Cantore Arithmetic is able to advance on Artificial intelligence at the wall with the Hebrew Alphabet at Lamed(L) as the gate key(Latch). With such the advancement of the Good Book is well hyphen pasted modern day physics and as left the word to the Living Bible at the Concordance as very strong!
Now, Cantore Arithmetic is able to advance known language of the alphabet to a farther distance that may be discovery of word to what will develop another introduction to the welcoming text of the rock wall: The End!
The key is the latch on Wikipedia and represents the letter to the whole as the language is in the manufactures hands due to the Patent Office of the United States of America! Intellectual is left to the Dr. Vuksinicks of now and that leaves Dr. Byron Kilgore as a good office.
Good standing is not a thriller: Standing good.
You searched for
"OFFICE" in the KJV Bible
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- Numbers 18:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Therefore thou and thy sons with thee shall keep your priest's office for every thing of the altar, and within the vail; and ye shall serve: I have given your priest's officeunto you as a service of gift: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death.
- 1 Timothy 3:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- This is a true saying, If a man desire the office of a bishop, he desireth a good work.
- Genesis 41:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And it came to pass, as he interpreted to us, so it was; me he restored unto mine office, and him he hanged.
- Luke 1:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And it came to pass, that while he executed the priest's office before God in the order of his course,
- 1 Timothy 3:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And let these also first be proved; then let them use the office of a deacon, being found blameless.
- Romans 12:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For as we have many members in one body, and all members have not the same office:
- Romans 11:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For I speak to you Gentiles, inasmuch as I am the apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office:
- 1 Chronicles 6:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Johanan begat Azariah, (he it is that executed the priest's office in the temple that Solomon built in Jerusalem:)
- 1 Timothy 3:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For they that have used the office of a deacon well purchase to themselves a good degree, and great boldness in the faith which is in Christ Jesus.
- Exodus 30:30chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And thou shalt anoint Aaron and his sons, and consecrate them, that they may minister unto me in the priest's office.
- 1 Chronicles 24:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But Nadab and Abihu died before their father, and had no children: therefore Eleazar and Ithamar executed the priest's office.
- Luke 1:9chapter context similar meaning copy save
- According to the custom of the priest's office, his lot was to burn incense when he went into the temple of the Lord.
- Numbers 3:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- These are the names of the sons of Aaron, the priests which were anointed, whom he consecrated to minister in the priest's office.
- Psalms 109:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Let his days be few; and let another take his office.
- 1 Chronicles 9:31chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Mattithiah, one of the Levites, who was the firstborn of Shallum the Korahite, had the set office over the things that were made in the pans.
- Numbers 3:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And thou shalt appoint Aaron and his sons, and they shall wait on their priest's office: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death.
- 1 Chronicles 9:26chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For these Levites, the four chief porters, were in their set office, and were over the chambers and treasuries of the house of God.
- Exodus 40:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And thou shalt put upon Aaron the holy garments, and anoint him, and sanctify him; that he may minister unto me in the priest's office.
- Exodus 29:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And this is the thing that thou shalt do unto them to hallow them, to minister unto me in the priest's office: Take one young bullock, and two rams without blemish,
- Exodus 40:15chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And thou shalt anoint them, as thou didst anoint their father, that they may minister unto me in the priest's office: for their anointing shall surely be an everlasting priesthood throughout their generations.
- Exodus 1:16chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And he said, When ye do the office of a midwife to the Hebrew women, and see them upon the stools; if it be a son, then ye shall kill him: but if it be a daughter, then she shall live.
- Leviticus 7:35chapter context similar meaning copy save
- This is the portion of the anointing of Aaron, and of the anointing of his sons, out of the offerings of the LORD made by fire, in the day when he presented them to minister unto the LORD in the priest's office;
- Hebrews 7:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And verily they that are of the sons of Levi, who receive the office of the priesthood, have a commandment to take tithes of the people according to the law, that is, of their brethren, though they come out of the loins of Abraham:
- 2 Chronicles 31:15chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And next him were Eden, and Miniamin, and Jeshua, and Shemaiah, Amariah, and Shecaniah, in the cities of the priests, in their set office, to give to their brethren by courses, as well to the great as to the small:
- Exodus 28:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And thou shalt speak unto all that are wise hearted, whom I have filled with the spirit of wisdom, that they may make Aaron's garments to consecrate him, that he may minister unto me in the priest's office.
- Exodus 28:41chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And thou shalt put them upon Aaron thy brother, and his sons with him; and shalt anoint them, and consecrate them, and sanctify them, that they may minister unto me in the priest's office.
- 1 Chronicles 6:32chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And they ministered before the dwelling place of the tabernacle of the congregation with singing, until Solomon had built the house of the LORD in Jerusalem: and then they waited on their office according to their order.
- Exodus 29:44chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And I will sanctify the tabernacle of the congregation, and the altar: I will sanctify also both Aaron and his sons, to minister to me in the priest's office.
- 2 Chronicles 31:18chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And to the genealogy of all their little ones, their wives, and their sons, and their daughters, through all the congregation: for in their set office they sanctified themselves in holiness:
- 2 Chronicles 11:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For the Levites left their suburbs and their possession, and came to Judah and Jerusalem: for Jeroboam and his sons had cast them off from executing the priest's office unto the LORD:
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Hebrew alphabet
| Hebrew alphabet | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
Time period | 2nd–1st century BCE to present[1] |
| Direction | right-to-left script |
| Official script | Israel |
| Languages | Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, Mozarabic, Levantine Arabic, Aramaic, other Jewish languages |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | |
Sister systems | |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Hebr (125), Hebrew |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Hebrew |
| |
The Hebrew alphabet (Hebrew: אָלֶף־בֵּית עִבְרִי,[a] Alefbet ivri), known variously by scholars as the Ktav Ashuri, Jewish script, square script and block script, is traditionally an abjad script used in the writing of the Hebrew language and other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Persian. In modern Hebrew, vowels are increasingly introduced. It is also used informally in Israel to write Levantine Arabic, especially among Druze.[2][3][4] It is an offshoot of the Imperial Aramaic alphabet, which flourished during the Achaemenid Empire and which itself derives from the Phoenician alphabet.
