The Cantore arithmetic to sciences as the Baobab tree to the Redwood tree is a grove bringing the jet stream to an alternative of the called quote in all capital according to the fan structures of sediment in the Grand Canyon as a rise to the height of our atmosphere to be name at the camp stream to bring the eye of the storm the bat as it lashes in the blink.
Jim Cantore with The Weather Channel must bring to fruition the language as not Babel the tower rather language as the ground.
Question: Would the debris be the bridge? Equated as the hull(airplane) aptly named currently at stream is the lining the bunting?
IN ADDITION: Attention DVM!!
For dog study:
Water H2O to.....:Chamber kjv in addition Chambers!! NEW, Cantore arithmetic for the dog.
First calendar of the Veterinarian: animal equated rag.
You searched for
"CHAMBER" in the KJV Bible
48 Instances - Page 1 of 2 - Sort by Book Order - Feedback
- Jeremiah 35:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And I brought them into the house of the LORD, into the chamber of the sons of Hanan, the son of Igdaliah, a man of God, which was by the chamber of the princes, which was above the chamber of Maaseiah the son of Shallum, the keeper of the door:
- 1 Kings 6:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The door for the middle chamber was in the right side of the house: and they went up with winding stairs into the middle chamber, and out of the middle into the third.
- 2 Samuel 13:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Amnon said unto Tamar, Bring the meat into the chamber, that I may eat of thine hand. And Tamar took the cakes which she had made, and brought them into the chamber to Amnon her brother.
- Psalms 19:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Which is as a bridegroom coming out of his chamber, and rejoiceth as a strong man to run a race.
- Acts 20:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And there were many lights in the upper chamber, where they were gathered together.
- Nehemiah 13:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And it grieved me sore: therefore I cast forth all the household stuff of Tobiah out of the chamber.
- 2 Kings 4:11chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And it fell on a day, that he came thither, and he turned into the chamber, and lay there.
- 1 Kings 22:25chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Micaiah said, Behold, thou shalt see in that day, when thou shalt go into an inner chamber to hide thyself.
- 2 Chronicles 18:24chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Micaiah said, Behold, thou shalt see on that day when thou shalt go into an inner chamber to hide thyself.
- Nehemiah 13:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And before this, Eliashib the priest, having the oversight of the chamber of the house of our God, was allied unto Tobiah:
- Ezekiel 40:45chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And he said unto me, This chamber, whose prospect is toward the south, is for the priests, the keepers of the charge of the house.
- Acts 9:37chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And it came to pass in those days, that she was sick, and died: whom when they had washed, they laid her in an upper chamber.
- Nehemiah 13:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And I came to Jerusalem, and understood of the evil that Eliashib did for Tobiah, in preparing him a chamber in the courts of the house of God.
- Genesis 43:30chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Joseph made haste; for his bowels did yearn upon his brother: and he sought where to weep; and he entered into his chamber, and wept there.
- Ezekiel 40:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- He measured then the gate from the roof of one little chamber to the roof of another: the breadth was five and twenty cubits, door against door.
- 2 Kings 1:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Ahaziah fell down through a lattice in his upper chamber that was in Samaria, and was sick: and he sent messengers, and said unto them, Go, enquire of Baalzebub the god of Ekron whether I shall recover of this disease.
- Judges 15:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But it came to pass within a while after, in the time of wheat harvest, that Samson visited his wife with a kid; and he said, I will go in to my wife into the chamber. But her father would not suffer him to go in.
- 2 Kings 4:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Let us make a little chamber, I pray thee, on the wall; and let us set for him there a bed, and a table, and a stool, and a candlestick: and it shall be, when he cometh to us, that he shall turn in thither.
- Ezekiel 40:46chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the chamber whose prospect is toward the north is for the priests, the keepers of the charge of the altar: these are the sons of Zadok among the sons of Levi, which come near to the LORD to minister unto him.
- Judges 3:24chapter context similar meaning copy save
- When he was gone out, his servants came; and when they saw that, behold, the doors of the parlour were locked, they said, Surely he covereth his feet in his summer chamber.
