Boom

 

 

In Cantore Arithmetic there must be the ability to subtract: Geometry being poetry.  This context to contents is intended to add and subtract to equal at Albert Einstein, e = mc2.  The basis of popular belief with ancient sites is to look and say at what tends to the belief of popular in agreement.  The basis of cantore arithmetic is to wilt this basis and add to commercial option to word to book at the table of physics.

 

At today’s lesson the ‘keyhole’ to the “what is that” will apply as this is the farm to ranch technique of arithmetic to metric mile. 

Kofun (古墳, from Sino-Japanese "ancient grave") are megalithic tombs or tumuli in Northeast Asia. Kofun were mainly constructed in the Japanese archipelago between the middle of the 3rd century to the early 7th century CE.^[1]

The term is the origin of the name of the Kofun period, which indicates the middle 3rd century to early–middle 6th century. Many Kofun have distinctive keyhole-shaped mounds (zempō-kōen fun (前方後円墳)). The Mozu-Furuichi kofungun or tumulus clusters were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019, while Ishibutai Kofun is one of a number in Asuka-Fujiwara residing on the Tentative List.^[2][3]

 

List of mathematical symbols by subject

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For interpretations of these symbols, see Glossary of mathematical symbols.

The following list of mathematical symbols by subject features a selection of the most common symbols used in modern mathematical notation within formulas, grouped by mathematical topic. As it is impossible to know if a complete list existing today of all symbols used in history is a representation of all ever used in history, as this would necessitate knowing if extant records are of all usages, only those symbols which occur often in mathematics or mathematics education are included. Many of the characters are standardized, for example in DIN 1302 General mathematical symbols or DIN EN ISO 80000-2 Quantities and units – Part 2: Mathematical signs for science and technology.

The following list is largely limited to non-alphanumeric characters. It is divided by areas of mathematics and grouped within sub-regions. Some symbols have a different meaning depending on the context and appear accordingly several times in the list. Further information on the symbols and their meaning can also be found in the respective linked articles.

Contents

• 1 Guide
• 2 Set theory
  • 2.1 Definition symbols
  • 2.2 Set construction
  • 2.3 Set operations
  • 2.4 Set relations
  • 2.5 Number sets
  • 2.6 Cardinality
• 3 Arithmetic
  • 3.1 Arithmetic operators
  • 3.2 Equality signs
  • 3.3 Arithmetic comparison
  • 3.4 Divisibility and modulo
  • 3.5 Intervals
  • 3.6 Elementary functions
  • 3.7 Complex numbers
  • 3.8 Mathematical constants
• 4 Calculus
  • 4.1 Sequences and series
  • 4.2 Functions
  • 4.3 Limits
  • 4.4 Asymptotic behaviour
  • 4.5 Differential calculus
  • 4.6 Integral calculus
  • 4.7 Vector calculus
  • 4.8 Topology
  • 4.9 Functional analysis
• 5 Linear algebra and geometry
  • 5.1 Elementary geometry
  • 5.2 Vectors and matrices
  • 5.3 Vector calculus
  • 5.4 Matrix calculus
  • 5.5 Vector spaces
• 6 Algebra
  • 6.1 Relations
    • 6.1.1 Equivalence relations/classes
    • 6.1.2 Orders relations
  • 6.2 Group theory
  • 6.3 Field theory
  • 6.4 Ring theory
  • 6.5 Morphisms
• 7 Combinatorics
• 8 Stochastics
  • 8.1 Probability theory
  • 8.2 Statistics
• 9 Logic
  • 9.1 Operators
  • 9.2 Quantifiers
  • 9.3 Deduction symbols
  • 9.4 End of proof symbols
• 10 Alphanumeric Symbols
  • 10.1 Digits
  • 10.2 Alphabets
  • 10.3 Greek Letters
• 11 See also
• 12 Bibliography
• 13 External links

Guide

The following information is provided for each mathematical symbol:

Symbol

The symbol as it is represented by LaTeX. If there are several typographic variants, only one of the variants is shown.

Usage

An exemplary use of the symbol in a formula. Letters here stand as a placeholder for numbers, variables or complex expressions. Different possible applications are listed separately.

Articles with usage

Examples of Wikipedia articles in which the symbol is used.

LaTeX

The LaTeX command that creates the icon. Characters from the ASCII character set can be used directly, with a few exceptions (e.g., pound sign #, backslash \, braces {}, and percent sign %). High-and low-position is indicated via the ^ and _ characters, and is not explicitly specified.

