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- Acts 28:15chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And from thence, when the brethren heard of us, they came to meet us as far as Appii forum, and The three taverns: whom when Paul saw, he thanked God, and took courage.
Should I divine the legislature,
what is the lister?
no.
Word What exclaimed the word to Worked.
✔ This is Kenning and I broke the Kenning into write of four lines as the stuff did not make much sense and still doesn’t however I left word this[👇] in the lines that the Original Blog started in. So, do you see the period? As that is one four line Quatrain whether you like or not, so learn to add as I placed the apostrophe to bring the word to the attention of just myself(Dr. Byron Kilgore and his Office). The word Perception and National Income, Drugs in the Headshop, and, Packages at 18 Years old is word certain, word law, word counted, word payable from under your skin now.
This is Kenning: A kenning is a figure of speech, a figuratively-phrased compound term that is used in place of a simple single-word noun. For instance, the Old English kenning 'whale's road' means 'sea', as does swanrād. A kenning has two parts: a base-word and a determinant and What are Nostradamus quatrains? Words They are what word they are: He wrote his prophecies in quatrains: four lines of rhyming verse. The quatrains were grouped in hundreds; each set of 100 quatrains was called a century. Nostradamus gained notoriety during his lifetime when some of his predictions appeared to have come true.
Words This Country 22.
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Your Libraries are in Account and you haunt the individual with Detail to afford your Personal Crisis on Scene.
This rupture of counter to the said of regard is simple.
Capture a note and write today as the Year of the date is not a Lord or God to be ruptured for their inadequate behavior. The dismissal of Sum as Space is equated a Frontier by only an element, man has ruptured Space and serenaded the flew as the heard is of the sign to the signature of whom would have disappeared. Your average of detail to just a grocer upon such a scene is equated word lord.
Kenning
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (June 2024) |
A kenning (Icelandic: [cʰɛnːiŋk]) is a figure of speech, a figuratively-phrased compound term that is used in place of a simple single-word noun. For instance, the Old English kenning 'whale's road' (hron rade) means 'sea', as does swanrād ('swan's road').
A kenning has two parts: a base-word (also known as a head-word) and a determinant. So in whale's road, road is the base-word, and whale's is the determinant. This is the same structure as in the modern English term skyscraper; the base-word here would be scraper, and the determinant sky. In some languages, kennings can recurse, with one element of the kenning being replaced by another kenning.
Kennings are strongly associated with Old Norse-Icelandic and Old English alliterative verse. They continued to be a feature of Icelandic poetry (including rímur) for centuries, together with the closely related heiti. Although kennings are sometimes hyphenated in English translation, Old Norse poetry did not require kennings to be in normal word order, nor do the parts of the kenning need to be side-by-side. The lack of grammatical cases in modern English makes this aspect of kennings difficult to translate. Kennings are now rarely used in English, but are still used in the Germanic language family.