- Joel 2:16chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Gather the people, sanctify the congregation, assemble the elders, gather the children, and those that suck the breasts: let the bridegroom go forth of his chamber, and the bride out of her closet.
- 2 Kings 9:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And when thou comest thither, look out there Jehu the son of Jehoshaphat the son of Nimshi, and go in, and make him arise up from among his brethren, and carry him to an inner chamber;
- Judges 16:9chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Now there were men lying in wait, abiding with her in the chamber. And she said unto him, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And he brake the withs, as a thread of tow is broken when it toucheth the fire. So his strength was not known.
- Judges 16:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Delilah therefore took new ropes, and bound him therewith, and said unto him, The Philistines be upon thee, Samson. And there were liers in wait abiding in the chamber. And he brake them from off his arms like a thread.
- 1 Kings 17:23chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Elijah took the child, and brought him down out of the chamber into the house, and delivered him unto his mother: and Elijah said, See, thy son liveth.
- Ezra 10:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Then Ezra rose up from before the house of God, and went into the chamber of Johanan the son of Eliashib: and when he came thither, he did eat no bread, nor drink water: for he mourned because of the transgression of them that had been carried away.
- 2 Kings 23:11chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And he took away the horses that the kings of Judah had given to the sun, at the entering in of the house of the LORD, by the chamber of Nathanmelech the chamberlain, which was in the suburbs, and burned the chariots of the sun with fire.
- Jeremiah 36:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Then read Baruch in the book the words of Jeremiah in the house of the LORD, in the chamber of Gemariah the son of Shaphan the scribe, in the higher court, at the entry of the new gate of the LORD'S house, in the ears of all the people.
- Jeremiah 36:20chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And they went in to the king into the court, but they laid up the roll in the chamberof Elishama the scribe, and told all the words in the ears of the king.
- Daniel 6:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Now when Daniel knew that the writing was signed, he went into his house; and his windows being open in his chamber toward Jerusalem, he kneeled upon his knees three times a day, and prayed, and gave thanks before his God, as he did aforetime.
ou searched for
"CHAMBERS" in the KJV Bible
59 Instances - Page 1 of 2 - Sort by Book Order - Feedback
- Ezekiel 42:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the wall that was without over against the chambers, toward the utter court on the forepart of the chambers, the length thereof was fifty cubits.
- Ezekiel 42:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Then said he unto me, The north chambers and the south chambers, which are before the separate place, they be holy chambers, where the priests that approach unto the LORD shall eat the most holy things: there shall they lay the most holy things, and the meat offering, and the sin offering, and the trespass offering; for the place is holy.
- Ezekiel 40:17chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Then brought he me into the outward court, and, lo, there were chambers, and a pavement made for the court round about: thirty chambers were upon the pavement.
- Ezekiel 41:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the side chambers were three, one over another, and thirty in order; and they entered into the wall which was of the house for the side chambers round about, that they might have hold, but they had not hold in the wall of the house.
- 1 Kings 6:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And against the wall of the house he built chambers round about, against the walls of the house round about, both of the temple and of the oracle: and he made chambers round about:
- Ezekiel 40:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The space also before the little chambers was one cubit on this side, and the space was one cubit on that side: and the little chambers were six cubits on this side, and six cubits on that side.
- Proverbs 7:27chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Her house is the way to hell, going down to the chambers of death.
- Psalms 105:30chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Their land brought forth frogs in abundance, in the chambers of their kings.
- Proverbs 24:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And by knowledge shall the chambers be filled with all precious and pleasant riches.
- 2 Chronicles 31:11chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Then Hezekiah commanded to prepare chambers in the house of the LORD; and they prepared them,
- Psalms 104:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- He watereth the hills from his chambers: the earth is satisfied with the fruit of thy works.
- Ezekiel 41:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And between the chambers was the wideness of twenty cubits round about the house on every side.
- Job 9:9chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Which maketh Arcturus, Orion, and Pleiades, and the chambers of the south.
- Ezekiel 41:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- I saw also the height of the house round about: the foundations of the side chambers were a full reed of six great cubits.
- Isaiah 26:20chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Come, my people, enter thou into thy chambers, and shut thy doors about thee: hide thyself as it were for a little moment, until the indignation be overpast.