Historically, two separate abjad scripts have been used to write Hebrew. The original, old Hebrew script, known as the paleo-Hebrew alphabet, has been largely preserved in a variant form as the Samaritan alphabet. The present "Jewish script" or "square script", on the contrary, is a stylized form of the Aramaic alphabet and was technically known by Jewish sages as Ashurit (lit. "Assyrian script"), since its origins were alleged to be from Assyria.[5]
Various "styles" (in current terms, "fonts") of representation of the Jewish script letters described in this article also exist, including a variety of cursive Hebrew styles. In the remainder of this article, the term "Hebrew alphabet" refers to the square script unless otherwise indicated.
The Hebrew alphabet has 22 letters. It does not have case. Five letters have different forms when used at the end of a word. Hebrew is written from right to left. Originally, the alphabet was an abjad consisting only of consonants, but is now considered an "impure abjad". As with other abjads, such as the Arabic alphabet, during its centuries-long use scribes devised means of indicating vowel sounds by separate vowel points, known in Hebrew as niqqud. In both biblical and rabbinic Hebrew, the letters י ו ה א can also function as matres lectionis, which is when certain consonants are used to indicate vowels. There is a trend in Modern Hebrew towards the use of matres lectionis to indicate vowels that have traditionally gone unwritten, a practice known as "full spelling".
The Yiddish alphabet, a modified version of the Hebrew alphabet used to write Yiddish, is a true alphabet, with all vowels rendered in the spelling, except in the case of inherited Hebrew words, which typically retain their Hebrew consonant-only spellings.
The Arabic and Hebrew alphabets have similarities because they are both derived from the Aramaic alphabet, which in turn derives either from paleo-Hebrew or the Phoenician alphabet, both being slight regional variations of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet used in ancient times to write the various Canaanite languages (including Hebrew, Moabite, Phoenician, Punic, et cetera).
History[edit]
The Canaanite dialects were largely indistinguishable before around 1000 BCE.[6] An example of related early Semitic inscriptions from the area include the tenth-century Gezer calendar over which scholars are divided as to whether its language is Hebrew or Phoenician and whether the script is Proto-Canaanite or paleo-Hebrew.[7][8][9][10][11][12]
A Hebrew variant of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, called the paleo-Hebrew alphabet by scholars, began to emerge around 800 BCE.[13] An example is the Siloam inscription (c. 700 BCE).[14]
The paleo-Hebrew alphabet was used in the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Following the exile of the Kingdom of Judah in the 6th century BCE (the Babylonian captivity), Jews began using a form of the Imperial Aramaic alphabet, another offshoot of the same family of scripts, which flourished during the Achaemenid Empire. The Samaritans, who remained in the Land of Israel, continued to use the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. During the 3rd century BCE, Jews began to use a stylized, "square" form of the Aramaic alphabet that was used by the Persian Empire (and which in turn had been adopted from the Assyrians),[15] while the Samaritans continued to use a form of the paleo-Hebrew script called the Samaritan alphabet. After the fall of the Persian Empire in 330 BCE, Jews used both scripts before settling on the square Assyrian form.
The square Hebrew alphabet was later adapted and used for writing languages of the Jewish diaspora – such as Karaim, the Judeo-Arabic languages, Judaeo-Spanish, and Yiddish. The Hebrew alphabet continued in use for scholarly writing in Hebrew and came again into everyday use with the rebirth of the Hebrew language as a spoken language in the 18th and 19th centuries, especially in Israel.
Description[edit]
| א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ך ל מ ם נ ן ס ע פף צ ץ ק ר ש ת • ﭏ |
| Features |
|---|
| Variants |
| Numerals |
| Ancillaries |
| Translit. |
| Computers |
General[edit]
In the traditional form, the Hebrew alphabet is an abjad consisting only of consonants, written from right to left. It has 22 letters, five of which use different forms at the end of a word.
Vowels[edit]
In the traditional form, vowels are indicated by the weak consonants Aleph (א), He (ה), Waw/Vav (ו), or Yodh (י) serving as vowel letters, or matres lectionis: the letter is combined with a previous vowel and becomes silent, or by imitation of such cases in the spelling of other forms. Also, a system of vowel points to indicate vowels (diacritics), called niqqud, was developed. In modern forms of the alphabet, as in the case of Yiddish and to some extent Modern Hebrew, vowels may be indicated. Today, the trend is toward full spelling with the weak letters acting as true vowels.
When used to write Yiddish, vowels are indicated, using certain letters, either with niqqud diacritics (e.g. אָ or יִ) or without (e.g. ע or י), except for Hebrew words, which in Yiddish are written in their Hebrew spelling.
To preserve the proper vowel sounds, scholars developed several different sets of vocalization and diacritical symbols called nequdot (נקודות, literally "points"). One of these, the Tiberian system, eventually prevailed. Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, and his family for several generations, are credited for refining and maintaining the system. These points are normally used only for special purposes, such as Biblical books intended for study, in poetry or when teaching the language to children. The Tiberian system also includes a set of cantillation marks, called trope or te'amim, used to indicate how scriptural passages should be chanted in synagogue recitations of scripture (although these marks do not appear in the scrolls). In everyday writing of modern Hebrew, niqqud are absent; however, patterns of how words are derived from Hebrew roots (called shorashim or "triliterals") allow Hebrew speakers to determine the vowel-structure of a given word from its consonants based on the word's context and part of speech.
Alphabet[edit]
Unlike the Paleo-Hebrew writing script, the modern Ashuri script has five letters that have special final forms,[c] called sofit (Hebrew: סופית, meaning in this context "final" or "ending") form, used only at the end of a word, somewhat as in the Greek or in the Arabic and Mandaic alphabets.[b] These are shown below the normal form in the following table (letter names are Unicode standard[16][17]). Although Hebrew is read and written from right to left, the following table shows the letters in order from left to right:
| Alef | Gimel | Dalet | Zayin | Chet | Tet | Yod | Kaf | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| א | ב | ג | ד | ה | ו | ז | ח | ט | י | כ |
| ך | ||||||||||
| Lamed | Mem | Samech | Ayin | Tsadi | Qof | Resh | Tav | |||
| ל | מ | נ | ס | ע | פ | צ | ק | ר | ש | ת |
| ם | ן | ף | ץ |
Pronunciation[edit]
Alphabet[edit]
The descriptions that follow are based on the pronunciation of modern standard Israeli Hebrew.
