoted to protect Israel. He said:
The remarks immediately provoked international controversy as well as swift condemnation from government officials in Israel, Europe, and the United States. All six political parties in the German parliament signed a joint resolution condemning this Holocaust denial.[127] In contrast, Hamas political leader Khaled Mashaal described Ahmadinejad's comments as "courageous" and stated, "Muslim people will defend Iran because it voices what they have in their hearts, in particular the Palestinian people."[128] In the United States, the Muslim Public Affairs Council condemned Ahmadinejad's remarks.[129] In 2005 the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood leader, Mohammed Mahdi Akef, denounced what he called "the myth of the Holocaust" in defending Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's denial of the Holocaust.[130]
On December 11, 2006, the Iranian state-sponsored "International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust" opened to widespread condemnation.[131] The conference, called for by and held at the behest of Ahmadinejad,[132] was widely described as a "Holocaust denial conference" or a "meeting of Holocaust deniers",[133] though Iran denied it was a Holocaust denial conference.[134] A few months before it opened, the Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Hamid Reza Asefi stated: "The Holocaust is not a sacred issue that one can't touch. I have visited the Nazi camps in Eastern Europe. I think it is exaggerated."[135]
In 2013, in an interview with CNN, newly elected Iranian President Hassan Rouhani was quoted as condemning the Holocaust, stating, "I can tell you that any crime that happens in history against humanity, including the crime the Nazis created towards the Jews as well as non-Jews is reprehensible and condemnable. Whatever criminality they committed against the Jews, we condemn."[136] Iranian media later accused CNN of fabricating Rouhani’s comments.[137]
In his official 2013 Nowruz address, Supreme Leader of Iran Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei questioned the veracity of the Holocaust, remarking that "The Holocaust is an event whose reality is uncertain and if it has happened, it’s uncertain how it has happened.”[138][139] This was consistent with Khamenei's previous comments regarding the holocaust.[140]
In 2015, the House of Cartoon and the Sarcheshmeh Cultural Complex in Iran organized the International Holocaust Cartoon Competition, a competition in which artists were encouraged to submit cartoons on the theme of Holocaust denial. The winner of the contest will receive $12,000. Hamshahri, a popular Iranian newspaper, held a similar contestin 2006.[141]
Propaganda in the media[edit]
According to James Najarian, Holocaust deniers working for the Institute for Historical Review are not trained in history and "put out sham scholarly articles in the mock-academic publication, the Journal of Historical Review".[142] They appeal to "our objectivity, our sense of fair play, and our distrust of figurative language".[143] Thus, they rely on facts to grab the readers' attention. These facts, however, are strung by what Najarian calls "fabricated decorum" and are re-interpreted for their use. For example, they pay particular attention to inconsistencies in numbers.[144][clarification needed]
Holocaust denial propaganda in all forms has been shown to influence the audiences that it reaches. In fact, even the well-educated—that is, college graduates and current university students alike—are susceptible to such propaganda when it is presented before them. This stems from the growing disbelief that audiences feel after being exposed to such information, especially since Holocaust witnesses themselves are decreasing in number.[145] Studies centered on the psychological effects of Holocaust denial propaganda confirm this assertion. Linda M. Yelland and William F. Stone, in particular, show that Denial essays decrease readers' belief in the Holocaust, regardless of their prior Holocaust awareness.[146]
Reactions to Holocaust denial[edit]
Further information: Criticism of Holocaust denial
Types of reaction[edit]
Scholarly response to Holocaust denial can be roughly divided into three categories: Some academics refuse to engage Holocaust deniers or their arguments at all, on grounds that doing so lends them unwarranted legitimacy.[147] A second group of scholars, typified by the American historian Deborah Lipstadt, have tried to raise awareness of the methods and motivations of Holocaust denial without legitimizing the deniers themselves. "We need not waste time or effort answering the deniers' contentions," Lipstadt wrote. "It would be never-ending.... Their commitment is to an ideology and their 'findings' are shaped to support it."[148] A third group, typified by the Nizkor Project, responds to arguments and claims made by Holocaust denial groups by pointing out inaccuracies and errors in their evidence.[149][150][151]
Even scholarly responses, however, can trigger vigorous rebuttals. In 1996, the British historian David Irving brought a civil defamation suit against Lipstadt and her publisher, stemming from Lipstadt's book Denying the Holocaust, in which she named Irving as "one of the more dangerous" Holocaust deniers, because he was a published author, and was viewed by some as a legitimate military historian. He was "familiar with historical evidence", she wrote, and "bends it until it conforms with his ideological leanings and political agenda". Irving, who appeared as a defense witness in Ernst Zündel's trial in Canada, and once declared at a rally of Holocaust deniers that "more women died in the back seat of Edward Kennedy's car than ever died in a gas chamber at Auschwitz,"[152] claimed that Lipstadt's allegation damaged his reputation. After a two-month trial in London, the trial judge issued a 333-page ruling against Irving.[153]