- Ezekiel 42:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And before the chambers was a walk of ten cubits breadth inward, a way of one cubit; and their doors toward the north.
- Ezekiel 42:9chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And from under these chambers was the entry on the east side, as one goeth into them from the utter court.
- Matthew 24:26chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Wherefore if they shall say unto you, Behold, he is in the desert; go not forth: behold, he is in the secret chambers; believe it not.
- 1 Kings 6:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And then he built chambers against all the house, five cubits high: and they rested on the house with timber of cedar.
- Jeremiah 22:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- That saith, I will build me a wide house and large chambers, and cutteth him out windows; and it is cieled with cedar, and painted with vermilion.
- Ezekiel 40:38chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the chambers and the entries thereof were by the posts of the gates, where they washed the burnt offering.
- 1 Chronicles 9:26chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For these Levites, the four chief porters, were in their set office, and were over the chambers and treasuries of the house of God.
- 2 Chronicles 3:9chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the weight of the nails was fifty shekels of gold. And he overlaid the upper chambers with gold.
- Nehemiah 13:9chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Then I commanded, and they cleansed the chambers: and thither brought I again the vessels of the house of God, with the meat offering and the frankincense.
- Ezekiel 42:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For the length of the chambers that were in the utter court was fifty cubits: and, lo, before the temple were an hundred cubits.
- 1 Chronicles 9:33chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And these are the singers, chief of the fathers of the Levites, who remaining in the chambers were free: for they were employed in that work day and night.
- Ezekiel 42:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The chambers were in the thickness of the wall of the court toward the east, over against the separate place, and over against the building.
- Ezekiel 42:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Now the upper chambers were shorter: for the galleries were higher than these, than the lower, and than the middlemost of the building.
- Psalms 104:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Who layeth the beams of his chambers in the waters: who maketh the clouds his chariot: who walketh upon the wings of the wind:
- Jeremiah 22:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Woe unto him that buildeth his house by unrighteousness, and his chambers by wrong; that useth his neighbour's service without wages, and giveth him not for his work;
- Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & W.C.Cheng - Dawn redwood; south-central China.
- Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) J.Buchh. - Giant sequoia, Giant Redwood; western slopes of the Sierra Nevadas; California.
- Sequoia sempervirens (D.Don) Endl. - Coastal Redwood, California redwood; Northern California coast and extreme Southern Oregon.
- One drop of water, waterfalls.
Sequoioideae
| Sequoioideae Temporal range: | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Sequoiadendron giganteum | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnosperms |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Order: | Cupressales |
| Family: | Cupressaceae |
| Subfamily: | Sequoioideae |
| Genera | |
Sequoioideae, commonly referred to as redwoods, is a subfamily of coniferous trees within the familyCupressaceae. It includes the largest and tallest trees in the world. The subfamily achieved its maximum diversity during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
Description[edit]
The three redwood subfamily genera are Sequoia from coastal California and Oregon, Sequoiadendron from California's Sierra Nevada, and Metasequoia in China. The redwood species contains the largest and tallest trees in the world. These trees can live for thousands of years. Threats include logging, fire suppression,[2] illegal marijuana cultivation, and burl poaching.[3][4][5]
Only two of the genera, Sequoia and Sequoiadendron, are known for massive trees. Trees of Metasequoia, from the single living species Metasequoia glyptostroboides, are deciduous, grow much smaller (although are still large compared to most other trees) and can live in colder climates.[citation needed]
Taxonomy and evolution[edit]
Multiple studies of both morphological and molecular characters have strongly supported the assertion that the Sequoioideae are monophyletic.[6][7][8][9]
Most modern phylogenies place Sequoia as sister to Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia as the out-group.[7][9][10]However, Yang et al. went on to investigate the origin of a peculiar genetic artifact of the Sequoioideae—the polyploidy of Sequoia—and generated a notable exception that calls into question the specifics of this relative consensus.[9]