| letter | IPA | Name of letter | Pronunciation | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode[16][17] | Hebrew[18] | Modern Hebrew pronunciation | Yiddish / Ashkenazi pronunciation | Sephardi pronunciation | Approximate western European equivalent[19] | ||
| א | [a], | Alef | אָלֶף | /alɛf/ | /ʔaləf/ | /ʔalɛf/ | a as in all |
| בּ | [b] | Bet | בֵּית | /bet/ | /bɛɪs/, /bɛɪz/ | /bɛt/ | b as in black |
| ב | [v] | בֵית | /vet/ | /vɛɪs/, /vɛɪz/ | /vɛt/ | v as in vogue | |
| גּ | [ɡ] | Gimel | גִּימֵל | /ˈɡimel/ | /ˈɡɪməl/ | /ˈɡimɛl/ | g as in gourd |
| ג | [ɣ] | גִימֵל | /ɣɪmεl/ | gh as in Arabic ghoul | |||
| דּ | [d] | Dalet | דָּלֶת | /ˈdalɛt/, /ˈdalɛd/ | /ˈdaləd/, /ˈdaləs/ | /ˈdalɛt/ | d as in doll |
| ד | [ð] | דָלֶת | /ðalεt/ | th as in that | |||
| ה | [h]~[e], | He | הֵא | /he/, /hej/ | /hɛɪ/ | /he/ | h as in hold |
| ו | [v] | Vav | וָו | /vav/ | /vɔv/ | /vav/ | v as in vogue |
| ז | [z] | Zayin | זַיִן | /ˈzajin/, /ˈza.in/ | /ˈzajɪn/ | /ˈzajin/ | z as in zoo |
| ח | [χ] | Chet | חֵית | /χet/ | /χɛs/ | /ħɛt/ | ch as in bach |
| ט | [t] | Tet | טֵית | /tet/ | /tɛs/ | /tɛt/ | t as in tool |
| י | [j] | Yod | יוֹד | /jod/, /jud/ | /jʊd/ | /jud/ | y as in yolk |
| כּ | [k] | Kaf | כַּף | /kaf/ | /kɔf/ | /kaf/ | k as in king |
| כ | [χ] | כַף | /χaf/ | /χɔf/ | /χaf/ | ch as in bach | |
| ךּ | [k] | כַּף סוֹפִית | /kaf sofit/ | /ˈlaŋɡə kɔf/ | /kaf sofit/ | k as in king | |
| ך | [x]~[χ] | כַף סוֹפִית | /χaf sofit/ | /ˈlaŋɡə χɔf/ | /χaf sofit/ | ch as in bach | |
| ל | [l] | Lamed | לָמֶד | /ˈlamɛd/ | /ˈlaməd/ | /ˈlamɛd/ | l as in luck |
| מ | [m] | Mem | מֵם | /mem/ | /mɛm/ | /mɛm/ | m as in mother |
| ם | מֵם סוֹפִית | /mem sofit/ | /ˈʃlɔs mɛm/ | /mɛm sofit/ | |||
| נ | [n] | Nun | נוּן | /nun/ | /nʊn/ | /nun/ | n as in night |
| ן | נוּן סוֹפִית | /nun sofit/ | /ˈlaŋɡə nʊn/ | /nun sofit/ | n as in night | ||
| ס | [s] | Samekh | ְסָמֶךְ | /ˈsamɛχ/ | /ˈsaməχ/ | /ˈsamɛχ/ | s as in sight |
| ע | [o]~[ō], | Ayin | עַיִן | /ajin/, /ʔa.in/ | /ajɪn/ | /ajin/ | When ʔ, as in button [ˈbʌʔn̩] or clipboard [ˌklɪʔˈbɔɹd]. When ʕ, no English equivalent. |
| פּ | [p] | Pe | פֵּא, פֵּה | /pe/, /pej/ | /pɛɪ/ | /pe/ | p as in pool |
| פ | [f] | פֵא, פֵה | /fe/, /fej/ | /fɛɪ/ | /fe/ | f as in full | |
| ףּ | [p] | פֵּא סוֹפִית, פֵּה סוֹפִית | /pe sofit/, /pej sofit/ | /ˈlaŋɡə pɛɪ/ | /pe sofit/ | p as in pool | |
| ף | [f] | פֵא סוֹפִית, פֵה סוֹפִית | /fe sofit/, /fejsofit/ | /ˈlaŋɡə fɛɪ/ | /fe sofit/ | f as in full | |
| צ | [ts] | Tsadi | צָדִי | /ˈtsadi/ | /ˈtsadi/, /ˈtsadɪk/ | /ˈtsadik/ | ts as in cats |
| ץ | צָדִי סוֹפִית | /ˈtsadi sofit/ | /ˈlaŋɡə ˈtsadɪk/, /ˈlaŋɡə ˈtsadək/ | /ˈtsadik sofit/ | |||
| ק | [k] | Qof | קוֹף | /kuf/, /kof/ | /kʊf/ | /kuf/ | k as in king |
| ר | [ʁ] | Resh | רֵישׁ | /ʁeʃ/ | /ʁɛɪʃ/ | /reʃ/ | r as in French "r" |
| שׁ | [ʃ] | Shin | שִׁין | /ʃin/ | /ʃɪn/ | /ʃin/ | sh as in shop |
| שׂ | [s] | שִׂין | /sin/ | /sɪn/ | /sin/ | s as in sight | |
| תּ | [t] | Tav | תָּו | /tav/, /taf/ | /tɔv/, /tɔf/ | /tav/ | t as in tool |
| ת | [θ] | תָו | /sɔv/, /sɔf/ | /θav/ | th as in thin | ||
By analogy with the other dotted/dotless pairs, dotless tav, ת, would be expected to be pronounced /θ/ (voiceless dental fricative), and dotless dalet ד as /ð/ (voiced dental fricative), but these were lost among most Jews due to these sounds not existing in the countries where they lived (such as in nearly all of Eastern Europe). Yiddish modified /θ/ to /s/ (cf. seseo in Spanish), but in modern Israeli Hebrew, it is simply pronounced /t/. Likewise, historical /ð/ is simply pronounced /d/.