Etymology
[edit]The corresponding modern verb to ken survives in Scots and English dialects and in general English through the derivative existing in the standard language in the set expression beyond one's ken, "beyond the scope of one's knowledge" and in the phonologically altered forms uncanny, 'surreal, supernatural', and canny, 'shrewd, prudent'. Modern Scots retains (with slight differences between dialects) tae ken 'to know', kent 'knew' or 'known', Afrikaans ken 'be acquainted with' and 'to know' and kennis 'knowledge'. Old Norse kenna (Modern Icelandic kenna, Swedish känna, Danish kende, Norwegian kjenne or kjenna) is cognate with Old English cennan, Old Frisian kenna, kanna, Old Saxon (ant)kennian (Middle Dutch and Dutch kennen), Old High German (ir-, in-, pi-) chennan (Middle High German and German kennen), Gothic kannjan < Proto-Germanic *kannjanan, originally causative of *kunnanan 'to know (how to)', whence Modern English can 'to be able'. The word ultimately derives from *ǵneh₃, the same Proto-Indo-European root that yields Modern English know, Latin-derived terms such as cognition and ignorant, and Greek gnosis.[1]
Structure
[edit]Old Norse kennings take the form of a genitive phrase (báru fákr 'wave's horse' = 'ship' (Þorbjörn Hornklofi: Glymdrápa 3)) or a compound word (gjálfr-marr 'sea-steed' = 'ship' (Anon.: Hervararkviða 27)). The simplest kennings consist of a base-word (Icelandic stofnorð, German Grundwort) and a determinant (Icelandic kenniorð, German Bestimmung) which qualifies, or modifies, the meaning of the base-word. The determinant may be a noun used uninflected as the first element in a compound word, with the base-word constituting the second element of the compound word. Alternatively the determinant may be a noun in the genitive case placed before or after the base-word, either directly or separated from the base-word by intervening words.[2]
Thus the base-words in these examples are fákr 'horse' and marr 'steed', the determinants báru 'waves' and gjálfr 'sea'. The unstated noun which the kenning refers to is called its referent, in this case: skip 'ship'.
The base-word of the kenning íss rauðra randa ('icicle of red shields' [SWORD], Einarr Skúlason: Øxarflokkr 9) is íss ('ice, icicle') and the determinant is rǫnd ('rim, shield-rim, shield'). The referent is 'sword'.
In Old Norse poetry, either component of a kenning (base-word, determinant or both) could consist of an ordinary noun or a heiti"poetic synonym". In the above examples, fákr and marr are distinctively poetic lexemes; the normal word for 'horse' in Old Norse prose is hestr.
Complex kennings
[edit]The skalds also employed complex kennings in which the determinant, or sometimes the base-word, is itself made up of a further kenning: grennir gunn-más 'feeder of war-gull' = 'feeder of raven' = 'warrior' (Þorbjörn Hornklofi: Glymdrápa 6); eyðendr arnar hungrs'destroyers of eagle's hunger' = 'feeders of eagle' = 'warrior' (Þorbjörn Þakkaskáld: Erlingsdrápa 1) (referring to carrion birds scavenging after a battle). Where one kenning is embedded in another like this, the whole figure is said to be tvíkent 'doubly determined, twice modified'.[3]
Frequently, where the determinant is itself a kenning, the base-word of the kenning that makes up the determinant is attached uninflected to the front of the base-word of the whole kenning to form a compound word: mög-fellandi mellu 'son-slayer of giantess' = 'slayer of sons of giantess' = 'slayer of giants' = 'the god Thor' (Steinunn Refsdóttir: Lausavísa 2).
If the figure comprises more than three elements, it is said to be rekit "extended".[3] Kennings of up to seven elements are recorded in skaldic verse.[4] Snorri himself characterises five-element kennings as an acceptable license but cautions against more extreme constructions: Níunda er þat at reka til hinnar fimtu kenningar, er ór ættum er ef lengra er rekit; en þótt þat finnisk í fornskálda verka, þá látum vér þat nú ónýtt. "The ninth [license] is extending a kenning to the fifth determinant, but it is out of proportion if it is extended further. Even if it can be found in the works of ancient poets, we no longer tolerate it."[5] The longest kenning found in skaldic poetry occurs in Hafgerðingadrápa by Þórðr Sjáreksson and reads nausta blakks hlé-mána gífrs drífu gim-slöngvir 'fire-brandisher of blizzard of ogress of protection-moon of steed of boat-shed', which simply means 'warrior'.
Word order and comprehension
[edit]Word order in Old Norse was generally much freer than in Modern English because Old Norse and Old English are synthetic languages, where added prefixes and suffixes to the root word (the core noun, verb, adjective or adverb) carry grammatical meanings, whereas Middle English and Modern English use word order to carry grammatical information, as analytic languages. This freedom is exploited to the full in skaldic verse and taken to extremes far beyond what would be natural in prose. Other words can intervene between a base-word and its genitive determinant, and occasionally between the elements of a compound word (tmesis). Kennings, and even whole clauses, can be interwoven. Ambiguity is usually less than it would be if an English text were subjected to the same contortions, thanks to the more elaborate morphology of Old Norse.