Cladistic tree[edit]
A 2006 paper based on non-molecular evidence suggested the following relationship among extant species:[11]
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A 2021 study using molecular evidence found the same relationships among Sequoioideae species, but found Sequoioideae to be the sister group to the Athrotaxidoideae (a superfamily presently known only from Tasmania) rather than to Taxodioideae. Sequoioideae and Athrotaxidoideae are thought to have diverged from each other during the Jurassic.[12]
Possible reticulate evolution in Sequoioideae[edit]
Reticulate evolution refers to the origination of a taxon through the merging of ancestor lineages. Polyploidy has come to be understood as quite common in plants—with estimates ranging from 47% to 100% of flowering plants and extant ferns having derived from ancient polyploidy.[13] Within the gymnosperms however it is quite rare. Sequoia sempervirens is hexaploid (2n= 6x= 66). To investigate the origins of this polyploidy Yang et al. used two single copy nuclear genes, LFY and NLY, to generate phylogenetic trees. Other researchers have had success with these genes in similar studies on different taxa.[9]
Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of Sequoia's polyploidy: allopolyploidy by hybridization between Metasequoia and some probably extinct taxodiaceous plant; Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron, or ancestors of the two genera, as the parental species of Sequoia; and autohexaploidy, autoallohexaploidy, or segmental allohexaploidy.[citation needed]
Yang et al. found that Sequoia was clustered with Metasequoia in the tree generated using the LFY gene but with Sequoiadendron in the tree generated with the NLY gene. Further analysis strongly supported the hypothesis that Sequoia was the result of a hybridization event involving Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron. Thus, Yang et al. hypothesize that the inconsistent relationships among Metasequoia, Sequoia, and Sequoiadendron could be a sign of reticulate evolution by hybrid speciation (in which two species hybridize and give rise to a third) among the three genera. However, the long evolutionary history of the three genera (the earliest fossil remains being from the Jurassic) make resolving the specifics of when and how Sequoia originated once and for all a difficult matter—especially since it in part depends on an incomplete fossil record.[10]
Extant species[edit]
Paleontology[edit]
Sequoioideae is an ancient taxon, with the oldest described Sequoioideae species, Sequoia jeholensis, recovered from Jurassic deposits.[14] A genus Medulloprotaxodioxylon, reported from the late Triassic of China supports the idea of a Norian origin.[1]
The fossil record shows a massive expansion of range in the Cretaceous and dominance of the Arcto-Tertiary Geoflora, especially in northern latitudes. Genera of Sequoioideae were found in the Arctic Circle, Europe, North America, and throughout Asia and Japan.[15] A general cooling trend beginning in the late Eocene and Oligocene reduced the northern ranges of the Sequoioideae, as did subsequent ice ages.[16] Evolutionary adaptations to ancient environments persist in all three species despite changing climate, distribution, and associated flora, especially the specific demands of their reproduction ecology that ultimately forced each of the species into refugial ranges where they could survive.[citation needed]
IMG_4881.jpg)
Conservation[edit]
The entire subfamily is endangered. The IUCN Red List Category & Criteria assesses Sequoia sempervirens as Endangered (A2acd), Sequoiadendron giganteum as Endangered (B2ab) and Metasequoia glyptostroboides as Endangered (B1ab).
Adansonia
| Adansonia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Adansonia digitata in Tanzania | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Malvales |
| Family: | Malvaceae |
| Subfamily: | Bombacoideae |
| Genus: | Adansonia L.[1] |
| Species | |
See species section | |
Adansonia is a genus made up of eight species of medium-to-large deciduous trees known as baobabs(/ˈbaʊbæb/ or /ˈbeɪoʊbæb/). They are placed in the Malvaceae family, subfamily Bombacoideae. They are native to Madagascar, mainland Africa, and Australia.[2] The trees have also been introduced to other regions such as Asia.[3][4] The generic name honours Michel Adanson, the French naturalist and explorer who described Adansonia digitata.[5] The baobab is also known as the "upside down tree", a name that originates from several myths.[6] They are among the most long-lived of vascular plants[7] and have large flowers that are reproductive for a maximum of 15 hours.[8] The flowers open around dusk, opening so quickly that movement can be detected by the naked eye, and are faded by the next morning.[8] The fruits are large, oval to round and berry-like and hold kidney-shaped seeds in a dry, pulpy matrix.