Shin and sin[edit]
Shin and sin are represented by the same letter, ש, but are two separate phonemes. When vowel diacritics are used, the two phonemes are differentiated with a shin-dot or sin-dot; the shin-dot is above the upper-right side of the letter, and the sin-dot is above the upper-left side of the letter.
| Symbol | Name | Transliteration | IPA | Example |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| שׁ (right dot) | shin | sh | /ʃ/ | shower |
| שׂ (left dot) | sin | s | /s/ | sour |
Historically, left-dot-sin corresponds to Proto-Semitic *ś, which in biblical-Judaic-Hebrew corresponded to the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/, as evidenced in the Greek transliteration of Hebrew words such as balsam (בֹּשֶׂם) (the ls – 'שׂ') as is evident in the Targum Onkelos.[citation needed]
Dagesh[edit]
Historically, the consonants ב bet, ג gimmel, ד daleth, כ kaf, פ pe and ת tav each had two sounds: one hard (plosive), and one soft (fricative), depending on the position of the letter and other factors. When vowel diacritics are used, the hard sounds are indicated by a central dot called dagesh (דגש), while the soft sounds lack a dagesh. In modern Hebrew, however, the dagesh only changes the pronunciation of ב bet, כ kaf, and פ pe, and does not affect the name of the letter. The differences are as follows:
| Name | With dagesh | Without dagesh | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symbol | Transliteration | IPA | Example | Symbol | Transliteration | IPA | Example | |
| bet/vet | בּ | b | /b/ | bun | ב | v, ḇ | /v/ | van |
| kaf | [20]כּ ךּ | k | /k/ | kangaroo | כ ך | kh, ch, ḵ, x | /χ/ | loch |
| pe | פּ ףּ | p | /p/ | pass | פ ף | f, p̄, ph | /f/ | find |
In other dialects (mainly liturgical) there are variations from this pattern.
- In some Sephardi and Mizrahi dialects, bet without dagesh is pronounced [b], like bet with dagesh
- In Syrian and Yemenite Hebrew, gimel without dagesh is pronounced [ɣ].
- In Yemenite Hebrew, and in the Iraqi pronunciation of the word "Adonai", dalet without dagesh is pronounced [ð] as in "these"
- In Ashkenazi Hebrew, as well as Krymchaki Hebrew, tav without dagesh is pronounced [s] as in "silk"
- In Iraqi and Yemenite Hebrew, and formerly in some other dialects, tav without dagesh is pronounced [θ] as in "thick"
Sounds represented with diacritic geresh[edit]
The sounds [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], [ʒ], written ⟨צ׳⟩, ⟨ג׳⟩, ⟨ז׳⟩, and [w], non-standardly sometimes transliterated ⟨וו⟩, are often found in slang and loanwords that are part of the everyday Hebrew colloquial vocabulary. The symbol resembling an apostrophe after the Hebrew letter modifies the pronunciation of the letter and is called a geresh.
| Hebrew slang and loanwords | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Symbol | IPA | Transliteration | Example | ||
| Gimel with a geresh | ג׳ | [d͡ʒ] | ǧ[21] | ǧáḥnun | [ˈd͡ʒaχnun] | גַּ׳חְנוּן |
| Zayin with a geresh | ז׳ | [ʒ] | ž[21] | koláž | [koˈlaʒ] | קוֹלַאז׳ |
| Tsadi with a geresh | צ׳ | [t͡ʃ] | č[21] | čupár (treat) | [t͡ʃuˈpar] | צ׳וּפָּר |
| Vav with a geresh or double Vav | וו or ו׳ (non standard)[] | [w] | w | awánta (boastful act) | [aˈwanta] | אַוַונְטַה |
The pronunciation of the following letters can also be modified with the geresh diacritic. The represented sounds are however foreign to Hebrew phonology, i.e., these symbols mainly represent sounds in foreign words or names when transliterated with the Hebrew alphabet, and not loanwords.
| Transliteration of non-native sounds | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Symbol | IPA | Arabic letter | Example | Comment | |
| Dalet with a geresh | ד׳ | [ð] | Dhāl (ذ) Voiced th | Dhū al-Ḥijjah (ذو الحجة) | ד׳ו אל-חיג׳ה | * Also used for English voiced th * Often a simple ד is written. |
| Tav with a geresh | ת׳ | [θ] | Thāʼ (ﺙ) Voicelessth | Thurston | ת׳רסטון | |
| Chet with a geresh | ח׳ | [χ] | Khāʼ (خ) | Sheikh(شيخ) | שייח׳ | * Unlike the other sounds in this table, the sound [χ] represented by ח׳ is indeed a native sound in Hebrew; the geresh is however used only when transliteration must distinguish between [χ]and [ħ], in which case ח׳ transliterates the former and ח the latter, whereas in everyday usage ח without geresh is pronounced [ħ] only dialectically but [χ] commonly. |
| Ayin with a geresh or Resh with a geresh | ע׳ or ר׳ | [ʁ] | Ghayn(غ) | Ghajar(غجر); Ghalib(غالب) | ע׳ג׳ר ר׳אלב | The guidelines specified by the Academy of the Hebrew Language prefer Resh with a geresh (ר׳); however, this guideline is not universally followed |
Geresh is also used to denote an abbreviation consisting of a single Hebrew letter, while gershayim (a doubled geresh) are used to denote acronymspronounced as a string of letters; geresh and gershayim are also used to denote Hebrew numerals consisting of a single Hebrew letter or of multiple Hebrew letters, respectively. Geresh is also the name of a cantillation mark used for Torah recitation, though its visual appearance and function are different in that context.
Identical pronunciation[edit]
In much of Israel's general population, especially where Ashkenazic pronunciation is prevalent, many letters have the same pronunciation. They are as follows:
| Letters | Transliteration | Pronunciation (IPA) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| א Alef* | ע Ayin* | not transliterated | Usually when in medial word position: /./ (separation of vowels in a hiatus) | ||
| When in initial or final word position, sometimes also in medial word position: silent | |||||
| alternatingly | |||||
| ʼ | /ʔ/ (glottal plosive) | ||||
| ב Bet (without dagesh) Vet | ו Vav | v | /v/ | ||
| ח Chet* | כ Kaf (without dagesh) Khaf* | kh/ch/h | /χ/ | ||
| ט Tet | תּ Tav | t | /t/ | ||
| כּ Kaf (with dagesh) | ק Qof | k | /k/ | ||
| ס Samekh | שׂ Sin (with left dot) | s | /s/ | ||
| צ Tsadi* | תס Tav-Samekh* | and | תשׂ Tav-Sin* | ts/tz | /ts/ |
| צ׳ Tsadi (with geresh) | טשׁ Tet-Shin* | and | תשׁ Tav-Shin* | ch/tsh (chair) | /tʃ/ |
* Varyingly
Ancient Hebrew pronunciation[edit]
Some of the variations in sound mentioned above are due to a systematic feature of Ancient Hebrew. The six consonants /b ɡ d k p t/ were pronounced differently depending on their position. These letters were also called BeGeD KeFeT letters /ˌbeɪɡɛdˈkɛfɛt/. The full details are very complex; this summary omits some points. They were pronounced as plosives /b ɡ d k p t/ at the beginning of a syllable, or when doubled. They were pronounced as fricatives /v ɣð x f θ/ when preceded by a vowel (commonly indicated with a macron, ḇ ḡ ḏ ḵ p̄ ṯ). The plosive and double pronunciations were indicated by the dagesh. In Modern Hebrew the sounds ḏ and ḡ have reverted to [d] and [ɡ], respectively, and ṯ has become [t], so only the remaining three consonants /b k p/ show variation. ר resh may have also been a "doubled" letter, making the list BeGeD KePoReT. (Sefer Yetzirah, 4:1)
- ח chet and ע ayin represented pharyngeal fricatives, צ tsadi represented the emphatic consonant /sˤ/, ט tet represented the emphatic consonant /tˤ/, and ק qof represented the uvular plosive /q/. All these are common Semitic consonants.
