This dream was odd as should I say that Pi had a "sign" of 3.141 than the torii would be its key. I love math, excitedly I say that love is my path. I have solved Pi into plain English and by writing that out the dream I had just the other day gave more to the love of mathematics. And, the adventure is not just in my dream as these torii within the Shinto shrine are real and in Japan! What more could a girl ask for as that dream with love gave grace my sight and I found the reality to be more than a dream; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torii
The dream last evening gave path to more than nightmares of the world. In inch I found an old friend and that energy gave path to what is called the Kitsune. I only know this energy now as the name of my friend is more than just love, his name is Joe and I know him from Sammy's Pet World!! The reality is just fact and the dream was fantastic, it is as the dream delivered and gave cause for me to just go and ask Joe about this funny path, so I did that yesterday, the date was March 5, 2019 and that was Tuesday of this week. Wow what knowledge Joe gave in the talk of a single conversation, the fox a real live Kitsune, oh for the breadth of life that gave to me.
The dream went like this:
For many lives before this earth we traveled a journey that delivered us to land animals upon the love of breadth. As earth came into sight I said to him what . . . . .and then this World came into view and he said ready? The earth chose to receive.
High on a mountain the round worlds saw water and mountain; the valleys were as beautiful as the Gates!! I started to speak of many different types of paths, suddenly we were high in the Himalayans’ in Tibet, I laughed and off to work we both went. The continued study gave paths to I was watching his instruction on food, the reason for this came from an earlier date and that made me laugh when I woke up from this strange and lurid dream.
The dream continued and the avenue chaptered to verses!!
Oh for the words to say that atmosphere is not a river and crossing has nothing to do with biblical purses. Should any proof that Pi is more than a 3.141 than the picture of truth would say that there are many doors just as the other dream that I saw gates. The gates were so enormous and incredibly fantastic as the age was not timeless, it was as time had built structures that gave paths an entirely different grace. Oh for the stories however before I state what the dream did in nightmare for the U.S. I will say exactly what I saw: Lost in circuitry I saw the 'We the people' part of the United States of America, those people were lost in the matrix, a circuitry. Yikes!! I was in shock and startled at their scream, the loud biers!! Screaming for a drink I started to again watch what the people in the U.S.A. were doing as the water was in those hoses that made the movie The Matrix an entirely new scene, the complications were so entangled that I left and found myself at the Pi improved!! I jumped at the excitement and upon my return to all the 'We the people' people, the people of the United States of America, I stopped and I was completely unable to speak, I was not able to get anyone's attention, nobody would listen, I woke. The dream was a little more complicated however this is the gist of it!!
An End To A Means In The Defined
Wednesday, March 20, 2013
There were 'These Gates' that I have seen,
I walked through much like you,
in a Life I can't explain,
'cause lives before are abhorred.
As I know "Gates Magnificent"
'They' were built with what is different,
Open, Closed, I did stare,
for it seemed no-one was there.
The Workings 'Of' seemed to be,
a measure of eternity,
as if the balance was a Quest,
I watched 'Them' move with such great breath!!
Not Ornate but obviously Placed,
the Weight of Such showed such grace,
as 'They' opened Awe in Space,
I could not help but stay that day.
As I know you don't believe,
lives before can be a lead,
to a dream of what so naturally,
is progression for All to See.
In such sight,
my Third-Eye now,
I looked to See,
and it's not right.
The "Gates of Many" no-longer there,
I cannot believe I just stare,
'A Kingdom' fell to Earth in Night,
these 'Thresholds' are the truth of sight.
The emptiness I taste in fright,
do you know of this plight?
Could it be a Prophecy,
that the Heavens fall to All of Thee?
If 'These' riches now under feet,
reside in Whole to Total Rite,
are you aware of this Meet?
My sadness comes in Third-Eye sight,
why the fall in Just of night?
There is no residence in this place,
to be the host of such disgraced,
for most deny an Inner-Eye,
lacking ability to even try.