In the early 21st century, baobabs in southern Africa began to die off rapidly from a cause yet to be determined. It is unlikely that disease or pests would be able to kill many trees so rapidly, and some have speculated that the die-off is a result of dehydration.[9][10]
Description[edit]
General[edit]
Baobabs are long-lived deciduous, small to large trees from 5 to 30 m (20 to 100 ft) tall[8] with broad trunks and compact crowns. Young trees usually have slender, tapering trunks, often with a swollen base. Mature trees have massive trunks that are bottle-shaped or cylindrical and tapered from bottom to top.[8] The trunk is made of fibrous wood arranged in concentric rings, although rings are not always formed annually and so cannot be used to determine the age of individual trees.[11] Tree diameter fluctuates with rainfall so it is thought that water may be stored in the trunk.[8] Baobab trees have two types of shoots—long, green vegetative ones, and stout, woody reproductive ones. Branches can be massive and spread out horizontal from the trunk or are ascending. Adansonia rubrostipa is the only baobab that sometimes has spines.[8] Adansonia gregorii is generally the smallest of the baobabs, rarely getting to over 10 m (33 ft) tall and often with multiple trunks.[8] Both A. rubrostipa and A. madagascariensis are small to large trees, from 5 to 20 m (16 to 66 ft) tall.[8] The other baobabs grow from 25 to 30 m (80 to 100 ft) tall, with 2 to 3 m (7 to 10 ft) diameter trunks. A. digitata, however, often has massive single or multiple trunks of up to 10 m (33 ft) diameter.[8]
Leaves[edit]
Leaves are palmately compound in mature trees, but seedlings and regenerating shoots may have simple leaves. The transition to compound leaves comes with age and may be gradual. Leaves have 5–11 leaflets, with the largest ones in the middle and may be stalkless or with short petioles. Leaflets may have toothed or smooth edges, and may be hairless or have simple-to-clumped hairs. Baobabs have stipules at the base of the leaves, but the stipules are soon shed in most species. Baobabs are deciduous, shedding leaves during the dry season.[8]
Flowers[edit]
In most Adansonia species, the flowers are born on short erect or spreading stalks in the axils of the leaves near the tips of reproductive shoots. Only A. digitata has flowers and fruits set on long, hanging stalks. There is usually only a single flower in an axil, but sometimes flowers occur in pairs. They are large, showy and strongly scented. They only open near dusk. Opening is rapid and movement of the flower parts is fast enough to be visible. Most Adansonia species are pollinated by bats.[12]Flowers may remain attached to the trees for several days, but the reproductive phase is very short, with pollen shed during the first night and stigmas shriveled by the morning. The flower is made up of an outer 5-lobed calyx, and an inner ring of petals set around a fused tube of stamens.[8] The outer lobes of the calyx are usually green (brown in A. grandidieri) and in bud are joined almost to the tip. As the flower opens, the calyx lobes split apart and become coiled or bent back (reflexed) at the base of the flower. The inner surface of the lobes are silky-hairy and cream, pink, or red.[8] Sometimes the lobes do not separate cleanly, distorting the shape of the flower as they bend back. The calyx lobes remain fused at the base, leaving a feature (calyx tube) that has nectar-producing tissue and that is cup-shaped, flat or tubular; the form of the calyx tube varies with species.[8] The flowers have a central tube (staminal tube) made up of fused stalks of stamens (filaments), with unfused filaments above. A densely hairy ovary is enclosed in the staminal tube, and a long style tipped with a stigma emerges from the filaments. Petals are set near the base of the staminal tube and are variable in shape and colour. The flowers, when fresh, may be white, cream, bright yellow or dark red, but fade quickly, often turning reddish when dried.[8]
Fruit[edit]
The fruit of the baobabs is one of their distinguishing features. It is large, oval-to-round, and berry-like in most species (usually less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long in A. madagascariensis.[8]). It has a dry, hard outer shell of variable thickness. In most species, the shell is indehiscent (does not break open easily). A. gibbosa is the only species with fruits that crack while still on the tree, which then tend to break open upon landing on the ground. Inside the outer shell, kidney-shaped seeds 10-15(-20) mm long are set in a dry pulp.[8]