In December 1991 the American Historical Association issued the following statement: The American Historical Association Council strongly deplores the publicly reported attempts to deny the fact of the Holocaust. No serious historian questions that the Holocaust took place. This followed a strong reaction by many of its members and commentary in the press against a near-unanimous decision that the AHA had made in May 1991 that studying the significance of the Holocaust should be encouraged. The association's May 1991 statement was in response to an incident where certain of its members had questioned the reality of the Holocaust. The December 1991 declaration is a reversal of the AHA's earlier stance that the association should not set a precedent by certifying historical facts.[154]
Public figures and scholars[edit]
A number of public figures and scholars have spoken out against Holocaust denial, with some – such as literary theorist Jean Baudrillard – likening Holocaust denial to "part of the extermination itself".[155] The American Historical Association, the oldest and largest society of historians and teachers of history in the United States, states that Holocaust denial is "at best, a form of academic fraud".[156] In 2006, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan said: "Remembering is a necessary rebuke to those who say the Holocaust never happened or has been exaggerated. Holocaust denial is the work of bigots; we must reject their false claims whenever, wherever and by whomever they are made."[157] Holocaust survivor and Nobel Prize winner Elie Wiesel calls the Holocaust "the most documented tragedy in recorded history. Never before has a tragedy elicited so much witness from the killers, from the victims and even from the bystanders—millions of pieces here in the museum what you have, all other museums, archives in the thousands, in the millions."[158] He made a similar statement on a special edition of The Oprah Winfrey Show after his final trip to Auschwitz, along with host Winfrey.[citation needed]
In January 2007, the United Nations General Assembly condemned "without reservation any denial of the Holocaust", though Iran disassociated itself from the resolution.[159] In July 2013, Iran's then president-elect Hassan Rohani described Ahmadinejad's remarks about the Holocaust and Israel as "hate rhetoric"[160] and in September 2013 Rohanistated that "The Nazis carried out a massacre that cannot be denied, especially against the Jewish people" and "The massacre by the Nazis was condemnable. We never want to sit by side with the Nazis..They committed a crime against Jews — which is a crime against..all of humanity."[161] While declining to give a specific number of Jewish victims, Iranian analysts suggested that "Rouhani pushed the envelope as far as it could go..without infuriating the supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and other conservatives back home."[136]
Former SS members[edit]
Critics of Holocaust denial also include members of the Auschwitz SS. Camp physician and SS-Untersturmführer Hans Münch considered the facts of Auschwitz "so firmly determined that one cannot have any doubt at all", and described those who negate what happened at the camp as "malevolent" people who have "personal interest to want to bury in silence things that cannot be buried in silence".[162] Zyklon B handler and SS-Oberscharführer Josef Klehr has said that anyone who maintains that nobody was gassed at Auschwitz must be "crazy or in the wrong".[163] SS-Unterscharführer Oswald Kaduk has stated that he does not consider those who maintain such a thing as normal people.[164]Hearing about Holocaust denial compelled former SS-Rottenführer Oskar Gröning to publicly speak about what he witnessed at Auschwitz, and denounce Holocaust deniers,[165]stating:
Holocaust denial and antisemitism[edit]
Holocaust denial is widely known to be antisemitic.[9] The Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, for example, defines Holocaust denial as "a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs".[167] The Anti-Defamation League has stated that "Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy"[168] and French historian Valérie Igounet has written that "Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism."[169] In 2005, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (now the Fundamental Rights Agency) published a "working definition" of antisemitism which gave as an example of the way that antisemitism might manifest itself, "denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust)".[170]
Some have argued that not all Holocaust deniers are necessarily antisemitic.
In a defense of Holocaust denier Bishop Richard Williamson against the charge of being antisemitic, the journalist and writer Kevin Myers argued "It is not anti-Semitic to make a fool of yourself in public about a historical fact. It is anti-Semitic to preach or promote a dislike of Jews because they are Jews, which is what Bishop Williamson has not done."[171]
According to Walter Reich, psychiatrist and then senior scholar at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, one-time director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and now professor of international affairs at George Washington University:
The French historian Pierre Vidal-Naquet described the motivation of deniers more succinctly:
Examination of claims[edit]
Main article: Criticism of Holocaust denial
- The Nazis had no official policy or intention of exterminating Jews.