Who will know this Treasure lost,
as it fell at such cost,
not one did stop, surely this is a wicked plot,
as I witness this kingdom sought.
Religion is a Life to me,
I swore to "Know good"
I stood to be.
Never did I venture thought,
to believe in less than Wrought,
but if All has fallen to this earth,
than what I know is more than work.
I am not familiar with most ways,
it seems my birth just created Waves,
not Hello's but Tornado's stayed.
Upon arrival I felt wrecked,
the sight of family was so direct,
my Life I found in Their death threats.
I've had my breath taken from me,
I've had my small frame raped,
in dead of night and in plain sight.
I've witnessed horrors that change your mind,
I grew to know this life of mine,
as an adult I felt still jolts,
of men in want and so they took,
as I laid still and in one look,
ventured back in sight to stay put.
As I know I've learned "Not right"
but it seems that if you fight,
you will be hurt for just spite.
So as I state that life has raped,
me of more than a body sore,
my mind is in more pain,
at the sight of G_d's Kingdom,
falling in vain.
In the End, I guess it's all a sin,
but no one believes unless they have been,
in lives that trouble them from begin,
enhancing Senses to the fear when it's near.
The excuse that I hear,
resounds in silence of grinding gears,
for if Heaven resides here,
than 'All' that was imprisoned,
in Minds, in Cell, in Time, in Place,
will be free to join this Human Race.
No censure, no writ of order,
will come from what fell to earth,
only the grave of Death,
will know absurd,
as He rises upon your turf.
Do you know that Heaven was Closed,
so long ago that what fell had wings,
to settle in upon this place,
as if this Plan had an element of Ancient grace.
The "Gates of Mention" had shut,
in 'Their' dimension,
putting off man's ascension,
to places of no retention.
So as the dead do rise,
within your Life as lives you've been,
in denial of your sin,
within these makings I see a trend.
Leading to a bitter end,
delivering to you,
the City of which you seek,
as being beneath your feet.
No rotting Corpse to offend in present sight,
but the stench of ignorance seems your delight,
for the flesh of mind is an awakening of a different kind.
It is Real and in plain sight,
in every day reveal,
a 3-D dimensional field,
the only way for you to believe,
that in this Continue,
not everyone leaves.
Wretched are the ways of Man,
that merely reside in the land,
with no more knowledge of a plan,
than you ascend to a place,
that no-longer stands.
So as an out-reached hand,
is closed to determine move,
it will be inevitably set on each Horizon.
The trust to believe in what is greater than Thee,
will remain as a guide,
in light I see the dim view,
of the disaster that will befall you.
In a tempered violence,
numb to the Numbered kills,
the invasion will almost seem still,
overwhelming you in the night of Their Will.
As in History Civilizations do fall,
in absence of what is Natural,
communication is denied,
as sight in real proves the lines have been cut.
With the outage,
the Wire and Echo,
the satellite unknown,
directed by Done,
you may shout,
but there will be no where to run.
Belief will be waning,
as Innocence continues weighing,
the Rights and the Wrongs,
of Faiths that keep saying,
"Do it this way or We will kill you!!"
In every Belief or Religion in thee,
there is an unwritten rule:
Stand for the Belief of Another,
for it may not be Yours,
but it is Your duty and a grave sin if You turn Your back on them.
For you do not have to accept that path,
but you must respect the road traveled,
even in difference the claim,
nine times out of ten,
leads the same way.
Should you dismiss, ignore or persist,
in the Wipe-Out of this simple notion,
than what You hate will not rule You,
but come to be as the utter truth,
the origin of man will expose itself,
in it's wealth it will be the most hated religion,
on this Earth.
It is the karma of this law,
that what is hidden,
are secrets kept by instruct,
an Ancient Script.
As You play to an other's roar,
You will identify Yourself through strange actions,
and the Plenty of Your Kills.
The Veil will not be lifted,
for the persecuted bears no curtain to hide 'The Truth.'
The Secret is,
to know the wealth,
for the riches of Whomever this may be,
will exceed the limits of Humanity.