HTML

The icon in HTML, if it is defined as a named mark. Non-named characters can be indicated in the form &#xnnnn by specifying the Unicode code point of the next column. High-and low-position can be indicated via <sup></sup> and <sub></sub>. The character × whose HTML code is times can be displayed by typing ×.

Unicode

The code point of the corresponding Unicode character. Some characters are combining and require the entry of additional characters. For brackets, the code points of opening and closing forms are specified. The Unicode character ⨯ whose hexadecimal value is U+2A2F can be displayed by typing ⨯ where #x indicates that the value in hexadecimal.

Set theory

Definition symbols

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \colon }$	:	${\displaystyle A\colon B}$	Definition	\colon	:	U+003A
		${\displaystyle A\colon =B}$
		${\displaystyle A\colon \Leftrightarrow B}$

Set construction

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \varnothing }$ ${\displaystyle \emptyset }$	∅		Empty set	\varnothing, \emptyset	∅	U+2205
${\displaystyle \{~\}}$	{ }	${\displaystyle \{a,b,\ldots \}}$	Set (mathematics)	\{ \}		U+007B/D
${\displaystyle \mid }$	|	${\displaystyle \{a\mid T(a)\}}$		\mid	|	U+007C
${\displaystyle \colon }$	:	${\displaystyle \{a\,\colon T(a)\}}$		\colon	:	U+003A

Set operations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \cup }$	∪	${\displaystyle A\cup B}$	Union (set theory)	\cup	∪	U+222A
${\displaystyle \bigcup }$	⋃	${\displaystyle \bigcup }$		\bigcup	⋃	U+22C3
${\displaystyle \cap }$	∩	${\displaystyle A\cap B}$	Intersection (set theory)	\cap	∩	U+2229
${\displaystyle \bigcap }$	⋂	${\displaystyle \bigcap }$		\bigcap	⋂	U+22C2
${\displaystyle \setminus }$	∖	${\displaystyle A\setminus B}$	Difference (set theory)	\setminus	∖	U+2216
${\displaystyle \triangle }$	∆	${\displaystyle A\,\triangle \,B}$	Symmetric difference	\triangle	Δ	U+2206
${\displaystyle \times }$	⨯	${\displaystyle A\times B}$	Cartesian product	\times	×	U+2A2F
${\displaystyle {\dot {\cup }}}$	⊍	${\displaystyle A\,{\dot {\cup }}\,B}$	Disjoint union	\dot\cup	⊍	U+228D
${\displaystyle \uplus }$	⊎	${\displaystyle A\uplus B}$		\uplus	⊎	U+228E
${\displaystyle \sqcup }$	⊔	${\displaystyle A\sqcup B}$		\sqcup	⊔	U+2294
${\displaystyle {\dot {\cap }}}$	⩀	${\displaystyle A{\dot {\cap }}B}$	Intersection (set theory)	\dot\cap	⩀	U+2A40
${\displaystyle \sqcap }$	⊓	${\displaystyle A\sqcap B}$		\sqcap	⊓	U+2293
${\displaystyle }$	⩄	${\displaystyle }$		\capwedge	⩄	U+2A44
${\displaystyle }$	⫛	${\displaystyle }$	Transversal intersection	\mlcp	⫛	U+2ADB
${\displaystyle {}^{\mathrm {C} }}$	∁	${\displaystyle A^{\mathrm {C} }}$	Complement (set theory)	\mathrm{C}	∁	U+2201
${\displaystyle {\bar {~}}}$	◌̄	${\displaystyle {\bar {z}}}$		\bar	̄	U+0304
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	◌̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {A}}}$		\overline{A}		U+0305
${\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}$	𝒫	${\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}(A)}$	Power set	\mathcal{P}	𝒫	U+1D4AB
${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}}$	𝔓	${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {P}}(A)}$		\mathfrak{P}	𝔓	U+1D513
${\displaystyle \wp }$	℘	${\displaystyle \wp (A)}$		\wp	℘	U+2118
${\displaystyle \bigwedge }$	⋀	${\displaystyle {\bigwedge }_{x\in A}}$	Infimum and supremum	\bigwedge	⋀	U+22C0
${\displaystyle \bigvee }$	⋁	${\displaystyle {\bigvee }_{x\in A}}$		\bigvee	⋁	U+22C1