- שׂ sin (the /s/ variant of ש shin) was originally different from both שׁ shin and ס samekh, but had become /s/ the same as ס samekh by the time the vowel pointing was devised. Because of cognates with other Semitic languages, this phoneme is known to have originally been a lateral consonant, most likely the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative /ɬ/ (the sound of modern Welsh ll) or the voiceless alveolar lateral affricate /tɬ/ (like Náhuatl tl).
Regional and historical variation[edit]
The following table contains the pronunciation of the Hebrew letters in reconstructed historical forms and dialects using the International Phonetic Alphabet. The apostrophe-looking symbol after some letters is not a yud but a geresh. It is used for loanwords with non-native Hebrew sounds. The dot in the middle of some of the letters, called a "dagesh kal", also modifies the sounds of the letters ב, כ and פ in modern Hebrew (in some forms of Hebrew it modifies also the sounds of the letters ג, ד and/or ת; the "dagesh chazak" – orthographically indistinguishable from the "dagesh kal" – designates gemination, which today is realized only rarely – e.g. in biblical recitations or when using Arabic loanwords).
Symbol Pronunciation Israeli Ashkenazi Sephardi Yemenite Reconstructed Arabic equivalent Tiberian Mishnaic Biblical א [ʔ, -] [ – ] [ʔ, -] [ʔ, -] [ʔ, -] [ʔ, -] [ʔ] ا / ء בּ [b] [b] [b] [b] [b] [b] [b] ب ב [v] [v~v̥] [b~β~v] [β] [v] [β] [β] ﭪ גּ [ɡ] [ɡ~ɡ̊] [ɡ] [dʒ] [ɡ] [ɡ] [ɡ] ج ג [ɡ~ɣ] [ɣ] [ɣ] [ɣ] [ɣ] غ דּ [d] [d~d̥] [d̪] [d̪] [d̪] [d̪] [d̪] د ד [d̪~ð] [ð] [ð] [ð] [ð] ذ ה [h~ʔ, -] [h, -] [h, -] [h, -] [h, -] [h, -] [h] ه ו [v] [v~v̥] [v] [w] [w] [w] [w] و וּ [uː] [uː] [uː] [əw] ? ? ? ـُو וֹ [o̞ː] [əʊ, ɐʊ] [oː] [œː] ? ? ? ـُو ז [z] [z~z̥] [z] [z] [z] [z] [z] ز ח [x~χ] [x] [ħ] [ħ] [ħ] [ħ] [ħ, χ] ح ט [t] [t] [t̪] [t̴̪] (1) [t̴̪] [t̪ˤ] (2) [t̪ʼ] (3) ط י [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] [j] ي ִי [iː] [iː] [iː] [iː] ? ? ? ـِي כּ ךּ [k] [k] [k] [k] [k] [k] [kʰ] ك כ ך [x~χ] [x] [x] [x] [x] [x] [x] خ ל [l] [l~ɫ] [l] [l] [l] [l] [l] ل מ ם [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] [m] م נ ן [n] [n] [n̪] [n̪] [n̪] [n̪] [n̪] ن ס [s] [s] [s] [s] [s] [s] [s] س / ض[a] ע [ʕ, - ] [ – ] [ʕ, ŋ, - ] [ʕ] [ʕ] [ʕ] [ʕ, ʁ] ع פּ ףּ [p] [p] [p] [p] [p] [p] [p] پ פ ף [f] [f] [f] [f] [f] [ɸ] [ɸ] ف צ ץ [t͡s] [t͡s] [t͡s] [s̴] (1) [s̴] [sˤ] (2) [sˤ] ص ק [k] [k] [k] [ɡ], [ɢ], [q] [q] [q] [q] ق ר [ɣ~ʁ] [ɹ]~[ʀ] [r]~[ɾ] [r]~[ɾ] [ʀ] [r] [ɾ] ر שׁ [ʃ] [ʃ] [ʃ] [ʃ] [ʃ] [ʃ] [ʃ] ش שׂ [s] [s] [s] [s] [s] [s] [ɬ] س תּ [t] [t] [t] [t̪] [t̪] [t̪] [t̪] ت ת [s] [θ] [θ] [θ] [θ] ث
- velarized or pharyngealized
- pharyngealized
- sometimes said to be ejective but more likely glottalized.
Vowels[edit]
Matres lectionis[edit]
א alef, ע ayin, ו waw/vav and י yod are letters that can sometimes indicate a vowel instead of a consonant (which would be, respectively, /ʔ/, /ʕ/, /v/ and /j/). When they do, ו and י are considered to constitute part of the vowel designation in combination with a niqqud symbol – a vowel diacritic (whether or not the diacritic is marked), whereas א and ע are considered to be mute, their role being purely indicative of the non-marked vowel.
