Aurora borealis equated at rainbow(plus) and that is only 3 point one, and the Cantore arithmetic is still at word to arithmetic in a program as that would be the pot at the sun to say that this is word to a pyramid? What is the flat as the square is still a round to format the program for the wheel. The sky is still in perhaps.
Rune equated pi at Pliny the Elder; Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 – AD 79), called Pliny the Elder (/ˈplɪni/),[1the Galations.
Ram equated Rune equated Lamb and that is not the 3.141 as Srinivasa Ramanujan FRS (/ˈsriːnɪvɑːsə rɑːˈmɑːnʊdʒən/ SREE-nih-vah-sə rah-MAH-nuuj-ən;[1] born Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar, IPA: [sriːniʋaːsa ɾaːmaːnud͡ʑan ajːaŋgar]; 22 December 1887 – 26 April 1920)[2][3] was an Indian mathematician. Though he had almost no formal training in pure mathematics, he made substantial contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory, infinite series, and continued fractions, including solutions to mathematical problems then considered unsolvable.
The basis of Cantore arithmetic is to word. Language is considered as the basis to word? What in the category of where is the bone measures to the worth of the letter should the number remain in division?
Thorn (letter)
| Þ | |
|---|---|
| Þ þ | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Adapted from Futhark and Futhorc into Latin script |
| Type | Alphabetic and logographic |
| Language of origin | Old English language Old Norse language |
| Phonetic usage | [θ] [ð] [θ̠] [z] /θɔːrn/ |
| Unicode codepoint | U+00DE, U+00FE |
| History | |
| Development | ᚦ
|
| Time period | ~800 to present |
| Descendants | ꝥ, þͤ, þͭ, þͧ, yᷤ, yͤ, yͭ, (possibly) 𐌸 |
| Sisters | None |
| Transliteration equivalents | Θ, th |
| Other | |
| Other letters commonly used with | th, dh |
| Writing direction | Left-to-right |
Thorn or þorn (Þ, þ) is a letter in the Old English, Old Norse, Old Swedish and modern Icelandic alphabets, as well as modern transliterations of the Gothic alphabet, Middle Scots, and some dialects of Middle English. It was also used in medieval Scandinavia, but was later replaced with the digraph th, except in Iceland, where it survives. The letter originated from the rune ᚦ in the Elder Fuþark and was called thorn in the Anglo-Saxon and thorn or thurs in the Scandinavian rune poems. It is similar in appearance to the archaic Greek letter sho (ϸ), although the two are historically unrelated. The only language in which þ is currently in use is Icelandic.[1]
It is pronounced as either a voiceless dental fricative [θ] or its voiced counterpart [ð]. However, in modern Icelandic, it is pronounced as a laminal voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative [θ̠],[2][3] similar to th as in the English word thick, or a (usually apical) voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative [ð̠],[2][3] similar to th as in the English word the. Modern Icelandic usage generally excludes the latter, which is instead represented with the letter eth ⟨Ð, ð⟩; however, [ð̠] may occur as an allophone of /θ̠/, and written ⟨þ⟩, when it appears in an unstressed pronoun or adverb after a voiced sound.[4]
In typography, the lowercase thorn character is unusual in that it has both an ascender and a descender(other examples are the lowercase Cyrillic ф, and, in some [especially italic] fonts, the Latin letters f and ſ [long s]).
Uses[edit]
English[edit]
Old English[edit]
The letter thorn was used for writing Old English very early on, as was ð, called eth. Unlike eth, thorn remained in common use through most of the Middle English period. Both letters were used for the phoneme /θ/, sometimes by the same scribe. This sound was regularly realised in Old English as the voiced fricative [ð] between voiced sounds, but either letter could be used to write it; the modern use of [ð] in phonetic alphabets is not the same as the Old English orthographic use. A thorn with the ascender crossed (Ꝥ) was a popular abbreviation for the word that.
Middle and Early Modern English[edit]
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The modern digraph th began to grow in popularity during the 14th century; at the same time, the shape of ⟨Þ⟩ grew less distinctive, with the letter losing its ascender (becoming similar in appearance to the old wynn(⟨Ƿ⟩, ⟨ƿ⟩), which had fallen out of use by 1300, and to ancient through modern ⟨P⟩, ⟨p⟩). By this stage, th was predominant and the use of ⟨Þ⟩ was largely restricted to certain common words and abbreviations. This was the longest-lived use, though with the arrival of movable type printing, the substitution of ⟨y⟩ for ⟨Þ⟩ became ubiquitous, leading to the common "ye", as in 'Ye Olde Curiositie Shoppe'. One major reason for this was that ⟨Y⟩ existed in the printer's types that were imported from Belgium and the Netherlands, while ⟨Þ⟩ did not.[5]The word was never pronounced as /j/, as in ⟨yes⟩, though, even when so written.[6] The first printing of the King James Version of the Bible in 1611 used ye for "the" in places such as Job 1:9, John 15:1, and Romans 15:29.[7] It also used yt as an abbreviation for "that", in places such as 2 Corinthians 13:7. All were replaced in later printings by the or that, respectively.
Abbreviations[edit]
The following were scribal abbreviations during Middle and Early Modern English using the letter thorn:
(þͤ) – a Middle English abbreviation for the word the
(þͭ) – a Middle English abbreviation for the word that
(þͧ) – a rare Middle English abbreviation for the word thou (which was written early on as þu or þou)
In later printed texts, given the lack of a sort for the glyph,[5] printers substituted the (visually similar) letter y for the thorn:
- yᷤ – an Early Modern English abbreviation for the word this
(yͤ) – an Early Modern English abbreviation for the word the
(yͭ) – an Early Modern English abbreviation for the word that
Modern English[edit]
Thorn in the form of a "Y" survives in pseudo-archaic uses, particularly the stock prefix "ye olde". The definite article spelt with "Y" for thorn is often jocularly or mistakenly pronounced /jiː/ ("yee") or mistaken for the archaic nominative case of the second person plural pronoun, "ye", as in "hear ye!".