- Nazis did not use gas chambers to mass murder Jews.[174]
- The figure of 5 to 6 million Jewish deaths is a gross exaggeration, and the actual number is an order of magnitude lower.
Other claims include the following:
- Stories of the Holocaust were a myth initially created by the Allies of World War II to demonize Germans,[4] Jews having spread this myth as part of a grander plot intended to enable the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and now to garner continuing support for the state of Israel.[175]
- Documentary evidence of the Holocaust, from photographs to The Diary of Anne Frank, is fabricated.[4]
- Survivor testimonies are filled with errors and inconsistencies, and are thus unreliable.[4]
- Interrogators obtained Nazi prisoners' confessions of war crimes through the use of torture.[4]
- The Nazi treatment of Jews was no different from what the Allies did to their enemies in World War II.[176]
Holocaust denial is widely viewed as failing to adhere to principles for the treatment of evidence that mainstream historians (as well as scholars in other fields) regard as basic torational inquiry.[177]
The Holocaust was well documented by the bureaucracy of the Nazi government itself.[178][179] It was further witnessed by the Allied forces who entered Germany and its associated Axis states towards the end of World War II.[180][181][182] It was also witnessed from the inside by non-Jewish captives such as Catholic French Resistance memberAndré Rogerie who wrote extensively and testified about his experiences in seven camps including Auschwitz-Birkenau[183] and also produced the oldest contemporary sketch of a camp crematorium.[184]
According to researchers Michael Shermer and Alex Grobman, there is a "convergence of evidence" that proves that the Holocaust happened. This evidence includes:[185]
Much of the controversy surrounding the claims of Holocaust deniers centers on the methods used to present arguments that the Holocaust allegedly never happened as commonly accepted. Numerous accounts have been given by Holocaust deniers (including evidence presented in court cases) of claimed facts and evidence; however, independent research has shown these claims to be based upon flawed research, biased statements, or even deliberately falsified evidence. Opponents of Holocaust denial have documented numerous instances in which such evidence was altered or manufactured (see Nizkor Project and David Irving). According to Pierre Vidal-Naquet, "in our society of image and spectacle, extermination on paper leads to extermination in reality."[186]
Laws against Holocaust denial[edit]
Main article: Laws against Holocaust denial
Holocaust denial is explicitly or implicitly illegal in 16 countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, and Switzerland.[187] Romania officially denied the Holocaust occurred on its territory up until the Wiesel Commission in 2004.[188][189] The European Union's Framework decision on Racism and Xenophobia states that denying or grossly trivializing "crimes of genocide" should be made "punishable in all EU Member States".[190] Slovakia criminalized denial of fascist crimes in general in late 2001; in May 2005, the term "Holocaust" was explicitly adopted by the penal code and in 2009, it became illegal to deny any act regarded by an international criminal court as genocide. In 2010 the Parliament of Hungary adopted legislation punishing the denial of the genocides committed by National Socialist or Communist systems, without mentioning the word "Holocaust".[191]
Such legislation remains controversial. In October 2007, a tribunal declared Spain's Holocaust denial law unconstitutional.[192] In 2007 Italy rejected a denial law proposing a prison sentence of up to four years. In 2006 the Netherlands rejected a draft law proposing a maximum sentence of one year on denial of genocidal acts in general, although specifically denying the Holocaust remains a criminal offense there. The United Kingdom has twice rejected Holocaust denial laws. Denmark and Sweden have also rejected such legislation.[193]
A number of deniers have been prosecuted under various countries' denial laws. French literature professor Robert Faurisson, for example, was convicted and punished under the Gayssot Act in 1990. Some historians oppose such laws, among them Pierre Vidal-Naquet, an outspoken critic of Faurisson, on the grounds that denial legislation imposes "historical truth as legal truth".[194] Other academics favor criminalization. Holocaust denial, they contend, is "the worst form of racism and its most respectable version because it pretends to be a research".[195]