Set relations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \subset }$	⊂	${\displaystyle A\subset B}$	Subset	\subset	⊂	U+2282
${\displaystyle \subsetneq }$	⊊	${\displaystyle A\subsetneq B}$		\subsetneq	⊊	U+228A
${\displaystyle \subseteq }$	⊆	${\displaystyle A\subseteq B}$		\subseteq	⊆	U+2286
${\displaystyle }$	⟃	A ⟃ B				U+27C3
${\displaystyle \supset }$	⊃	${\displaystyle A\supset B}$	Superset	\supset	⊃	U+2283
${\displaystyle \supsetneq }$	⊋	${\displaystyle A\supsetneq B}$		\supsetneq	⊋	U+228B
${\displaystyle \supseteq }$	⊇	${\displaystyle A\supseteq B}$		\supseteq	⊇	U+2287
${\displaystyle }$	⟄	A ⟄ B				U+27C3
${\displaystyle \not \subset }$	⊄	${\displaystyle A\not \subset B}$		\not\subset	⊄	U+2284
${\displaystyle \not \supset }$	⊅	${\displaystyle A\not \supset B}$	Superset	\not\supset	⊅	U+2285
${\displaystyle \not \subseteq }$	⊈	${\displaystyle A\not \subseteq B}$		\not\subseteq	⊈	U+2288
${\displaystyle \not \supseteq }$	⊉	${\displaystyle A\not \supseteq B}$	Superset	\not\supseteq	⊉	U+2289
${\displaystyle \in }$	∈	${\displaystyle a\in A}$	Element (mathematics)	\in	∈	U+2208
${\displaystyle \ni }$	∋	${\displaystyle A\ni a}$		\ni, \owns	∋	U+220B
${\displaystyle \notin }$	∉	${\displaystyle a\notin A}$		\notin	∉	U+2209
${\displaystyle \not \ni }$	∌	${\displaystyle A\not \ni a}$		\not\ni	∌	U+220C
${\displaystyle \sqsubset }$	⊏	${\displaystyle A\sqsubset B}$	Substring	\sqsubset	⊏	U+228F
${\displaystyle \sqsupset }$	⊐	${\displaystyle A\sqsupset B}$		\sqsupset	⊐	U+2290
${\displaystyle \sqsubseteq }$	⊑	${\displaystyle A\sqsubseteq B}$		\sqsubseteq	⊑	U+2291
${\displaystyle \sqsupseteq }$	⊒	${\displaystyle A\sqsupseteq B}$		\sqsupseteq	⊒	U+2292

Note: The symbols ${\displaystyle \subset }$ and ${\displaystyle \supset }$ are used inconsistently and often do not exclude the equality of the two quantities.

Number sets

Symbol	Unicode character	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \mathbb {A} }$	𝔸	Algebraic number	\mathbb{A}	𝔸	U+1D538
${\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }$	ℂ	Complex number	\mathbb{C}	ℂ	U+2102
${\displaystyle \mathbb {H} }$	ℍ	Quaternion	\mathbb{H}	ℍ	U+210D
${\displaystyle \mathbb {N} }$	ℕ	Natural number	\mathbb{N}	ℕ	U+2115
${\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }$	ℚ	Rational number	\mathbb{Q}	ℚ	U+211A
${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }$	ℝ	Real number	\mathbb{R}	ℝ	U+211D
${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} }$	ℤ	Integer	\mathbb{Z}	ℤ	U+2124

Cardinality

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle |~~|}$	| |	${\displaystyle |A|}$	Cardinality	\vert	|	U+007C
${\displaystyle \#}$	#	${\displaystyle \#A}$		\#	#	U+0023
${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {c}}}$	𝔠		Cardinality of the continuum	\mathfrak{c}	𝔠	U+1D520
${\displaystyle \aleph }$	ℵ	${\displaystyle \aleph _{0}}$, ${\displaystyle \aleph _{1}}$, ...	Aleph number	\aleph	ℵ	U+2135
${\displaystyle \beth }$	ℶ	${\displaystyle \beth _{0}}$, ${\displaystyle \beth _{1}}$, ...	Beth number	\beth	ℶ	U+2136