Their accountable will show,
in the persistence of the message that must flow,
without hatred, rage or wrath of an end that has No Go.
In their Letters it will worry of hope,
the chance of a whole,
produced by the payment of sum,
in total and not some strange run,
where burden is not Yours to shoulder.
The Words will produce in plain english,
that Their wish is not to deny but to invite,
to ignite better,
Two will Song,
the hymn of belong.
It will spell out the difference between,
Imagined, Expected and Delivered,
the Construct will just be,
intended not interpreted.
For in the Inscription there will be,
a Clear and Concise design,
that clearly You will deny,
and point it out as lies,
should it not be the Lair of Your Guise.
But because of this Erupt,
it will only further the Whipping of this Law.
Your religion or belief will begin to unravel at Your feet.
A prequel will be identified as;
"Stolen to Embolden"
this mere Text will cast your Translated opinion,
upon that which will prove to have been before.
The scarred remains of more will be found,
to brace the ground upon which You left,
the impaled remains of Men.
The burnt Scores will point to a greater Store,
an Entombed Title,
on a Rock with such apparent impact,
that You will fall to Your knees,
not for prayer but from Your own beguiled disbelief,
that in Antiquities are found,
the Ancients believed!!
Wisdom in Keeps,
of More than Minds,
but in Actual, in Original, In-Place,
a Scroll of know delight,
for it will also increase the plight of any Religion,
pointing at another and stating;
"FEAR!!"
It will come down to the most simple,
yet complex fight,
to ever display a War of Light,
and the answer remains,
in the dark!!
Kitsune
The nine-tailed fox Kyūbi no Kitsune scaring Prince Hanzoku (print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi, Edo period 19th century)
listen)) is the Japanese word for the fox. Foxes are a common subject of Japanese folklore; in English, kitsune refers to them in this context. Stories depict them as intelligent beings and as possessing paranormal abilities that increase with their age and wisdom. According to Yōkai
folklore, all foxes have the ability to shapeshift into human form.
While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick
others—as foxes in folklore often do—other stories portray them as
faithful guardians, friends, lovers, and wives.
Foxes and humans lived close together in ancient Japan; this companionship gave rise to legends about the creatures. Kitsune have become closely associated with Inari, a Shinto kami or spirit, and serve as its messengers. This role has reinforced the fox's supernatural significance. The more tails a kitsune has—they may have as many as nine—the older, wiser, and more powerful it is. Because of their potential power and influence, some people make sacrifices to them as to a deity.
Conversely foxes were often seen as "witch animals", especially during the superstitious Edo period (1603–1867), and were goblins who could not be trusted (similar to some badgers and cats).[1]
Contents
Origins
A nine-tailed fox, from the Qing edition of the ancient text Classic of Mountains and Seas
Japan is home to two red fox subspecies: the Hokkaido fox (Vulpes vulpes schrencki, pictured), and the Japanese red fox (Vulpes vulpes japonica).
Smyers (1999) notes that the idea of the fox as seductress and the connection of the fox myths to Buddhism were introduced into Japanese folklore through similar Chinese stories, but she maintains that some fox stories contain elements unique to Japan.[6]
Etymology
The full etymology is unknown. The oldest known usage of the word is in the 794 text Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki. Other old sources include Nihon Ryōiki (810–824) and Wamyō Ruijushō (c. 934). These oldest sources are written in Man'yōgana which clearly identifies the historical spelling as ki1tune. Following several diachronic phonological changes, this becomes kitsune.Many etymological suggestions have been made, though there is no general agreement:
- Myōgoki (1268) suggests that it is so called because it is "always (tsune) yellow (ki)".
- Early Kamakura period Mizukagami indicates that it means "came (ki) [ perfective aspect particle tsu] to bedroom (ne)" due to a legend that a kitsune would change into one's wife and bear children.
- Arai Hakuseki in Tōga (1717) suggests that ki means "stench", tsu is a possessive particle, and ne is related to inu, the word for "dog".