Another factor aiding comprehension is that Old Norse kennings tend to be highly conventional. Most refer to the same small set of topics, and do so using a relatively small set of traditional metaphors. Thus a leader or important man will be characterised as generous, according to one common convention, and called an "enemy of gold", "attacker of treasure", "destroyer of arm-rings", etc. and a friend of his people. Nevertheless, there are many instances of ambiguity in the corpus, some of which may be intentional,[6]and some evidence that, rather than merely accepting it from expediency, skalds favoured contorted word order for its own sake.[7]
Semantics
[edit]Kennings could be developed into extended, and sometimes vivid, metaphors: tröddusk törgur fyr [...] hjalta harðfótum 'shields were trodden under the hard feet of the hilt (sword blades)' (Eyvindr Skáldaspillir: Hákonarmál 6); svarraði sárgymir á sverða nesi '{{{1}}}'(Eyvindr Skáldaspillir: Hákonarmál 7).[8] Snorri calls such examples nýgervingar and exemplifies them in verse 6 of his Háttatal. The effect here seems to depend on an interplay of more or less naturalistic imagery and jarring artifice. But the skalds were not averse either to arbitrary, purely decorative, use of kennings: "That is, a ruler will be a distributor of gold even when he is fighting a battle and gold will be called the fire of the sea even when it is in the form of a man's arm-ring on his arm. If the man wearing a gold ring is fighting a battle on land the mention of the sea will have no relevance to his situation at all and does not contribute to the picture of the battle being described" (Faulkes (1997), pp. 8–9).
Snorri draws the line at mixed metaphor, which he terms nykrat 'made monstrous' (Snorri Sturluson: Háttatal 6), and his nephew called the practice löstr 'a fault' (Óláfr hvítaskáld: Third Grammatical Treatise 80).[9] In spite of this, it seems that "many poets did not object to and some must have preferred baroque juxtapositions of unlike kennings and neutral or incongruous verbs in their verses" (Foote & Wilson (1970), p. 332). E.g. heyr jarl Kvasis dreyra '{{{1}}}' (Einarr skálaglamm: Vellekla 1).
Sometimes there is a kind of redundancy whereby the referent of the whole kenning, or a kenning for it, is embedded: barmi dólg-svölu 'brother of hostility-swallow' = 'brother of raven' = 'raven' (Oddr breiðfirðingr: Illugadrápa 1); blik-meiðendr bauga láðs 'gleam-harmers of the land of rings' = 'harmers of gleam of arm' = 'harmers of ring' = 'leaders, nobles, men of social standing (conceived of as generously destroying gold, i.e. giving it away freely)' (Anon.: Líknarbraut 42).
While some Old Norse kennings are relatively transparent, many depend on a knowledge of specific myths or legends. Thus the sky might be called naturalistically él-ker 'squall-vat' (Markús Skeggjason: Eiríksdrápa 3) or described in mythical terms as Ymis haus'Ymir's skull' (Arnórr jarlaskáld: Magnúsdrápa 19), referring to the idea that the sky was made out of the skull of the primeval giant Ymir. Still others name mythical entities according to certain conventions without reference to a specific story: rimmu Yggr 'Odin of battle' = 'warrior' (Arnórr jarlaskáld: Magnúsdrápa 5).
Poets in medieval Iceland even treated Christian themes using the traditional repertoire of kennings complete with allusions to heathen myths and aristocratic epithets for saints: Þrúðr falda 'goddess of headdresses' = 'Saint Catherine' (Kálfr Hallsson: Kátrínardrápa 4).[2]
Kennings of the type AB, where B routinely has the characteristic A and thus this AB is tautological, tend to mean "like B in that it has the characteristic A", e.g. 'shield-Njörðr', tautological because the god Njörðr by nature has his own shield, means 'like Njörðr in that he has a shield', i.e. 'warrior'. A modern English example is "painted Jezebel" as a disapproving expression for a woman too fond of using cosmetics.