Taxonomy[edit]
The earliest written reports of baobab are from a 14th-century travelogue by the Arab traveler Ibn Batuta.[8] The first botanical description was by Alpino (1592), looking at fruits that he observed in Egypt from an unknown source. They were called Bahobab, possibly from the Arabic "bu hibab", meaning "many-seeded fruit".[8] The French explorer and botanist Michel Adanson (1727–1806) observed a baobab tree in 1749 on the island of Sor in Senegal, and wrote the first detailed botanical description of the full tree, accompanied with illustrations. Recognizing the connection to the fruit described by Alpino he called the genus Baobab. Linnaeus later renamed the genus Adansonia, to honour Adason, but use of baobab as one of the common names has persisted.[8]
The genus Adansonia is in the subfamily Bombacoideae, within the family Malvaceae in the order Malvales. The subfamily Bombacoideae was previously treated as the Bombacaceae family but it is no longer recognized at the rank of family by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group I 1998, II 2003 or the Kubitzki system 2003. There are eight accepted species of Adansonia. A new species (Adansonia kilima Pettigrew, et al.), was described in 2012, found in high-elevation sites in eastern and southern Africa.[13] This, however, is no longer recognized as a distinct species[14] but considered a synonym of A. digitata. Some high-elevation trees in Tanzania show different genetics and morphology, but further study is needed to determine if recognition of them as a separate species is warranted.[14] The genus Adansonia is further divided into three sections. Section Adansonia includes only A. digitata. This species has hanging flowers and fruit, set on long flowering stalks. This is the type species for the genus Adansonia.[8] All species of Adansonia except A. digitata are diploid; A. digitata is tetraploid.[13] Section Brevitubae includes A. grandidieri and A. suarexensis. These are species with flower buds that set on short pedicles and that are approximately twice as long as wide. The other species are all classified within the section Longitubae. They also have flowers/fruits set on short pedicels, but the flower buds are five or more times as long as wide.[citation needed]
Species[edit]
As of July 2020, there are eight recognized species of Adansonia, with six endemic to Madagascar, one native to mainland Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, and one native to Australia. The mainland African species (Adansonia digitata) also occurs on Madagascar, but it is not a native of that island. Baobabs were introduced in ancient times to south Asia and during the colonial era to the Caribbean. They are also present in the island nation of Cape Verde.[6] A ninth species was described in 2012 (Adansonia kilima Pettigrew, et al.)[13] but is no longer recognized as a distinct species.[14] The African and Australian baobabs are similar in appearance, and the oldest splits within Adansonia are likely no older than 15 million years; thus, the Australian species represents a long-distance trans-oceanic dispersal event from Africa.[15] The lineage leading to Adansonia was found to have diverged from its closest relatives in Bombacoideae like Ceiba /Chorisia at the end of the Eocene, during a time of abrupt global climate cooling and drying, while a divergence of this Adansonia+Ceiba/Chorisia clade from Pachira was found to be more ancient, dating to the middle Eocene.[16]
| Image | Species | Common names | Native range |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Adansonia digitata L.(also includes Adansonia kilima[13]) | African baobab, dead-rat-tree, monkey-bread-tree, montane African baobab, Gongolaze | western, northeastern, central & southern Africa, SW Asia (Yemen, Oman)[18] |
| Adansonia grandidieriBaill. | Grandidier's baobab, giant baobab | west central Madagascar[19] |
 | Adansonia gregoriiF.Muell. (syn. A. gibbosa) | boab, Australian baobab, bottletree, cream-of-tartar-tree, gouty-stem | Australia (Northern Territory, Western Australia)[20] |
,_This_famous_old_Baobab_located_on_the_premises_of_Naya_Qila_02.jpg) | Adansonia madagascariensis Baill. | Madagascar baobab | northwest and north Madagascar[21] |
| Adansonia perrieriCapuron | Perrier's baobab | northern Madagascar[21] | |
 | Adansonia rubrostipaJum. & H.Perrier (syn. A. fony) | fony baobab | central-to-south part of western Madagascar[21] |