- Tanikawa Kotosuga in Wakun no Shiori (1777–1887) suggests that ki means "yellow", tsu is a possessive particle, and ne is related to neko, the word for cat.
- Ōtsuki Fumihiko in Daigenkai (1932–1935) proposes that the word comes from kitsu, which is onomatopoeia for the bark of a fox, and ne, which may be an affix or an honorific word meaning a servant of an Inari shrine.
- Nozaki also suggests that the word kitsune was originally onomatopoetic. Kitsu represented a fox's yelp and came to be the general word for fox. -Ne signifies an affectionate mood.[7]
One of the oldest surviving kitsune tales provides a widely known folk etymology of the word kitsune.[8] Unlike most tales of kitsune who become human and marry human males, this one does not end tragically:[4][9]
-
- Ono, an inhabitant of Mino (says an ancient Japanese legend of A.D. 545), spent the seasons longing for his ideal of female beauty. He met her one evening on a vast moor and married her. Simultaneously with the birth of their son, Ono's dog was delivered of a pup which as it grew up became more and more hostile to the lady of the moors. She begged her husband to kill it, but he refused. At last one day the dog attacked her so furiously that she lost courage, resumed vulpine shape, leaped over a fence and fled.
-
- "You may be a fox," Ono called after her, "but you are the mother of my son and I will always love you. Come back when you please; you will always be welcome."
-
- So every evening she stole back and slept in his arms.[8]
Characteristics
Kitsune are believed to possess superior intelligence, long life, and magical powers. They are a type of yōkai; the word kitsune is often translated as fox spirit. However, this does not mean that kitsune are ghosts, nor that they are fundamentally different from regular foxes. Because the word spirit is used to reflect a state of knowledge or enlightenment, all long-lived foxes gain supernatural abilities.[6]There are two common classifications of kitsune:
- The zenko (善狐-literally good foxes) are benevolent, celestial foxes associated with Inari; they are sometimes simply called Inari foxes
- On the other hand, the yako (野狐, literally field foxes, also called nogitsune) tend to be mischievous or even malicious.[10]
This obake karuta
(monster card) from the early 19th century depicts a kitsune. The
associated game involves matching clues from folklore to pictures of
specific creatures.
Shapeshifting
"Fox women" by Bertha Lum: kitsune as women
In some stories, kitsune have difficulty hiding their tails when they take human form; looking for the tail, perhaps when the fox gets drunk or careless, is a common method of discerning the creature's true nature.[22] A particularly devout individual may even be able to see through a fox's disguise merely by perceiving them.[23] Kitsune can also be exposed while in human form by their fear and hatred of dogs, and some become so rattled by their presence that they revert to the form of a fox and flee.
One folk story illustrating these imperfections in the kitsune's human shape concerns Koan, a historical person credited with wisdom and magical powers of divination. According to the story, he was staying at the home of one of his devotees when he scalded his foot entering a bath because the water had been drawn too hot. Then, "in his pain, he ran out of the bathroom naked. When the people of the household saw him, they were astonished to see that Koan had fur covering much of his body, along with a fox's tail. Then Koan transformed in front of them, becoming an elderly fox and running away."[24]
Other supernatural abilities commonly attributed to the kitsune include possession, generating fire or lightning, willful manifestation in the dreams of others, flight, invisibility, and the creation of illusions so elaborate as to be almost indistinguishable from reality.[16][21] Some tales speak of kitsune with even greater powers, able to bend time and space, drive people mad, or take fantastic shapes such as an incredibly tall tree or a second moon in the sky.[25][26] Other kitsune have characteristics reminiscent of vampires or succubi and feed on the life or spirit of human beings, generally through sexual contact.[27]
Inari Ōkami and its fox spirits help the blacksmith Munechika forge the blade kogitsune-maru (Little Fox) at the end of the 10th century. The legend is the subject of the noh drama Sanjō Kokaji.