Kennings may include proper names. A modern example of this is an ad hoc usage by a helicopter ambulance pilot: "the Heathrow of hang gliders" for the hills behind Hawes in Yorkshire in England, when he found the air over the emergency site crowded with hang-gliders.[10]
Sometimes a name given to one well-known member of a species is used to mean any member of that species. For example, Old Norse valr means 'falcon', but Old Norse mythology mentions a horse named Valr, and thus in Old Norse poetry valr is sometimes used to mean 'horse'.
Ellipsis
[edit]A term may be omitted from a well-known kenning: val-teigs Hildr 'hawk-ground's valkyrie/goddess' (Haraldr Harðráði: Lausavísa 19). The full expression implied here is 'goddess of gleam/fire/adornment of ground/land/seat/perch of hawk' = 'goddess of gleam of arm' = 'goddess of gold' = 'lady' (characterised according to convention as wearing golden jewellery, the arm-kenning being a reference to falconry). The poet relies on listeners' familiarity with such conventions to carry the meaning.[11]
Definitions
[edit]Some scholars take the term kenning broadly to include any noun-substitute consisting of two or more elements, including merely descriptive epithets (such as Old Norse grand viðar 'bane of wood' = 'fire' (Snorri Sturluson: Skáldskaparmál 36)),[12] while others would restrict it to metaphorical instances (such as Old Norse sól húsanna 'sun of the houses' = 'fire' (Snorri Sturluson: Skáldskaparmál 36)),[13] specifically those where "[t]he base-word identifies the referent with something which it is not, except in a specially conceived relation which the poet imagines between it and the sense of the limiting element'" (Brodeur (1959) pp. 248–253). Some even exclude naturalistic metaphors such as Old English forstes bend 'bond of frost' = 'ice' or winter-ġewǣde 'winter-raiment' = 'snow': "A metaphor is a kenning only if it contains an incongruity between the referent and the meaning of the base-word; in the kenning the limiting word is essential to the figure because without it the incongruity would make any identification impossible" (Brodeur (1959) pp. 248–253). Descriptive epithets are a common literary device in many parts of the world, whereas kennings in this restricted sense are a distinctive feature of Old Norse and, to a lesser extent, Old English poetry.[14]
Snorri's own usage, however, seems to fit the looser sense: "Snorri uses the term 'kenning' to refer to a structural device, whereby a person or object is indicated by a periphrastic description containing two or more terms (which can be a noun with one or more dependent genitives or a compound noun or a combination of these two structures)" (Faulkes (1998 a), p. xxxiv). The term is certainly applied to non-metaphorical phrases in Skáldskaparmál: En sú kenning er áðr var ritat, at kalla Krist konung manna, þá kenning má eiga hverr konungr. 'And that kenning which was written before, calling Christ the king of men, any king can have that kenning.'[15]Likewise in Háttatal: Þat er kenning at kalla fleinbrak orrostu [...] 'It is a kenning to call battle 'spear-crash' [...]'.[3]
Snorri's expression kend heiti 'qualified terms' appears to be synonymous with kenningar,[16][17] although Brodeur applies this more specifically to those periphrastic epithets which do not come under his strict definition of kenning.[18]
Sverdlov approaches the question from a morphological standpoint. Noting that the modifying component in Germanic compound words can take the form of a genitive or a bare root, he points to behavioural similarities between genitive determinants and the modifying element in regular Old Norse compound words, such as the fact that neither can be modified by a free-standing (declined) adjective.[19] According to this view, all kennings are formally compounds, notwithstanding widespread tmesis.