Letter Name
of letterConsonant
indicated
when letter
consonantalVowel
designationName of
vowel designationIndicated
Vowelא alef /ʔ/ — — ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô ע ayin /ʔ/ or /ʕ/ — — ê, ệ, ậ, â, ô ו waw/vav /w/ or /v/ וֹ ḥolám malé ô וּ shurúq û י yud /j/ ִ י ḥiríq malé î ֵ י tseré malé ê, ệ
Vowel points[edit]
Niqqud is the system of dots that help determine vowels and consonants. In Hebrew, all forms of niqqud are often omitted in writing, except for children's books, prayer books, poetry, foreign words, and words which would be ambiguous to pronounce. Israeli Hebrew has five vowel phonemes, /i e a o u/, but many more written symbols for them:
| Name | Symbol | Written Position | Israeli Hebrew | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Transliteration | English example | |||
| Hiriq |  | vowel written below consonant | [i] | i | meet |
| Tsere |  | vowel written below consonant | [e̞], ([e̞j]with succeeding yod) | eh (precise pronunciation); ei (imprecise due to modern pronunciation, even if with succeeding yod – see Note 2) | bed, penguin |
| Segol |  | vowel written below consonant | [e̞] | e | men |
| Patach |  | vowel written below consonant | [ä] | a | father |
| Kamatz |  | vowel written below consonant | [ä], (or [o̞]) | ah, (or oh) | father, loɡin |
| Holam Haser |  | vowel written above consonant | [o̞] | o | home |
| Holam Male | וֹ | isolated vowel written on its own | |||
| Shuruk | וּ | isolated vowel written on its own | [u] | u | food |
| Kubutz |  | vowel written below consonant | |||
Note 1: The circle represents whatever Hebrew letter is used.
Note 2: The pronunciation of tsere and sometimes segol – with or without the letter yod – is sometimes ei in Modern Hebrew. This is not correct in the normative pronunciation and not consistent in the spoken language.[22]
Note 3: The dagesh, mappiq, and shuruk have different functions, even though they look the same.
Note 4: The letter ו (waw/vav) is used since it can only be represented by that letter.
Meteg[edit]
By adding a vertical line (called Meteg) underneath the letter and to the left of the vowel point, the vowel is made long. The meteg is only used in Biblical Hebrew, not Modern Hebrew.
Sh'va[edit]
By adding two vertical dots (called Sh'va) underneath the letter, the vowel is made very short. When sh'va is placed on the first letter of the word, mostly it is "è" (but in some instances, it makes the first letter silent without a vowel (vowel-less): e.g. וְ wè to "w")
| Name | Symbol | Israeli Hebrew | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | Transliteration | English example | ||
| Shva |  | [e̞] or ∅ | apostrophe, e, or silent | met or silent |
| Reduced Segol |  | [e̞] | e | met |
| Reduced Patach |  | [ä] | a | cat |
| Reduced Kamatz |  | [o̞] | o | on |
Comparison table[edit]
| Vowel length (phonetically not manifested in Israeli Hebrew) | IPA | Transliteration | English example | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long | Short | Very Short | |||
| ָ | ַ | ֲ | [ä] | a | fall |
| ֵ | ֶ | ֱ | [e̞] | e | men |
| וֹ | ֹ | ֳ | [o̞] | o | joke |
| וּ | ֻ | [u] | u | duty | |
| ִ י | ִ | [i] | i | media | |
| Note I: | By adding two vertical dots (sh'va) ְ the vowel is made very short. | ||||
| Note II: | The short o and long a have the same niqqud. | ||||
| Note III: | The short o is usually promoted to a long o in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation | ||||
| Note IV: | The short u is usually promoted to a long u in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation | ||||
Gershayim[edit]
The symbol ״ is called a gershayim and is a punctuation mark used in the Hebrew language to denote acronyms. It is written before the last letter in the acronym, e.g. ר״ת. Gershayim is also the name of a cantillation mark in the reading of the Torah, printed above the accented letter, e.g. א֞.
Stylistic variants[edit]
The following table displays typographic and chirographic variants of each letter. For the five letters that have a different final form used at the end of words, the final forms are displayed beneath the regular form.
The block (square, or "print" type) and cursive ("handwritten" type) are the only variants in widespread contemporary use. Rashi is also used, for historical reasons, in a handful of standard texts.
| Letter name (Unicode) | Variants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contemporary | Early modern | Ancestral | |||||
| Block serif | Block sans-serif | Cursive | Rashi | Phoenician | Paleo-Hebrew | Aramaic | |
| Alef | א | א |  |  | 𐤀 |  |  |
| Bet | ב | ב |  |  | 𐤁 |  |  |
| Gimel | ג | ג |  |  | 𐤂 |  |  |
| Dalet | ד | ד |  |  | 𐤃 |  |  |
| He | ה | ה |  |  | 𐤄 |  |  |
| Vav (Unicode)[16]/ Waw | ו | ו |  |  | 𐤅 |  |  |
| Zayin | ז | ז |  |  | 𐤆 |  |  |
| Chet | ח | ח |  |  | 𐤇 |  |  |
| Tet | ט | ט |  |  | 𐤈 |  |  |
| Yod | י | י |  |  | 𐤉 |  |  |
| Kaf | כ | כ |  |  | 𐤊 |  |  |
| Final Kaf | ך | ך |  |  | |||
| Lamed | ל | ל |  | .svg){kind=small} | 𐤋 |  |  |
| Mem | מ | מ |  |  | 𐤌 |  |  |
| Final Mem | ם | ם |  |  | |||
| Nun | נ | נ |  |  | 𐤍 |  |  |
| Final Nun | ן | ן |  |  | |||
| Samekh | ס | ס |  |  | 𐤎 |  |  |
| Ayin | ע | ע |  |  | 𐤏 |  |  |
| Pe | פ | פ |  |  | 𐤐 |  |  |
| Final Pe | ף | ף |  |  | |||
| Tsadi | צ | צ |  |  | 𐤑 |  |  ,  |
| Final Tsadi | ץ | ץ |  |  | |||
| Qof | ק | ק |  |  | 𐤒 |  |  |
| Resh | ר | ר |  |  | 𐤓 |  |  |
| Shin | ש | ש |  |  | 𐤔 |  |  |
| Tav | ת | ת |  |  | 𐤕 |  |  |
Yiddish symbols[edit]
| Symbol | Explanation |
|---|---|
| װ ױ ײ ײַ | These are intended for Yiddish. They are not used in Hebrew, aside from in loan words[d]. They are possible to visually recreate using a sequence of letters, וו וי יי, except when a diacritic is inserted underneath that it would not appear in the middle. |
| בֿ | The rafe (רפה) diacritic is no longer regularly used in Hebrew. In Masoretic Texts and some other older texts, lenited consonants and sometimes matres lectionis are indicated by a small line on top of the letter. Its use has been largely discontinued in modern printed texts. It is still used to mark fricative consonants in the YIVO orthography of Yiddish. |
Numeric values of letters[edit]
Following the adoption of Greek Hellenistic alphabetic numeration practice, Hebrew letters started being used to denote numbers in the late 2nd century BC,[24] and performed this arithmetic function for about a thousand years. Nowadays alphanumeric notation is used only in specific contexts, e.g. denoting dates in the Hebrew calendar, denoting grades of school in Israel, other listings (e.g. שלב א׳, שלב ב׳ – "phase a, phase b"), commonly in Kabbalah (Jewishmysticism) in a practice known as gematria, and often in religious contexts.