Kitsunetsuki
A depiction of a kitsunetsuki in the Gyokuzan Gafu by Okada Gyokuzan
Folklorist Lafcadio Hearn describes the condition:
Strange is the madness of those into whom demon foxes enter. Sometimes they run naked shouting through the streets. Sometimes they lie down and froth at the mouth, and yelp as a fox yelps. And on some part of the body of the possessed a moving lump appears under the skin, which seems to have a life of its own. Prick it with a needle, and it glides instantly to another place. By no grasp can it be so tightly compressed by a strong hand that it will not slip from under the fingers. Possessed folk are also said to speak and write languages of which they were totally ignorant prior to possession. They eat only what foxes are believed to like — tofu, aburagé, azukimeshi, etc. — and they eat a great deal, alleging that not they, but the possessing foxes, are hungry.He goes on to note that, once freed from the possession, the victim will never again be able to eat tofu, azukimeshi, or other foods favored by foxes:
— Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, vol. 1[31]
Exorcism, often performed at an Inari shrine, may induce a fox to leave its host.[32] In the past, when such gentle measures failed or a priest was not available, victims of kitsunetsuki were beaten or badly burned in hopes of forcing the fox to leave. Entire families were ostracized by their communities after a member of the family was thought to be possessed.[31]In Japan, kitsunetsuki was noted as a disease as early as the Heian period and remained a common diagnosis for mental illness until the early 20th century.[33][34] Possession was the explanation for the abnormal behavior displayed by the afflicted individuals. In the late 19th century, Dr. Shunichi Shimamura noted that physical diseases that caused fever were often considered kitsunetsuki.[35] The belief has lost favor, but stories of fox possession still occur, such as allegations that members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult had been possessed.[36]
In medicine, kitsunetsuki is a culture-bound syndrome unique to Japanese culture. Those who suffer from the condition believe they are possessed by a fox.[37] Symptoms include cravings for rice or sweet adzuki beans, listlessness, restlessness, and aversion to eye contact. Kitsunetsuki is similar to but distinct from clinical lycanthropy.[38]
Folk beliefs
In folk religion, stories of fox possession can be found in all lands of Japan. Those possessed by a fox are thought to suffer from a mental illness-like condition.[39]There are families that tell of protective fox spirits, and in certain regions, possession by a kuda-gitsune,[17] osaki,[17][40] yako,[39] and hitogitsune are also called "kitsunetsuki."[39][40] These families are said to have been able to use their fox to gain fortune, but marriage into such a family was considered forbidden as it would enlarge the family.[39] They are also said to be able to bring about illness and curse the possessions, crops, and livestock of ones that they hate, and as a result of being considered taboo by the other families, it has led to societal problems.[40]
The great amount of faith given to foxes can be seen in how, as a result of the Inari belief where foxes were believed to be Inari no Kami or its servant, they were employed in practices of dakini-ten by mikkyō practitioners and shugendō practitioners and in the oracles of miko and other practitioners, and the customs related to kitsunetsuki can be seen as having developed in such a religious background.[39]
Hoshi no tama
"Kitsunebi on New Year's Night under the Enoki Tree near Ōji" in the One Hundred Famous Views of Edo by Hiroshige. Each fox has a kitsunebi floating close to their face.
One belief is that when a kitsune changes shape, its hoshi no tama holds a portion of its magical power. Another tradition is that the pearl represents the kitsune's soul; the kitsune will die if separated from it for long. Those who obtain the ball may be able to extract a promise from the kitsune to help them in exchange for its return.[44] For example, a 12th-century tale describes a man using a fox's hoshi no tama to secure a favor:
"Confound you!" snapped the fox. "Give me back my ball!" The man ignored its pleas till finally it said tearfully, "All right, you've got the ball, but you don't know how to keep it. It won't be any good to you. For me, it's a terrible loss. I tell you, if you don't give it back, I'll be your enemy forever. If you do give it back though, I'll stick to you like a protector god."The fox later saves his life by leading him past a band of armed robbers.[45]
Portrayal
Inari Ōkami appears to a warrior accompanied by a kitsune. This portrayal shows the influence of Dakiniten concepts from Buddhism. Print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi.