Old Norse kennings in context
[edit] |
In the following dróttkvætt stanza, the Norwegian skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir (died ca. 990) compares the greed of King Harald Greycloak (Old Norse: Haraldr) to the generosity of his predecessor, Haakon the Good (Hákon):
Bárum, Ullr, of alla,
ímunlauks, á hauka
fjöllum Fýrisvalla
fræ Hákonar ævi;
nú hefr fólkstríðir Fróða
fáglýjaðra þýja
meldr í móður holdi
mellu dolgs of folginn
—Eyvindr skáldaspillir, Lausavísa
A literal translation reveals several kennings: "Ullr of the war-leek! We carried the seed of Fýrisvellir on our hawk-mountainsduring all of Haakon's life; now the enemy of the people has hidden the flour of Fróði's hapless slaves in the flesh of the mother of the enemy of the giantess."
This could be paraphrased as "O warrior, we carried gold on our arms during all of King Haakon's life; now the enemy of the people has hidden gold in the earth." The kennings are:
Ullr ... ímunlauks, 'warrior', from Ullr, the name of a god, and ímun-laukr, 'sword' (literally 'war-leek'). By convention, the name of any god can be associated with another word to produce a kenning for a certain type of man; here "Ullr of the sword" means 'warrior'. War-leek is a kenning for 'sword' that likens the shape of the sword to that of a leek. The warrior referred to may be King Harald.
Hauka fjöllum, 'arms', from hauka 'hawk' and fjöll 'mountain'. This is a reference to the sport of falconry, where a bird of prey is perched on the arm of the falconer. By convention, 'hawk' combined with a term for a geographic feature forms a kenning for 'arm'.
Fýrisvalla fræ, 'gold', from Fýrisvellir, the plains of the river Fýri, and fræ, 'seed'. This is an allusion to a legend retold in Skáldskaparmál and Hrólfs saga kraka in which King Hrolf and his men scattered gold on the plains (vellir) of the river Fýri south of Gamla Uppsala to delay their pursuers.
Fróða fáglýjaðra þýja meldr, 'flour of Fróði's hapless slaves', is another kenning for 'gold'. It alludes to the Grottasöngr legend.
Móður hold mellu dolgs, 'flesh of the mother of the enemy of the giantess', 'earth'. Here the earth is personified as the goddess Jörð, mother of Thor, enemy of the jǫtnar.
Old English and other kennings
[edit] | This article has an unclear citation style. (May 2018) |
The practice of forming kennings has traditionally been seen as a common Germanic inheritance, but this has been disputed since, among the early Germanic languages, their use is largely restricted to Old Norse and Old English poetry.[13][20] A possible early kenning for 'gold' (walha-kurna "Roman/Gallic grain") is attested in the Proto-Norse runic inscription on the Tjurkö (I)-C bracteate.[21][22] Kennings are virtually absent from the surviving corpus of continental West Germanic verse; the Old Saxon Heliandcontains only one example: lîk-hamo 'body-raiment' = 'body' (Heliand 3453 b),[23] a compound which, in any case, is normal in West Germanic and North Germanic prose (Old English līchama, Old High German lîchamo, lîchinamo, Dutch lichaam, Old Icelandiclíkamr, líkami, Old Swedish līkhamber, Swedish lekamen, Danish and Norwegian Bokmål legeme, Norwegian Nynorsk lekam).
Old English kennings are all of the simple type, possessing just two elements. Examples for 'sea': seġl-rād 'sail-road' (Beowulf 1429 b), swan-rād 'swan-road' (Beowulf 200 a), bæð-weġ 'bath-way' (Andreas 513 a), hron-rād 'whale-road' (Beowulf 10), hwæl-weġ'whale-way' (The Seafarer 63 a). Most Old English examples take the form of compound words in which the first element is uninflected: heofon-candel 'sky-candle' = 'the sun' (Exodus 115 b). Kennings consisting of a genitive phrase occur too, but rarely: heofones ġim 'heaven's gem' = 'the sun' (The Phoenix 183).