| letter | numeric value | letter | numeric value | letter | numeric value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| א | 1 | י | 10 | ק | 100 |
| ב | 2 | כ | 20 | ר | 200 |
| ג | 3 | ל | 30 | ש | 300 |
| ד | 4 | מ | 40 | ת | 400 |
| ה | 5 | נ | 50 | ||
| ו | 6 | ס | 60 | ||
| ז | 7 | ע | 70 | ||
| ח | 8 | פ | 80 | ||
| ט | 9 | צ | 90 |
The numbers 500, 600, 700, 800 and 900 are commonly represented by the juxtapositions ק״ת, ר״ת, ש״ת, ת״ת, and ק״תת respectively. Adding a geresh("׳") to a letter multiplies its value by one thousand, for example, the year 5778 is portrayed as ה׳תשע״ח, where ה׳ represents 5000, and תשע״ח represents 778.
Transliterations and transcriptions[edit]
The following table lists transliterations and transcriptions of Hebrew letters used in Modern Hebrew.
Clarifications:
- For some letters, the Academy of the Hebrew Language offers a precise transliteration that differs from the regular standard it has set. When omitted, no such precise alternative exists and the regular standard applies.
- The IPA phonemic transcription is specified whenever it uses a different symbol from the one used for the regular standard Israeli transliteration.
- The IPA phonetic transcription is specified whenever it differs from IPA phonemic transcription.
Note: SBL's transliteration system, recommended in its Handbook of Style,[25] differs slightly from the 2006 precise transliteration system of the Academy of the Hebrew Language; for "צ" SBL uses "ṣ" (≠ AHL "ẓ"), and for בג״ד כפ״ת with no dagesh, SBL uses the same symbols as for with dagesh (i.e. "b", "g", "d", "k", "f", "t").
| CLICK "SHOW" TO VIEW EXTENDED TABLE INCLUDING EXAMPLES. |
|---|
| Hebrew letter | Standard Israeli transliteration – regular[26] | standard Israeli transliteration – precise[26] | IPA phonemic transcription | IPA phonetic transcription | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| א consonantal, in initial word positions | none[A1] | [ʔ] | ||||||
| א consonantal, in non initial word positions | ' | ʾ | /ʔ/ | |||||
| א silent | none[A2] | |||||||
| בּ | b | |||||||
| ב | v | |||||||
| גּ | g | g | ||||||
| ג | ḡ | |||||||
| ג׳ | ǧ[B1][21] | /d͡ʒ/ | ||||||
| דּ | d | d | ||||||
| ד | ḏ | |||||||
| ה consonantal | h | |||||||
| ה silent | none[A3] | |||||||
| ו consonantal | v | w | ||||||
| וּ | u | |||||||
| וֹ | o | [o̞] or [ɔ̝] | ||||||
| ז | z | |||||||
| ז׳ | ž[B2][21] | /ʒ/ | ||||||
| ח | ẖ[C1] | ḥ | /x/ or /χ/ | [χ] | ||||
| dialectical [ħ] | ||||||||
| ט | t | ṭ | ||||||
| י consonantal | y | /j/ | ||||||
| י part of hirik male (/i/ vowel) | i | |||||||
| י part of tsere male (/e/ vowel or /ei/ diphthong) | e | é | /e/ or /ej/ | [e̞] or [e̞j]/ | ||||
| כּ, ךּ[20] | k | |||||||
| כ, ך | kh[C2] | ḵ | /x/ or /χ/ | [χ] | ||||
| ל | l | |||||||
| מ, ם | m | |||||||
| נ, ן | n | |||||||
| ס | s | |||||||
| ע in initial or final word positions | none[A4] | ʿ | only in initial word position [ʔ] | |||||
| dialectical /ʕ/ | ||||||||
| ע in medial word positions | ' | ʿ | /ʔ/ | |||||
| dialectical /ʕ/ | ||||||||
| פּ[D] | p | |||||||
| פ, ף | f | |||||||
| צ, ץ | ts | ẓ | /t͡s/ | |||||
| צ׳, ץ׳ | č[B3][21] | /t͡ʃ/ | ||||||
| ק | k | q | ||||||
| ר | r | [ʀ] or [ʁ] | ||||||
| dialectical [r] or [ɾ] | ||||||||
| שׁ | sh | š | /ʃ/ | |||||
| שׂ | s | ś | ||||||
| תּ | t | t | ||||||
| ת | ṯ |
- Notes
A1^ 2^ 3^ 4^ In transliterations of modern Israeli Hebrew, initial and final ע (in regular transliteration), silent or initial א, and silent ה are not transliterated. To the eye of readers orientating themselves on Latin (or similar) alphabets, these letters might seem to be transliterated as vowel letters; however, these are in fact transliterations of the vowel diacritics – niqqud (or are representations of the spoken vowels). E.g., in אִם ("if", [ʔim]), אֵם ("mother", [ʔe̞m]) and אֹם ("nut", [ʔo̞m]), the letter א always represents the same consonant: [ʔ] (glottal stop), whereas the vowels /i/, /e/ and /o/ respectively represent the spoken vowel, whether it is orthographically denoted by diacritics or not. Since the Academy of the Hebrew Language ascertains that א in initial position is not transliterated, the symbol for the glottal stop ʾ is omitted from the transliteration, and only the subsequent vowels are transliterated (whether or not their corresponding vowel diacritics appeared in the text being transliterated), resulting in "im", "em" and "om", respectively.
B1^ 2^ 3^ The diacritic geresh – "׳" – is used with some other letters as well (ד׳, ח׳, ט׳, ע׳, ר׳, ת׳), but only to transliterate from other languages to Hebrew – never to spell Hebrew words; therefore they were not included in this table (correctly translating a Hebrew text with these letters would require using the spelling in the language from which the transliteration to Hebrew was originally made). The non-standard "ו׳" and "וו" [e1] are sometimes used to represent /w/, which like /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/ and /t͡ʃ/ appears in Hebrew slang and loanwords.