Focus on Allied war crimes in Holocaust denial literature[edit]
The focus on supposed Allied atrocities during the war has also been a theme in Holocaust denial literature, particularly in countries where outright denial of the Holocaust is illegal.[196] According to historian Deborah Lipstadt, the concept of "comparable Allied wrongs" such as the post-war expulsions and alleged Allied war crimes like the bombing of Dresden,[197] is at the center of, and a continuously repeated theme of, contemporary Holocaust denial; phenomenon she calls "immoral equivalencies".[198] Pierre Vidal-Naquet pointed out the same phenomenon in the earlier version of Les Assassins de la mémoire under the title Auschwitz et le tiers monde (Les Assassins de la mémoire, Paris, 2005, pp. 170–180), and accurately about the declarations of Klaus Barbie's lawyer Jacques Vergès. In 1977, Martin Broszat, in a review of David Irving's book Hitler's War, maintained that the picture of World War II drawn by Irving was done in a such way to imply moral equivalence between the actions of the Axis and Allied states with both sides equally guilty of terrible crimes, leading to Hitler's "fanatical, destructive will to annihilate" being downgraded to being "no longer an exceptional phenomenon".[199]
Other genocide denials[edit]
Main article: Genocide denial
Other acts of genocide have met similar attempts to deny and minimize. Gregory H. Stanton, formerly of the US State Department and the founder of Genocide Watch, lists denial as the final stage of a genocide development: "Denial is the eighth stage that always follows a genocide. It is among the surest indicators of further genocidal massacres. The perpetrators of genocide dig up the mass graves, burn the bodies, try to cover up the evidence and intimidate the witnesses. They deny that they committed any crimes, and often blame what happened on the victims."[200]
Notable Holocaust deniers[edit]
See also: Category:Holocaust deniers.
- Salvador Abascal
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad[122][201]
- Mahmoud Abbas[112][114][115][117][202][203]
- Arthur Butz
- Mohammed Mahdi Akef
- Steven L. Anderson [204]
- Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi[105]
- Maurice Bardèche
- Harry Elmer Barnes[205]
- David Berg[206]
- Salvador Borrego
- James von Brunn
- Ursula Haverbeck
- Willis Carto
- Thies Christophersen
- Doug Collins
- Larry Darby
- Günter Deckert
- Léon Degrelle
- David Duke
- François Duprat
- Robert Faurisson
- Bobby Fischer[207]
- Roger Garaudy
- Hutton Gibson
- Jürgen Graf
- Nick Griffin
- Michael A. Hoffman II
- Miguel Serrano
- David Hoggan
- Gerd Honsik
- David Irving
- Ilias Kasidiaris
- James Keegstra
- Ali Khamenei
- Nicholas Kollerstrom
- Fred A. Leuchter
- Norman Lowell
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Sunday, April 17, 2016
Koch 'Cause thats the Evident on Lightwait to this Wonder of eh Master one of the Lest
Charles Koch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Charles Koch | |
|---|---|
| Born | Charles G. Koch November 1, 1935 Wichita, Kansas, US |
| Residence | Wichita, Kansas, US |
| Alma mater | Massachusetts Institute of Technology (B.S., M.S.) |
| Occupation | Chairman and CEO of Koch Industries |
| Net worth |  US$43 billion (April 2016)[1] |
| Children | |
| Parent(s) |
|
| Relatives | Siblings: |
Charles G. Koch (/ˈkoʊk/; born November 1, 1935) is an American businessman, political donor and philanthropist. He is co-owner, chairman of the board, and chief executive officer of Koch Industries, while his brother David H. Koch serves as Executive Vice President. Charles and David each own 42% of the conglomerate. The brothers inherited the business from their father, Fred C. Koch, then expanded the business.[4] Originally involved exclusively in oil refining and chemicals, Koch Industries now includes process and pollution control equipment and technologies; polymers and fibers; minerals; fertilizers; commodity trading and services; forest and consumer products; and ranching. The businesses produce a wide variety of well-known brands, such as Stainmastercarpet, the Lycra brand of spandex fiber, Quilted Northern tissue and Dixie Cup.