Old English poets often place a series of synonyms in apposition, and these may include kennings (loosely or strictly defined) as well as the literal referent: Hrōðgar maþelode, helm Scyldinga ... '{{{1}}}' (Beowulf 456).
Old Frisian also had kennings, though they were relatively rare. In legal documents regarding the protection of children and pregnant women, the term bēnenaburcht ('fortress of the bones') is used for 'womb'.[24]
Although the word kenning is not often used for non-Germanic languages, a similar form can be found in Biblical poetry in its use of parallelism. Some examples include Genesis 49:11, in which "blood of grapes" is used as a kenning for 'wine',[25] and Job 15:14, where "born of woman" is a parallel for 'man'.[26][27]
Modern usage
[edit]Figures of speech similar to kennings occur in Modern English (both in literature and in regular speech), and are often found in combination with other poetic devices. For example, the Madness song "The Sun and the Rain" contains the line "standing up in the falling-down", where "the falling-down" refers to rain and is used in juxtaposition to "standing up". Some recent English writers have attempted to use approximations of kennings in their work. John Steinbeck used kenning-like figures of speech in his 1950 novella Burning Bright, which was adapted into a Broadway play that same year.[28] According to Steinbeck biographer Jay Parini, "The experiment is well-intentioned, but it remains idiosyncratic to the point of absurdity. Steinbeck invented compound phrases (similar to the Old English use of kennings), such as 'wife-loss' and 'friend-right' and 'laughter-starving,' that simply seem eccentric."[29]
Kennings remain somewhat common in German (Drahtesel 'wire-donkey' for bicycle, Feuerstuhl 'fire-chair' for motorcycle, Stubentiger'chamber-tiger' for cat, and so on).
The poet Seamus Heaney regularly employed kennings in his work; for example, bone-house for 'skeleton'.
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ "Help", Oxford English Dictionary, archived from the originalon May 7, 2020, retrieved May 6, 2020
- ^ a b Ross, Margaret Clunies (2007), "Verse-forms and Diction of Christian Skaldic Verse", Poetry on Christian Subjects., Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 7., 7, Turnhout: Brepols, archived from the original on Apr 27, 2021 – via Skaldic Project
- ^ a b c Faulkes (1999), p. 5/12.
- ^ FJËRKENNT, Apr 14, 2001, archived from the original on 2001-04-14, retrieved May 6, 2020
- ^ Faulkes 1991, 8:29–31; Faulkes 1987, 172.
- ^ Faulkes (1997), pp. 11–17,
- ^ Faulkes (1997), p. 15.
- ^ Faulkes (1997), p. 24.
- ^ Faulkes (1997), pp. 24–25.
- ^ the Really (TV channel) television program Helicopter Heroes
- ^ Gordon (1956), p. 250.
- ^ Meissner (1921), p. 2.
- ^ a b Heusler (1941), p. 137.
- ^ Gardner (1969), pp. 109–110.
- ^ Faulkes (1998 a), p. 78/17, 22.
- ^ Faulkes (1998 a), p. xxxiv.
- ^ Faulkes (1999), p. 5/9.
- ^ Brodeur (1959) pp. 248–253.
- ^ Sverdlov (2006).
- ^ Gardner (1969), pp. 109–117.
- ^ Krause (1971), p. 63. Cited by Hultin (1974), p. 864.
- ^ Looijenga (1997), pp. 24, 60, 205; Looijenga (2003), p. 42, 109, 218.
- ^ Gardner (1969), pp. 110–111.
- ^ Bremmer 2009, pp. 130–133.