C1^ 2^ The Sound /χ/ (as "ch" in loch) is often transcribed "ch", inconsistently with the guidelines specified by the Academy of the Hebrew Language: חם /χam/ → "cham"; סכך /sχaχ/ → "schach".
D^ Although the Bible does include a single occurrence of a final pe with a dagesh (Book of Proverbs 30, 6: "אַל-תּוֹסְףְּ עַל-דְּבָרָיו: פֶּן-יוֹכִיחַ בְּךָ וְנִכְזָבְתָּ."), in modern Hebrew /p/ is always represented by pe in its regular, not final, form "פ", even when in final word position, which occurs with loanwords (e.g. שׁוֹפּ /ʃop/ "shop"), foreign names (e.g. פִילִיפּ /ˈfilip/ "Philip") and some slang (e.g. חָרַפּ /χaˈrap/ "slept deeply").
Religious use[edit]
The letters of the Hebrew alphabet have played varied roles in Jewish religious literature over the centuries, primarily in mystical texts. Some sources in classical rabbinical literature seem to acknowledge the historical provenance of the currently used Hebrew alphabet and deal with them as a mundane subject (the Jerusalem Talmud, for example, records that "the Israelites took for themselves square calligraphy", and that the letters "came with the Israelites from Ashur [Assyria]");[27] others attribute mystical significance to the letters, connecting them with the process of creation or the redemption. In mystical conceptions, the alphabet is considered eternal, pre-existent to the Earth, and the letters themselves are seen as having holiness and power, sometimes to such an extent that several stories from the Talmud illustrate the idea that they cannot be destroyed.[28]
The idea of the letters' creative power finds its greatest vehicle in the Sefer Yezirah, or Book of Creation, a mystical text of uncertain origin which describes a story of creation highly divergent from that in the Book of Genesis, largely through exposition on the powers of the letters of the alphabet. The supposed creative powers of the letters are also referenced in the Talmud and Zohar.[29][30]
Another book, the 13th-century Kabbalistic text Sefer HaTemunah, holds that a single letter of unknown pronunciation, held by some to be the four-pronged shin on one side of the teffilin box, is missing from the current alphabet. The world's flaws, the book teaches, are related to the absence of this letter, the eventual revelation of which will repair the universe.[31] Another example of messianic significance attached to the letters is the teaching of Rabbi Eliezer that the five letters of the alphabet with final forms hold the "secret of redemption".[31]
In addition, the letters occasionally feature in aggadic portions of non-mystical rabbinic literature. In such aggada the letters are often given anthropomorphic qualities and depicted as speaking to God. Commonly their shapes are used in parables to illustrate points of ethics or theology. An example from the Babylonian Talmud (a parable intended to discourage speculation about the universe before creation):
Extensive instructions about the proper methods of forming the letters are found in Mishnat Soferim, within Mishna Berura of Yisrael Meir Kagan.
Mathematical use[edit]
In set theory, , pronounced aleph-naught or aleph-zero, is used to mark the cardinal number of an infinite countable set, such as , the set of all integers. More generally, the aleph number notation marks the ordered sequence of all distinct infinite cardinal numbers.
Less frequently used, the beth number notation is used for the iterated power sets of . The second element is the cardinality of the continuum. Very occasionally, a gimel function is used in cardinal notation.
Unicode and HTML[edit]
The Unicode Hebrew block extends from U+0590 to U+05FF and from U+FB1D to U+FB4F. It includes letters, ligatures, combining diacritical marks (Niqqud and cantillation marks) and punctuation.[16] The Numeric Character References is included for HTML. These can be used in many markup languages, and they are often used in Wiki to create the Hebrew glyphs compatible with the majority of web browsers.
Standard Hebrew keyboards have a 101-key layout. Like the standard QWERTY layout, the Hebrew layout was derived from the order of letters on Hebrew typewriters.
See also[edit]
- Hebrew braille
- Hebrew diacritics
- Cursive Hebrew
- Hebrew punctuation
- Hebrew spelling
- Help:Hebrew
- Inverted nun
- Koren Type
- Ktiv hasar niqqud ("spelling lacking niqqud")
- Significance of numbers of Judaism
Notes[edit]
a^ "Alef-bet" is commonly written in Israeli Hebrew without the maqaf (מקף, "[Hebrew] hyphen"), אלפבית עברי, as opposed to with the hyphen, אלף־בית עברי.
b^ The Arabic letters generally (as six of the primary letters can have only two variants) have four forms, according to their place in the word. The same goes with the Mandaic ones, except for three of the 22 letters, which have only one form.
c^ In forms of Hebrew older than Modern Hebrew, כ״ף, בי״ת and פ״א can only be read b, k and p, respectively, at the beginning of a word, while they will have the sole value of v, kh and f in a sofit (final) position, with few exceptions.[20] In medial positions, both pronunciations are possible. In Modern Hebrew this restriction is not absolute, e.g. פִיזִיקַאי /fiziˈkaj/ and never /piziˈkaj/ (= "physicist"), סְנוֹבּ /snob/ and never /snov/ (= "snob"). A dagesh may be inserted to unambiguously denote the plosive variant: בּ = /b/, כּ = /k/, פּ =/p/; similarly (though today very rare in Hebrew and common only in Yiddish) a rafé placed above the letter unambiguously denotes the fricative variant: בֿ = /v/, כֿ = /χ/ and פֿ = /f/. In Modern Hebrew orthography, the sound [p] at the end of a word is denoted by the regular form "פ", as opposed to the final form "ף", which always denotes [f] (see table of transliterations and transcriptions, comment[D]).
d^ However, וו (two separate vavs), used in Ktiv male, is to be distinguished from the Yiddish ligature װ (also two vavs but together as one character).
e1^ e2^ e3^ e4^ e5^ The Academy of the Hebrew Language states that both [v] and [w] be indistinguishably represented in Hebrew using the letter Vav.[26]Sometimes the Vav is indeed doubled, however not to denote [w] as opposed to [v] but rather, when spelling without niqqud, to denote the phoneme /v/ at a non-initial and non-final position in the word, whereas a single Vav at a non-initial and non-final position in the word in spelling without niqqud denotes one of the phonemes /u/ or /o/. To pronounce foreign words and loanwords containing the sound [w], Hebrew readers must therefore rely on former knowledge and context.
Explanatory footnotes
- ^ Possibly rooted from Ancient Egyptian ḏ or dj.
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