Arithmetic

Arithmetic operators

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle +}$	+	${\displaystyle a+b}$	Addition	+	+	U+002B
${\displaystyle -}$	−	${\displaystyle a-b}$	Subtraction	-	−	U+2212
${\displaystyle \cdot }$	⋅	${\displaystyle a\cdot b}$	Multiplication	\cdot	⋅	U+22C5
${\displaystyle \times }$	⨯	${\displaystyle a\times b}$		\times	×	U+2A2F
${\displaystyle :}$	: or ∶	${\displaystyle a:b}$	Division (mathematics)	:	∶	U+003A or U+2236
${\displaystyle /}$	∕	${\displaystyle a/b}$		/		U+2215
${\displaystyle \div }$	÷	${\displaystyle a\div b}$		\div	÷	U+00F7
${\displaystyle {\frac {~~}{~~}}}$	⁄	${\displaystyle {\tfrac {a}{b}}}$		\frac	⁄	U+2044
${\displaystyle -}$	−	${\displaystyle -a}$	Unary minus	-	−	U+2212
${\displaystyle \pm }$	±	${\displaystyle \pm a}$	Plus or minus sign	\pm	±	U+00B1
${\displaystyle \mp }$	∓	${\displaystyle \mp a}$		\mp	∓	U+2213
${\displaystyle (~)}$	( )	${\displaystyle (a)}$	Bracket	( )	( )	U+0028/9
${\displaystyle [~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle [a]}$		[ ]	[ ]	U+005B/D
${\displaystyle \lceil ~~\rceil }$	⌈ ⌉	${\displaystyle \lceil x\rceil }$	Floor and ceiling functions	\lceil \rceil	⌈ ⌉	U+2308/9
${\displaystyle \lfloor ~~\rfloor }$	⌊ ⌋	${\displaystyle \lfloor x\rfloor }$		\lfloor \rfloor	⌊ ⌋	U+230A/B

Equality signs

See also: Wiktionary:Appendix:Variations of "="

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle =}$	=	${\displaystyle a=b}$	Equality (mathematics)	=	=	U+003D
${\displaystyle \#}$	#	${\displaystyle a\#b}$	Apartness relation	\#	#	U+0023
${\displaystyle \neq }$	≠	${\displaystyle a\neq b}$	Inequality (mathematics)	\neq	≠	U+2260
${\displaystyle \equiv }$	≡	${\displaystyle a\equiv b}$	Identity (mathematics)	\equiv	≡	U+2261
${\displaystyle \approx }$	≈	${\displaystyle a\approx b}$	Approximation	\approx	≈	U+2248
${\displaystyle \sim }$	∼	${\displaystyle a\sim b}$	Equivalence class	\sim	∼	U+223C
${\displaystyle \propto }$	∝	${\displaystyle a\propto b}$	Proportionality (mathematics)	\propto	∝	U+221D
${\displaystyle {\widehat {=}}}$	≙	${\displaystyle a\,{\widehat {=}}\,b}$	Correspondence (mathematics)	\widehat{=}	≙	U+2259
${\displaystyle {\overset {?}{=}}}$	≟	${\displaystyle a\,{\overset {?}{=}}\,b}$	Asks "is it equal to"	\overset{?}{=}	≟	U+225F
${\displaystyle {\overset {\operatorname {def} }{=}}}$	≝	${\displaystyle a\,{\overset {\operatorname {def} }{=}}\,b}$	Equal to by definition	\overset{\operatorname{def}}{=}	≝	U+225D
${\displaystyle \triangleq }$	≜	${\displaystyle a\,\triangleq \,b}$	Equal to by definition	\triangleq	≜	U+225C
${\displaystyle \doteq }$	≐	${\displaystyle x_{n}\,\doteq \,b}$	Approaches the limit	\doteq	≐	U+2250