Koch Industries is the second-largest privately held company by revenue in the United States according to a 2010 Forbes survey[5] In February 2014, Koch was ranked 9th richest person in the world by Hurun Report[6] with an estimated net worth of $36 billion. Previously, in October 2012 he was ranked the 6th richest person in the world with an estimated net worth of $34 billion—according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index[7]—and was ranked 18th on Forbes World's Billionaires list of 2011 (and 4th on the Forbes 400), with an estimated net worth of $25 billion, deriving from his 42% stake in Koch Industries.[8] Koch has published two books detailing his business philosophy, The Science of Success[9] and Good Profit. [10]
Koch supports a number of free market-oriented educational organizations, including the Institute for Humane Studies and theMercatus Center at George Mason University. He also contributes to the Republican Party and candidates, libertarian groups, and various charitable and cultural institutions. He co-founded the Washington, DC-based Cato Institute. Through the Koch Cultural Trust, founded by Charles Koch's wife, Elizabeth, the Koch family has also funded artistic projects and creative artists.[11]
Contents
[hide]Early life, education, and career[edit]
Koch was born and lives in Wichita, Kansas, one of four sons of Mary (née Robinson) and Fred Chase Koch.[12][13] Koch's grandfather, Harry Koch, was a Dutch immigrant who settled in West Texas, founded the Quanah Tribune-Chief newspaper, and was a founding shareholder of Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railway.[14] In an interview with Warren Cassell, Jr., which was recorded in February 2016, Koch explained that as a child he did not live a privileged lifestyle despite growing up in a wealthy family. Koch said, "My father wanted me to work as if I was the poorest person in the world."[15]
Koch was educated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He received a Bachelor of Science in general engineering in 1957, a Master of Science (M.S.) in mechanical engineering in 1958, and a second M.S. in chemical engineering in 1960.[12] After college, Koch started work at Arthur D. Little, Inc. In 1961 he moved back to Wichita to join his father's business, Rock Island Oil & Refining Company.[16] In 1967 he became president of the business, which was then a medium-sized oil firm.[17] In the same year, he renamed the firm Koch Industries in honor of his father.[18] In 2006, Koch Industries generated $90 billion in revenue, a growth of 2000 times over, which represents an annual compounded return of 18%.[19] As of 2014, Koch was worth approximately $41.3[20] billion (in 2013 $36 billion) according to theForbes 400 list.[12]
Koch has been a director of Entrust Financial Corp. since 1982 and director of Koch Industries Inc. since 1982. He is director of resin and fiber company Invista and director ofGeorgia-Pacific LLC, paper and pulp products. Koch founded or helped found several organizations, including the Cato Institute, the Institute for Humane Studies and theMercatus Center at George Mason University, the Bill of Rights Institute, and the Market-Based Management Institute. He is a member of the Mont Pelerin Society.[21]
Political and economic views[edit]
Charles Koch is a classical liberal and has formerly identified as a libertarian.[22] He is opposed to corporate welfare[23] and told the National Journal that his "overall concept is to minimize the role of government and to maximize the role of private economy and to maximize personal freedoms."[24] He has expressed concern for too much government regulation in the U.S., stating that "we could be facing the greatest loss of liberty and prosperity since the 1930s."[25] In addition, he has warned that drastic government overspending and a decline of the free enterprise system will prove detrimental to long-term social and economic prosperity.[26]
Influences on Koch include Alexis de Tocqueville,[27] Adam Smith, Michael Polanyi,[16] Joseph Schumpeter, Julian Simon, Paul Johnson, Thomas Sowell, Charles Murray, Leonard Read, and F.A. Harper.[17] The presidents he most admires include George Washington, Grover Cleveland, and Calvin Coolidge. In an interview with the American Journal of Business, Koch said he owes "a huge debt of gratitude to the giants who created the Austrian School [of economics]. They developed principles that enabled me to gain an understanding of how the world works, and these ideas were a catalyst in the development of Market-Based Management." In particular, he expresses admiration for Ludwig von Mises’ book Human Action, as well as the writings of Friedrich Hayek.[16] Koch said "the short-term infatuation with quarterly earnings on Wall Street restricts the earnings potential of Fortune 500 publicly traded firms."[17] He also considers public firms to be "feeding grounds for lawyers and lawsuits," with regulations like Sarbanes–Oxley only increasing the earnings potential of privately held companies.[17]
Koch disdains "big government" and the "political class."[17] He believes billionaires Warren Buffett and George Soros, who fund organizations with different ideologies, "simply haven't been sufficiently exposed to the ideas of liberty."[17] Koch thinks "prosperity is under attack" by the Obama administration and "warns of policies that threaten to erode our economic freedom and transfer vast sums of money to the state."[28]
In an April 2011 Wall Street Journal op-ed, Koch wrote:
His opposition to corporate welfare includes lobbying for the end to ethanol subsidies despite the fact that Koch Industries is a major ethanol producer. He is quoted as saying: “The first thing we’ve got to get rid of is business welfare and entitlements.”[30] Regarding government regulation, Koch has written that he expects his employees to cooperate fully with the law, regardless of personal views:
In an April 2014 Wall Street Journal op-ed, Koch wrote, "the fundamental concepts of dignity, respect, equality before the law and personal freedom are under attack by the nation's own government." He criticized the Obama Administration, saying that its "central belief and fatal conceit" is that people are not capable of running their own lives. "This is the essence of big government and collectivism," he wrote. He cited the "current health care debacle" as an example of disastrous government control. He complained that he had been the victim of "character assassination."[32][33]
Market-based management[edit]
Koch's business philosophy, "market-based management" (MBM), is described in his 2007 book The Science of Success. In an interview with the Wichita Eagle,[18] he said that he was motivated to write the book by Koch Industries' 2004 acquisition of Invista so he could give new employees a "comprehensive picture" of MBM. According to the website of the Market-Based Management Institute, which Koch founded in 2005, MBM is "based on rules of just conduct, economic thinking, and sound mental models", harnessing the dispersed knowledge of employees just as markets harness knowledge in society. "It is organized in and interpreted through five dimensions: vision, virtue and talents, decision rights, incentives, and knowledge processes."[34] In the book, Koch attempts to apply F. A. Hayek's spontaneous order theory and Austrian entrepreneurial theory, such as that ofMises and Israel Kirzner, to organizational management.[35][30] T. Boone Pickens argues that Koch's business success lends credibility to the book's concept.[35]
Philanthropic and political activities[edit]
Koch funds and supports libertarian and free-enterprise policy and advocacy organizations.[28] In 1977 he co-founded, with Edward H. Crane and Murray Rothbard, the Cato Institute.[36] He is a board member at the Mercatus Center, a market-oriented research think tank at George Mason University.[37]
In 2008, Koch was included in Businessweek's list of top 50 American givers. Between 2004 and 2008, Koch gave $246 million, focusing on "libertarian causes, giving money for academic and public policy research and social welfare."[38] Koch was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from George Mason University in recognition of his financial support "through scholarships, faculty recruitment, and research grants".[39] A leaked 2012 fundraising plan indicated that the Charles G. Koch Charitable Foundation contributed $25,000 in 2011 to The Heartland Institute, an American conservative and libertarian public policy think tank.[40][41][42]
Koch's philanthropic activities have focused on research, policy, and educational projects intended to advance free-market views. He has underwritten scholarships and financed the research of economists such as James Buchanan and Friedrich Hayek. He has also “supported efforts to inspire at-risk young people to consider entrepreneurship, to teach American students the principles of limited government, and to connect recent graduates with market-oriented organizations, in an effort to launch their careers in public policy.”[43]
Two works that have been especially influential upon Koch's philosophy are Ludwig Von Mises' Human Action and F. A. Harper's Why Wages Rise. After reading Harper's book, Koch became involved with Harper's Institute for Humane Studies, of which he became a principal supporter. He has been on the board of IHS since 1966. Since the 1980s, IHS has been increasingly interested in aiding the careers of aspiring educators, journalists, and policy professionals with an interest in classical liberal thought. Among other projects, the IHS runs the Charles G. Koch Summer Fellow Program, which “has supported more than 900 students during eight-week internships at public policy organizations, both in D.C. and around the country.”[43] In addition, almost 200 institutions of higher education in the U.S. are funded by the Charles Koch Foundation. What all the Koch-funded programs have in common is an interest in studying free societies with an eye to understanding how economic freedom benefits humanity.[43]
Through the Koch Cultural Trust, founded by Charles Koch's wife, Elizabeth, the Koch family has provided financial support to promising artists in a variety of fields. More than $1.7 million in grants have been awarded to programs and individuals with Kansas roots.[11]
Koch supported his brother's candidacy for vice president on the Libertarian Party ticket in 1980.[44] After the bid, Koch told a reporter that conventional politics "tends to be a nasty, corrupting business ... I’m interested in advancing libertarian ideas".[44] In addition to funding think tanks, Charles and David also support libertarian academics[45] and Koch funds the Charles G. Koch Summer Fellow Program through the Institute for Humane Studies which recruits and mentors young libertarians.[46] Koch also organizes twice yearly meetings[17] of Republican donors.[28]
Charles Koch looks favorably upon the Tea Party movement. "The way it's grown, the passion, and the intensity, was beyond what I had anticipated," he told an interviewer.[26]He's funded groups opposed to Barack Obama's administration.[44]
Koch has given money to support public policy research focused on "developing voluntary, market-based solutions to social problems."[47] He has given to the Bill of Rights Institute, a non-profit group that educates teachers, students, and others about the Bill of Rights.[47][48] He has also given to the Youth Entrepreneurs Kansas, an organization that teaches business skills to at-risk youth in Kansas schools.[49] Koch has also supported the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project, a scientific effort to compile an open database of the Earth's surface temperature records.[50]