- ^ Genesis 49:11
- ^ Job 15:14
- ^ Alter, Robert (2011), The Art of Biblical Poetry (New and revised ed.), New York: Basic Books, p. 16, ISBN 978-0-465-02256-4, retrieved 12 October 2016
- ^ "Burning Bright – Broadway Play – Original", IBDB, retrieved May 6, 2020
- ^ Parini, Jay (1995), John Steinbeck: A Biography, New York: Henry Holt & Co., p. 343, ISBN 0805016732
References
[edit]- Bremmer, Jr, Rolf H. (2009), An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, pp. 130–133, ISBN 978-90-272-9004-5
- Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist (1952), The Meaning of Snorri's Categories, United States: University of California Press
- Brodeur, Arthur Gilchrist (1959), The Art of Beowulf, University of California Press
- Faulkes, Anthony (1997), "Poetic Inspiration in Old Norse and Old English Poetry." Dorothea Coke Memorial Lecture in Northern Studies delivered at University College London 28 November 1997, Viking Society for Northern Research
- Faulkes, Anthony (1998 a), "Edda: Skáldskaparmál: 1, Introduction, Text and Notes." Viking Society for Northern Research
- Faulkes, Anthony (1998 b), "Edda: Skáldskaparmál: 2, Glossary and Index of Names." Viking Society for Northern Research
- Foote, Peter & Wilson, D, M. (1970), The Viking Achievement, Book Club Associates, London
- Gardner, Thomas (1969), "The Old English Kenning: A Characteristic Feature of Germanic Poetical Diction?", Modern Philology, 67 (2): 109–117, doi:10.1086/390147, ISSN 0026-8232, S2CID 162218658
- Heusler, Andreas (1941), Die altgermanische Dichtung. (2nd ed.), Potsdam, OCLC 560148330
- Hultin, Neil C. (1974), "Some Homonyms in the Old Norse Atlakvida", MLN, 89 (5): 862–866, doi:10.2307/2907091, JSTOR 2907091
- Krause, Wolfgang (1971), Die Sprache der urnordischen Runeninschriften, Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, Heidelberg
- Kuhn, Hans (1893), 'The rímur-poet and his audience', Saga-Book 23:6
- Looijenga, Jantina Helena (1997), "Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent AD150-700: Texts and Contexts." University of Groningen dissertation.
- Looijenga, Tineke (2003), Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions (PDF), Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, ISBN 90-04-12396-2, archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-08, retrieved 2019-09-23
- Meissner, Rudolf (1984), Die Kenningar der Skalden ein Beitrag zur skaldischen Poetik, Leipzig: Olms, ISBN 3-487-07534-2, OCLC 1069966201
- Sverdlov, Ilya V, (2006), "Kenning Morphology: Towards a Formal Definition of the Skaldic Kenning, or Kennings and Adjectives." 13th International Saga Conference: Durham and York
External links
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"FORM" in the KJV Bible
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- 2 Timothy 3:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Having a form of godliness, but denying the power thereof: from such turn away.
- Ezekiel 43:11chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And if they be ashamed of all that they have done, shew them the form of the house, and the fashion thereof, and the goings out thereof, and the comings in thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the ordinances thereof, and all the forms thereof, and all the laws thereof: and write it in their sight, that they may keep the whole form thereof, and all the ordinances thereof, and do them.
- Mark 16:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- After that he appeared in another form unto two of them, as they walked, and went into the country.
- Philippians 2:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Who, being in the form of God, thought it not robbery to be equal with God:
- Ezekiel 10:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And there appeared in the cherubims the form of a man's hand under their wings.
- 2 Timothy 1:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou hast heard of me, in faith and love which is in Christ Jesus.
- Romans 2:20chapter context similar meaning copy save
- An instructor of the foolish, a teacher of babes, which hast the form of knowledge and of the truth in the law.
- Job 4:16chapter context similar meaning copy save
- It stood still, but I could not discern the form thereof: an image was before mine eyes, there was silence, and I heard a voice, saying,
- Isaiah 45:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- I form the light, and create darkness: I make peace, and create evil: I the LORD do all these things.