See also: Equals sign

Arithmetic comparison

See also: Order relations, Set relations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle <}$	<	${\displaystyle a<b}$	<	&lt;	U+003C
${\displaystyle >}$	>	${\displaystyle a>b}$	>	&gt;	U+003E
${\displaystyle \leq }$	≤	${\displaystyle a\leq b}$	\le, \leq	&le;	U+2264
${\displaystyle \geq }$	≥	${\displaystyle a\geq b}$	\ge, \geq	&ge;	U+2265
${\displaystyle \leqq }$	≦	${\displaystyle a\leqq b}$	\leqq	&LessFullEqual;	U+2266
${\displaystyle \geqq }$	≧	${\displaystyle a\geqq b}$	\geqq	&GreaterFullEqual;	U+2267
${\displaystyle \leqslant }$	⩽	${\displaystyle a\leqslant b}$	\leqslant	&LessSlantEqual	U+2A7D
${\displaystyle \geqslant }$	⩾	${\displaystyle a\geqslant b}$	\geqslant	&GreaterSlantEqual	U+2A7E
${\displaystyle \ll }$	≪	${\displaystyle a\ll b}$	\ll	&NestedLessLess;	U+226A
${\displaystyle \gg }$	≫	${\displaystyle a\gg b}$	\gg	&NestedGreaterGreater;	U+226B
${\displaystyle \lesssim }$	≲	${\displaystyle a\lesssim b}$	\lesssim	&lsim;	U+2272
${\displaystyle \gtrsim }$	≳	${\displaystyle a\gtrsim b}$	\gtrsim	&GreaterTilde;	U+2273
${\displaystyle \lessapprox }$	⪅	${\displaystyle a\lessapprox b}$	\lessapprox	&lessapprox;	U+2A85
${\displaystyle \gtrapprox }$	⪆	${\displaystyle a\gtrapprox b}$	\gtrapprox	&gap;	U+2A86

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \lessgtr }$	≶	${\displaystyle a\lessgtr b}$	\lessgtr	&LessGreater	U+2276
${\displaystyle \gtrless }$	≷	${\displaystyle a\gtrless b}$	\gtrless	≷	U+2277
${\displaystyle \lesseqgtr }$	⋚	${\displaystyle a\lesseqgtr b}$	\lesseqgtr	⋚	U+22DA
${\displaystyle \gtreqless }$	⋛	${\displaystyle a\gtreqless b}$	\gtreqless	⋛	U+22DB
${\displaystyle \lesseqqgtr }$	⪋	${\displaystyle a\lesseqqgtr b}$	\lesseqqgtr	⪋	U+2A8B
${\displaystyle \gtreqqless }$	⪌	${\displaystyle a\gtreqqless b}$	\gtreqqless	⪌	U+2A8C

Divisibility and modulo

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \mid }$	∣	${\displaystyle a\mid b}$	\mid	∣	U+2223
${\displaystyle \nmid }$	∤	${\displaystyle a\nmid b}$	\nmid	∤	U+2224
${\displaystyle \perp }$	⊥	${\displaystyle a\perp b}$	\perp	⊥	U+22A5
${\displaystyle \sqcap }$	⊓	${\displaystyle a\sqcap b}$	\sqcap	⊓	U+2293
${\displaystyle \wedge }$	∧	${\displaystyle a\wedge b}$	\wedge	∧	U+2227
${\displaystyle \sqcup }$	⊔	${\displaystyle a\sqcup b}$	\sqcup	⊔	U+2294
${\displaystyle \vee }$	∨	${\displaystyle a\vee b}$	\vee	∨	U+2228

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex	Other information
${\displaystyle \equiv }$	≡	${\displaystyle a\equiv b}$	Modulo operation	\equiv	≡	U+2261
${\displaystyle \mod m}$	mod	${\displaystyle a\mod m}$		\mod m	mod		<math>\mod</math> without a trailing symbol (e.g. ${\displaystyle m}$) will product an error.
${\displaystyle {\pmod {m}}}$	(mod)	${\displaystyle a{\pmod {m}}}$		\pmod m	(mod)		<math>\pmod</math> without a trailing symbol (e.g. ${\displaystyle m}$) will product an error.

Intervals

Symbol	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	${\displaystyle [a,b]}$	( ) [ ]	( ) [ ]	U+0028/9 U+005B/D
${\displaystyle ]~~[}$	${\displaystyle ]a,b[}$
${\displaystyle (~~)}$	${\displaystyle (a,b)}$
${\displaystyle [~~[}$	${\displaystyle [a,b[}$
${\displaystyle [~~)}$	${\displaystyle [a,b)}$
${\displaystyle ]~~]}$	${\displaystyle ]a,b]}$
${\displaystyle (~~]}$	${\displaystyle (a,b]}$