Servants of Inari
The moon on Musashi Plain (fox) by Yoshitoshi[52]
Inari's kitsune are white, a color of good omen.[11] They possess the power to ward off evil, and they sometimes serve as guardian spirits. In addition to protecting Inari shrines, they are petitioned to intervene on behalf of the locals and particularly to aid against troublesome nogitsune, those spirit foxes who do not serve Inari. Black foxes and nine-tailed foxes are likewise considered good omens.[22]
According to beliefs derived from fusui (feng shui), the fox's power over evil is such that a mere statue of a fox can dispel the evil kimon, or energy, that flows from the northeast. Many Inari shrines, such as the famous Fushimi Inari shrine in Kyoto, feature such statues, sometimes large numbers of them.
Kitsune are connected to the Buddhist religion through the Dakiniten, goddesses conflated with Inari's female aspect. Dakiniten is depicted as a female boddhisattva wielding a sword and riding a flying white fox.[57]
Tricksters
The Fushimi Inari shrine in Kyoto features numerous kitsune statues.
A traditional game called kitsune-ken (fox-fist) references the kitsune's powers over human beings. The game is similar to rock, paper, scissors, but the three hand positions signify a fox, a hunter, and a village headman. The headman beats the hunter, whom he outranks; the hunter beats the fox, whom he shoots; the fox beats the headman, whom he bewitches.[60][61]
This ambiguous portrayal, coupled with their reputation for vengefulness, leads people to try to discover a troublesome fox's motives. In one case, the 16th-century leader Toyotomi Hideyoshi wrote a letter to the kami Inari:
To Inari Daimyojin,
My lord, I have the honor to inform you that one of the foxes under your jurisdiction has bewitched one of my servants, causing her and others a great deal of trouble. I have to request that you make minute inquiries into the matter, and endeavor to find out the reason of your subject misbehaving in this way, and let me know the result.
If it turns out that the fox has no adequate reason to give for his behavior, you are to arrest and punish him at once. If you hesitate to take action in this matter I shall issue orders for the destruction of every fox in the land. Any other particulars that you may wish to be informed of in reference to what has occurred, you can learn from the high priest of Yoshida.[62]
My father lived here before me, sir, and by now I have many children and grandchildren. They get into a lot of mischief, I'm afraid, and I'm always after them to stop, but they never listen. And now, sir, you're understandably fed up with us. I gather that you're going to kill us all. But I just want you to know, sir, how sorry I am that this is our last night of life. Won't you pardon us, one more time? If we ever make trouble again, then of course you must act as you think best. But the young ones, sir — I'm sure they'll understand when I explain to them why you're so upset. We'll do everything we can to protect you from now on, if only you'll forgive us, and we'll be sure to let you know when anything good is going to happen!"[63]Other kitsune use their magic for the benefit of their companion or hosts as long as the human beings treat them with respect. As yōkai, however, kitsune do not share human morality, and a kitsune who has adopted a house in this manner may, for example, bring its host money or items that it has stolen from the neighbors. Accordingly, common households thought to harbor kitsune are treated with suspicion.[64] Oddly, samurai families were often reputed to share similar arrangements with kitsune, but these foxes were considered zenko and the use of their magic a sign of prestige.[65] Abandoned homes were common haunts for kitsune.[19] One 12th-century story tells of a minister moving into an old mansion only to discover a family of foxes living there. They first try to scare him away, then claim that the house "has been ours for many years, and ... we wish to register a vigorous protest." The man refuses, and the foxes resign themselves to moving to an abandoned lot nearby.[66]
Tales distinguish kitsune gifts from kitsune payments. If a kitsune offers a payment or reward that includes money or material wealth, part or all of the sum will consist of old paper, leaves, twigs, stones, or similar valueless items under a magical illusion.[67] True kitsune gifts are usually intangibles, such as protection, knowledge, or long life.[68]
The kitsune Kuzunoha casts a fox's shadow even in human form. Kuzunoha is a popular figure in folklore and the subject of kabuki plays. Print by Utagawa Kuniyoshi.