- Philippians 2:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But made himself of no reputation, and took upon him the form of a servant, and was made in the likeness of men:
- Jeremiah 4:23chapter context similar meaning copy save
- I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was without form, and void; and the heavens, and they had no light.
- Isaiah 52:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- As many were astonied at thee; his visage was so marred more than any man, and his form more than the sons of men:
- Romans 6:17chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But God be thanked, that ye were the servants of sin, but ye have obeyed from the heart that form of doctrine which was delivered you.
- 2 Samuel 14:20chapter context similar meaning copy save
- To fetch about this form of speech hath thy servant Joab done this thing: and my lord is wise, according to the wisdom of an angel of God, to know all things that are in the earth.
- Ezekiel 8:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- So I went in and saw; and behold every form of creeping things, and abominable beasts, and all the idols of the house of Israel, pourtrayed upon the wall round about.
- Daniel 3:25chapter context similar meaning copy save
- He answered and said, Lo, I see four men loose, walking in the midst of the fire, and they have no hurt; and the form of the fourth is like the Son of God.
- Daniel 2:31chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Thou, O king, sawest, and behold a great image. This great image, whose brightness was excellent, stood before thee; and the form thereof was terrible.
- 2 Chronicles 4:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And he made ten candlesticks of gold according to their form, and set them in the temple, five on the right hand, and five on the left.
- Isaiah 53:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For he shall grow up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of a dry ground: he hath no form nor comeliness; and when we shall see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him.
- 1 Samuel 28:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And he said unto her, What form is he of? And she said, An old man cometh up; and he is covered with a mantle. And Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he stooped with his face to the ground, and bowed himself.
- Daniel 3:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Then was Nebuchadnezzar full of fury, and the form of his visage was changed against Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego: therefore he spake, and commanded that they should heat the furnace one seven times more than it was wont to be heated.
- Ezekiel 8:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And he put forth the form of an hand, and took me by a lock of mine head; and the spirit lifted me up between the earth and the heaven, and brought me in the visions of God to Jerusalem, to the door of the inner gate that looketh toward the north; where was the seat of the image of jealousy, which provoketh to jealousy.
- Genesis 1:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.
You searched for
"DEVICE" in the KJV Bible
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- Psalms 21:11chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For they intended evil against thee: they imagined a mischievous device, which they are not able to perform.
- Lamentations 3:62chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The lips of those that rose up against me, and their device against me all the day.
- Acts 17:29chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Forasmuch then as we are the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Godhead is like unto gold, or silver, or stone, graven by art and man's device.
- Ecclesiastes 9:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might; for there is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave, whither thou goest.
- Psalms 140:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Grant not, O LORD, the desires of the wicked: further not his wicked device; lest they exalt themselves. Selah.
- Esther 8:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Esther spake yet again before the king, and fell down at his feet, and besought him with tears to put away the mischief of Haman the Agagite, and his device that he had devised against the Jews.
- Jeremiah 51:11chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Make bright the arrows; gather the shields: the LORD hath raised up the spirit of the kings of the Medes: for his device is against Babylon, to destroy it; because it is the vengeance of the LORD, the vengeance of his temple.
- Esther 9:25chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But when Esther came before the king, he commanded by letters that his wicked device, which he devised against the Jews, should return upon his own head, and that he and his sons should be hanged on the gallows.
- Jeremiah 18:11chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Now therefore go to, speak to the men of Judah, and to the inhabitants of Jerusalem, saying, Thus saith the LORD; Behold, I frame evil against you, and devise a device against you: return ye now every one from his evil way, and make your ways and your doings good.
- 2 Chronicles 2:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The son of a woman of the daughters of Dan, and his father was a man of Tyre, skilful to work in gold, and in silver, in brass, in iron, in stone, and in timber, in purple, in blue, and in fine linen, and in crimson; also to grave any manner of graving, and to find out every device which shall be put to him, with thy cunning men, and with the cunning men of my lord David thy father.
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