Khmer[edit]
Þþ is sometimes used in Khmer romanization to represent ធ thô.
Icelandic[edit]
Icelandic is the only living language to keep the letter thorn (in Icelandic; þ, pronounced þoddn, [θ̠ɔtn̥] or þorn [θ̠ɔrn̥]). The letter is the 30th in the Icelandic alphabet, modelled after Old Norse alphabet in the 19th century; it is transliterated to th when it cannot be reproduced[8] and never appears at the end of a word. For example, the name of Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson is anglicised as Hafthor.
Its pronunciation has not varied much, but before the introduction of the eth character, þ was used to represent the sound [ð], as in the word "verþa", which is now spelt verða (meaning "to become") in modern Icelandic or normalized orthography.[9] Þ was originally taken from the runic alphabet and is described in the First Grammatical Treatise from the 12th-century:
| Staf þann er flestir menn kalla þ, þann kalla ég af því heldur þe að þá er það atkvæði hans í hverju máli sem eftir lifir nafnsins er úr er tekinn raddarstafur úr nafni hans, sem alla hefi ég samhljóðendur samda í það mark nú sem ég reit snemma í þeirra umræðu. [...] Höfuðstaf þe-sins rita ég hvergi nema í vers upphafi því að hans atkvæði má eigi æxla þótt hann standi eftir raddarstaf í samstöfun.[10] – First Grammarian, First Grammatical Treatise | The letter which most men call thorn I shall call the, so that its sound value in each context will be what is left of the name when the vowel is removed, since I have now arranged all the consonants in that manner, as I wrote earlier in this discussion. [...] The capital letter of the I do not write except at the beginning of a section, since its sound cannot be extended, even when it follows the vowel of the syllable.[11] – First Grammarian, First Grammatical Treatise, translation by Einar Haugen |
Computing codes[edit]
| character | Þ | þ |
| Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN | LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN |
| Unicode | 00DE | 00FE |
| Character entity reference | Þ | þ |
| Windows-1252, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-15 | DE | FE |
| LaTeX | \TH | \th |
Variants[edit]
Various forms of thorn were used for medieval scribal abbreviations:[12]
- U+A764 Ꝥ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE
- U+A765 ꝥ LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE
- U+A766 Ꝧ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER
- U+A767 ꝧ LATIN SMALL LETTER THORN WITH STROKE THROUGH DESCENDER
- U+A7D3 ꟓ LATIN SMALL LETTER DOUBLE THORN was used in the Middle English Ormulum[13]
See also[edit]
- Pronunciation of English ⟨th⟩
- Sho (letter), Ϸ, a similar letter in the Greek alphabet used to write the Bactrian language
- Yogh, Ȝ, a letter used in Middle English and Older Scots
- Wynn, Ƿ, another runic letter used in Old English
- Eth, Ð, another Old English and Icelandic letter
References[edit]
- ^ "Icelandic language, alphabet and pronunciation". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2022-04-14.
- ^ a b Pétursson (1971:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:145)
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 144–145.
- ^ Einarsson, Stefán (1949). Icelandic: Grammar, Texts, Glossary. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 22–23.
- ^ a b Hill, Will (30 June 2020). "Chapter 25: Typography and the printed English text" (PDF). The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System. p. 6. ISBN 9780367581565. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-10.
The types used by Caxton and his contemporaries originated in Holland and Belgium, and did not provide for the continuing use of elements of the Old English alphabet such as thorn <þ>, eth <ð>, and yogh <ʒ>. The substitution of visually similar typographic forms has led to some anomalies which persist to this day in the reprinting of archaic texts and the spelling of regional words. The widely misunderstood 'ye' occurs through a habit of printer's usage that originates in Caxton's time, when printers would substitute the <y> (often accompanied by a superscript <e>) in place of the thorn <þ> or the eth <ð>, both of which were used to denote both the voiced and non-voiced sounds, /ð/ and /θ/ (Anderson, D. (1969) The Art of Written Forms. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p 169)
- ^ "ye-olde - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
- ^ "1611 The Authorized King James Bible". archive.org. p. 1400. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
- ^ "Icelandic BGN/PCGN 1968 Agreement" (PDF). Archived (PDF)from the original on 2016-10-26.
- ^ Gordon, E.V. (1927). An Introduction to Old Norse. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 268. ISBN 0-19-811184-3.
- ^ First Grammatical Treatise, eText (modernized spelling ed.), NO: Old.
- ^ Haugen, Einar (1950). "First Grammatical Treatise. The Earliest Germanic Phonology". Language. 26 (4): 4–64. doi:10.2307/522272. ISSN 0097-8507. JSTOR 522272.
- ^ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (2006-01-30). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-08-19.
- ^ Everson, Michael; West, Andrew (2020-10-05). "L2/20-268: Revised proposal to add ten characters for Middle English to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-24.
Bibliography[edit]
- Freeborn, Dennis (1992) From Old English to Standard English. London: Macmillan
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- Pétursson, Magnus (1971), "Étude de la réalisation des consonnes islandaises þ, ð, s, dans la prononciation d'un sujet islandais à partir de la radiocinématographie", Phonetica, 33 (4): 203–216, doi:10.1159/000259344, S2CID 145316121
External links[edit]
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