Wives and lovers
Kitsune are commonly portrayed as lovers, usually in stories involving a young human male and a kitsune who takes the form of a human woman.[69] The kitsune may be a seductress, but these stories are more often romantic in nature.[70] Typically, the young man unknowingly marries the fox, who proves a devoted wife. The man eventually discovers the fox's true nature, and the fox-wife is forced to leave him. In some cases, the husband wakes as if from a dream, filthy, disoriented, and far from home. He must then return to confront his abandoned family in shame.Many stories tell of fox-wives bearing children. When such progeny are human, they possess special physical or supernatural qualities that often pass to their own children.[22] The astrologer-magician Abe no Seimei was reputed to have inherited such extraordinary powers.[71]
Other stories tell of kitsune marrying one another. Rain falling from a clear sky — a sunshower — is called kitsune no yomeiri or the kitsune's wedding, in reference to a folktale describing a wedding ceremony between the creatures being held during such conditions.[72] The event is considered a good omen, but the kitsune will seek revenge on any uninvited guests,[73] as is depicted in the 1990 Akira Kurosawa film Dreams.[74]
Stephen Turnbull, in "Nagashino 1575", relates the tale of the Takeda clan's involvement with a fox-woman. The warlord Takeda Shingen, in 1544, defeated in battle a lesser local warlord named Suwa Yorishige and drove him to suicide after a "humiliating and spurious" peace conference, after which Shingen forced marriage on Suwa Yorishige's beautiful 14-year-old daughter Lady Koi—Shingen's own niece. Shingen, Turnbull writes, "was so obsessed with the girl that his superstitious followers became alarmed and believed her to be an incarnation of the white fox-spirit of the Suwa Shrine, who had bewitched him in order to gain revenge." When their son Takeda Katsuyori proved to be a disastrous leader and led the clan to their devastating defeat at the battle of Nagashino, Turnbull writes, "wise old heads nodded, remembering the unhappy circumstances of his birth and his magical mother".[75]
See also
- Fox spirit, a general overview about this being in East Asian mythology
- Hakuzōsu
- Red fox — species related to kitsune
- The Sandman: The Dream Hunters
- Sessho-seki
- Tamamo-no-Mae
Notes
- Turnbull, Stephen (2000). Nagashino 1575. Osprey. ISBN 978-1-84176-250-0.
References
- Addiss, Stephen (1985). Japanese Ghosts & Demons: Art of the Supernatural. New York: G. Braziller. ISBN 978-0-8076-1126-5.
- Ashkenazy, Michael (2003). Handbook of Japanese Mythology. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-57607-467-1.
- Hall, Jamie (2003). Half Human, Half Animal: Tales of Werewolves and Related Creatures. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4107-5809-5. OCLC 54410012.
- Hamel, Frank (2003). Human Animals. Kessinger. ISBN 978-0766167001.
- Hearn, Lafcadio (2005). Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan. Project Gutenberg. ISBN 978-1604247480.
- Nozaki, Kiyoshi (1961). Kitsuné — Japan's Fox of Mystery, Romance, and Humor. Tokyo: The Hokuseidô Press.
- Smyers, Karen Ann (1999). The fox and the jewel: shared and private meanings in contemporary Japanese inari worship. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0824821029.
- Tyler, Royall (1987). Japanese Tales. Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-394-75656-1.
Further reading
- Bathgate, Michael (2004). The Fox's Craft in Japanese Religion and Folklore: Shapeshifters, Transformations, and Duplicities. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-96821-8.
External links
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kitsune. |
- The Kitsune Page
- Foxtrot's Guide to Kitsune Lore
- Kitsune.org folklore
- Kitsune, Kumiho, Huli Jing, Fox – Fox spirits in Asia, and Asian fox spirits in the West An extensive bibliography of fox-spirit books.
- Gods of Japan page on the fox spirit
- Kitsune: Coyote of the Orient
No comments:
Post a Comment