In 2002, Koch Industries donated $6 million to renovate the Wichita State University basketball arena. The gift was given in honor of Koch, and the arena was subsequently renamed the Charles Koch Arena.[51] Koch has continued to be a major donor to both the university and its athletic program. In December 2014, Koch Industries and the Koch family foundation donated $11.25 million to the university, the largest one-time gift in school history, with $4.5 million of that going toward a plan to renovate the arena and expand the athletic program's academic support center.[52] Several months later, when men's basketball head coach Gregg Marshall was considering an offer to become head coach at the University of Alabama, Koch led a group of local business leaders and WSU boosters that raised Marshall's annual salary from $1.85 million to $3 million and kept him at the school. The raise was seen as an unprecedented move for a school outside the Power Five conferences, and likely to make Marshall among the 10 highest-paid college basketball coaches.[53]
In 2011, Koch was awarded the William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership.[54] The award honors "the ideals and principles which guided William E. Simon's giving, including personal responsibility, resourcefulness, volunteerism, scholarship, individual freedom, faith in God, and helping people to help themselves."[55]
In July of 2015 Charles Koch and his brother were praised by President Obama and Anthony Van Jones for their bipartisan efforts to reform the criminal justice system.[56][57] For roughly a decade Koch has been advocating for several forms within the prison system, including the reduction of recidivist criminals, easing the employment process for rehabilitated persons, and the defense of private property from Asset forfeiture.[57][58] Aligning with groups such as the ACLU, the Center for American Progress, Families Against Mandatory Minimums, the Coalition for Public Safety, and the MacArthur Foundation, Koch believes the current system has unfairly targeted low-income and minority communities all while wasting substantial government resources.[59][57]
In February 2016, Koch penned an opinion piece in The Washington Post, where he admitted he agreed with presidential candidate Bernie Sanders about the unfairness ofcorporate welfare and mass incarceration in the United States.[60]
Personal life[edit]
Koch has been married to his wife Liz since 1972[61] and has two children, Chase Koch and Elizabeth Koch.[44] Charles and his three brothers have all suffered from prostate cancer.[62] Koch "rarely grants media interviews and prefers to keep a low profile".[18] TIME magazine included Charles and David Koch among the most influential people of 2011. According to the magazine, the list includes "activists, reformers and researchers, heads of state and captains of industry." The article describes the brothers' commitment to free-market principles, the growth and development of their business, and their support for liberty-minded organizations and political candidates.[4]
Awards[edit]
 | This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. (June 2014) |
Koch has received various awards and honors, including:
- Honorary Doctor of Science, from George Mason University, for his continued support of the economics program at GMU
- Honorary Doctor of Commerce from Washburn University
- Honorary Doctor of Laws from Babson College
- President's Medal from Wichita State University in 2004
- The Adam Smith Award from the American Legislative Exchange Council
- The 1999 Directors' Award for Global Vision in Energy from the New York Mercantile Exchange
- The 1999 Governor's Arts Patrons Award from the Kansas Arts Commission
- The 2000 National Distinguished Service Award from The Tax Foundation
- The Spirit of Justice Award from The Heritage Foundation
- The Entrepreneurial Leadership Award from the National Foundation for Teaching Entrepreneurship
- The Brotherhood/Sisterhood Award from the National Conference of Christians and Jews
- The Distinguished Citizen Award from the Boy Scouts of America
- The Free Enterprise Award from The Council for National Policy
- The Herman W. Lay Memorial Award from the Association of Private Enterprise Education
- The Distinguished Service Citation from the University of Kansas
- Honorary Life Member in the Washburn Law School Association
- The Distinguished Citizen Award from Kansas State University
- Induction into the Kansas Oil and Gas Hall of Fame
- Induction into the Wichita and Kansas Business Halls of Fame
- Spirit of Excellence Award from The Urban League of Wichita
- Outstanding Humanitarian Award from the Greater Wichita Chapter of the National Society of Fundraising Executives
- Wichita City Medallion
- Wichita State University Entrepreneur in Residence
- Wichita District Minority Small Business Advocate of the Year
- The Individual Recognition Award from the Wichita/Sedgwick County Arts and Humanities Council
- The Uncommon Citizen Award from the Wichita Chamber of Commerce
- The 2011 William E. Simon Prize for Philanthropic Leadership from the Philanthropy Roundtable
- The 2011 Defender of Justice award from the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers[63]
- In 2012, ExecReps ranked him number two on their Top Chief Executive List[64]
See also[edit]
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Now the Public at-large must explain word cast enable as word enable equated word Cane.