 | Adansonia suarezensisH.Perrier | Suarez baobab | northern Madagascar[21] |
 | Adansonia za Baill. | za baobab | west and southwest Madagascar[21] |
Habitat[edit]
The Malagasy species are important components of the Madagascar dry deciduous forests. Within that biome, Adansonia madagascariensis and A. rubrostipa occur specifically in the Anjajavy Forest, sometimes growing out of the tsingy limestone itself. A. digitata has been called "a defining icon of African bushland".[22] The tree also grows wild in Sudan in the regions of Darfur and the state of Kordofan. The locals call it "Gongolaze" and use its fruits as food and medicine and use the tree trunks as reservoirs to save water.[citation needed]
Ecology[edit]
Baobabs store water in the trunk (up to 120,000 litres or 32,000 US gallons) to endure harsh drought conditions.[23] All occur in seasonally arid areas, and are deciduous, shedding their leaves during the dry season. Across Africa, the oldest and largest baobabs began to die in the early 21st century, likely from a combination of drought and rising temperatures.[9] The trees appear to become parched, then become dehydrated and unable to support their massive trunks.[10]
Baobabs are important as nest sites for birds, in particular the mottled spinetail[24] and four species of weaver.[25]
Notable trees[edit]
Radiocarbon dating has provided data on a few individuals of A. digitata. The Panke baobab in Zimbabwe was some 2,450 years old when it died in 2011, making it the oldest angiosperm ever documented[citation needed], and two other trees—Dorslandboom in Namibia and Glencoe in South Africa—were estimated to be approximately 2,000 years old.[26] Another specimen known as Grootboom was dated and found to be at least 1,275 years old.[22][27] The Glencoe baobab, a specimen of A. digitata in Limpopo Province, South Africa, was considered to be the largest living individual, with a maximum circumference of 47 m (154 ft)[28] and a diameter of about 15.9 m (52 ft). The tree has since split into two parts, so the widest individual trunk may now be that of the Sunland baobab, or Platland tree, also in South Africa. The diameter of this tree at ground level is 9.3 m (31 ft) and its circumference at breast height is 34 m (112 ft).[26]
Two large baobabs growing in Tsimanampetsotse National Park were also studied using radiocarbon dating.[26] One called Grandmother is made up of three fused trunks of different ages, with the oldest part of the tree an estimated 1,600 years old. The second, "polygamous baobab", has six fused stems, and is an estimated 1,000 years old.[26]
Culinary uses[edit]
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Leaves[edit]
The tree's leaves may be eaten as a leaf vegetable.[22]
Fruit[edit]
- The white pith in the fruit of the Australian baobab (A. gregorii) tastes like sherbet.[29] It has an acidic, tart, citrus flavor.[30] It is a good source of vitamin C, potassium, carbohydrates, and phosphorus.[31]
- The dried fruit powder of A. digitata, baobab powder, contains about 11% water, 80% carbohydrates (50% fiber),[32] and modest levels of various nutrients, including riboflavin, calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, and phytosterols, with low levels of protein and fats.[30][33][34] Vitamin C content, described as variable in different samples, was in a range of 74 to 163 milligrams (1.14 to 2.52 gr) per 100 grams (3.5 oz) of dried powder.[30] In 2008, baobab dried fruit pulp was authorized in the EU as a safe food ingredient,[35] and later in the year was granted GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status in the United States.[36]
- In Angola, the dry fruit of A. digitata is usually boiled, and the broth is used for juices or as the base for a type of ice cream known as gelado de múcua.[citation needed]
- In Zimbabwe, the fruit of A. digitata is eaten fresh or the crushed crumbly pulp is stirred into porridge and drinks.[37]
- In Tanzania, the dry pulp of A. digitata is added to sugarcane to aid fermentation in brewing (beermaking).[38]
Seed[edit]
- The seeds of some species are a source of vegetable oil.[39][40]
- The fruit pulp and seeds of A. grandidieri[39] and A. za are eaten fresh.[40]
Other uses[edit]
Some baobab species are sources of fiber, dye, and fuel. Indigenous Australians used the native species A. gregorii for several products, making string from the root fibers and decorative crafts from the fruits.[41] Baobab oil from the seed is also used in cosmetics, particularly in moisturizers.[42]
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