John 14:2
“In my Father's house are many mansions: if it were not so, I would have told you. I go to prepare a place for you.”
King James Version (KJV)
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- To what purpose cometh there to me incense from Sheba, and the sweet cane from a far country? your burnt offerings are not acceptable, nor your sacrifices sweet unto me.
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- For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith.
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- Now therefore, I pray thee, let my lord the king hear the words of his servant. If the LORD have stirred thee up against me, let him accept an offering: but if they be the children of men, cursed be they before the LORD; for they have driven me out this day from abiding in the inheritance of the LORD, saying, Go, serve other gods.
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- And he said unto his men, The LORD forbid that I should do this thing unto my master, the LORD'S anointed, to stretch forth mine hand against him, seeing he is the anointed of the LORD.
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- Psalms 84:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- They go from strength to strength, every one of them in Zion appeareth before God.
- Job 6:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Is my strength the strength of stones? or is my flesh of brass?
- Psalms 68:34chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Ascribe ye strength unto God: his excellency is over Israel, and his strength is in the clouds.
- Psalms 28:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The LORD is their strength, and he is the saving strength of his anointed.
- Joshua 14:11chapter context similar meaning copy save
- As yet I am as strong this day as I was in the day that Moses sent me: as my strength was then, even so is my strength now, for war, both to go out, and to come in.
- Daniel 10:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Therefore I was left alone, and saw this great vision, and there remained no strength in me: for my comeliness was turned in me into corruption, and I retained no strength.
- Psalms 90:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The days of our years are threescore years and ten; and if by reason of strengththey be fourscore years, yet is their strength labour and sorrow; for it is soon cut off, and we fly away.
- Isaiah 25:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For thou hast been a strength to the poor, a strength to the needy in his distress, a refuge from the storm, a shadow from the heat, when the blast of the terrible ones is as a storm against the wall.
- Job 18:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- It shall devour the strength of his skin: even the firstborn of death shall devour his strength.
- Isaiah 44:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The smith with the tongs both worketh in the coals, and fashioneth it with hammers, and worketh it with the strength of his arms: yea, he is hungry, and his strengthfaileth: he drinketh no water, and is faint.
- Psalms 102:23chapter context similar meaning copy save
- He weakened my strength in the way; he shortened my days.
- Proverbs 8:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Counsel is mine, and sound wisdom: I am understanding; I have strength.
- Isaiah 23:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Howl, ye ships of Tarshish: for your strength is laid waste.
- Proverbs 24:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- If thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is small.
- Psalms 39:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- O spare me, that I may recover strength, before I go hence, and be no more.
- Psalms 18:32chapter context similar meaning copy save
- It is God that girdeth me with strength, and maketh my way perfect.
- Numbers 23:22chapter context similar meaning copy save
- God brought them out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn.
- Isaiah 23:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Pass through thy land as a river, O daughter of Tarshish: there is no more strength.
- Psalms 22:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But be not thou far from me, O LORD: O my strength, haste thee to help me.
- Psalms 59:9chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Because of his strength will I wait upon thee: for God is my defence.
- Job 21:23chapter context similar meaning copy save
- One dieth in his full strength, being wholly at ease and quiet.
- Job 9:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- If I speak of strength, lo, he is strong: and if of judgment, who shall set me a time to plead?
- Isaiah 40:29chapter context similar meaning copy save
- He giveth power to the faint; and to them that have no might he increaseth strength.
- Job 23:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Will he plead against me with his great power? No; but he would put strength in me.
- Job 36:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Will he esteem thy riches? no, not gold, nor all the forces of strength.
- Job 41:22chapter context similar meaning copy save
- In his neck remaineth strength, and sorrow is turned into joy before him.
- Psalms 138:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- In the day when I cried thou answeredst me, and strengthenedst me with strengthin my soul.
- Psalms 65:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Which by his strength setteth fast the mountains; being girded with power:
- Psalms 33:16chapter context similar meaning copy save
- There is no king saved by the multitude of an host: a mighty man is not delivered by much strength.
- Psalms 33:17chapter context similar meaning copy save
- An horse is a vain thing for safety: neither shall he deliver any by his great strength.
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