Elementary functions

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle {\sqrt {\,}}}$	√	${\displaystyle {\sqrt {x}}}$	nth root	\sqrt	√	U+221A
		${\displaystyle {\sqrt[{n}]{x}}}$		\sqrt[n]{x}
${\displaystyle \%}$	%	${\displaystyle x\,\%}$	Percentage	\%	%	U+0025
${\displaystyle \left[~~\right]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle \left[x\right]}$	Floor and ceiling functions	[ ]	[ ]	U+005B/D
${\displaystyle |~~|}$	| |	${\displaystyle |x|}$	Absolute value	\vert	|	U+007C
${\displaystyle \left\{~~\right\}}$	{ }	${\displaystyle \left\{x\right\}}$	Fractional part	\{ \}	{ }	U+007B/D
${\displaystyle \lceil ~~\rceil }$	⌈ ⌉	${\displaystyle \lceil x\rceil }$	Floor and ceiling functions	\lceil \rceil	⌈ ⌉	U+2308/9
${\displaystyle \lfloor ~~\rfloor }$	⌊ ⌋	${\displaystyle \lfloor x\rfloor }$		\lfloor \rfloor	⌊ ⌋	U+230A/B
${\displaystyle \ulcorner ~~\urcorner }$	⌜ ⌝	${\displaystyle \ulcorner x\urcorner }$		\ulcorner \urcorner	⌜ ⌝	U+231C/D
${\displaystyle \llcorner ~~\lrcorner }$	⌞ ⌟	${\displaystyle \llcorner x\lrcorner }$		\llcorner \lrcorner	⌞ ⌟	U+231E/F
${\displaystyle \frown }$	⌢​	${\displaystyle {\stackrel {\frown }{x}}}$	Cap product	\frown	⌢	U+2322
${\displaystyle \smile }$	⌣​	${\displaystyle {\stackrel {\smile }{x}}}$	Cup product	\smile	⌣	U+2323

Note: the power function is not represented by its own icon, but by the positioning of the exponent as a superscript.

Complex numbers

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \Im }$	ℑ	${\displaystyle \Im (z)}$	Complex number	\Im	ℑ	U+2111
${\displaystyle \Re }$	ℜ	${\displaystyle \Re (z)}$		\Re	ℜ	U+211C
${\displaystyle {\bar {~}}}$	◌̄	${\displaystyle {\bar {z}}}$	Complex conjugate	\bar	̄	U+0304
${\displaystyle {\bar {\bar {~}}}}$	◌̄̄	${\displaystyle {\bar {\bar {z}}}}$		\bar{\bar{}}	̄̄
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	◌̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {z}}}$		\overline	̅	U+0305
${\displaystyle {\overline {\overline {~~}}}}$	◌̅̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {\overline {z}}}}$		\overline{\overline{}}	̅̅
${\displaystyle {}^{\ast }}$	*	${\displaystyle z^{\ast }}$		\ast		U+002A
${\displaystyle |~~|}$	|	${\displaystyle |z|}$	Absolute value	\vert	|	U+007C
${\displaystyle \arg {}}$		${\displaystyle \arg(z)}$	Polar coordinate system	\arg

Remark: real and imaginary parts of a complex number are often also denoted by ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Re} }$ and ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Im} }$.

Mathematical constants

Symbol	Unicode character	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Template	Unicode Hex	Note
${\displaystyle \pi }$	π	Pi	\pi	π	{{pi}}	U+03C0
${\displaystyle e}$ or ${\displaystyle \mathrm {e} }$	e	e (mathematics)	e or \mathrm{e}	e		U+0065	Recommend {{mvar|e}} or {{math|e}} over e
${\displaystyle \phi }$	ϕ	Golden ratio	\phi	φ	{{phi}}	U+03C6
${\displaystyle \varphi }$	φ		\varphi	ϕ	{{varphi}}	U+03D5
${\displaystyle i}$ or ${\displaystyle \mathrm {i} }$	i	Imaginary unit	i or \mathrm{i}	i		U+0069	Recommend {{mvar|i}} or {{math|i}} over i
${\displaystyle \gamma }$	γ	Euler–Mascheroni constant	\gamma	γ	{{gamma}}	U+03B3
${\displaystyle \epsilon }$	ε	Vacuum permittivity	\epsilon	ε	{{epsilon}}	U+03B5
${\displaystyle \varepsilon }$	ϵ	Dual number	\varepsilon	ϵ	{{varepsilon}}	U+03F5
${\displaystyle \theta }$	θ	Mills' constant	\theta	θ	{{theta}}	U+03B8
${\displaystyle \vartheta }$	ϑ		\vartheta	ϑ	{{vartheta}}	U+03D1
${\displaystyle \sigma }$	σ	Somos' quadratic recurrence constant	\sigma	σ	{{sigma}}	U+03C3
${\displaystyle \varsigma }$	ς		\varsigma	ς	{{varsigma}}	U+03C2
${\displaystyle \kappa }$	κ	Einstein gravitational constant	\kappa	κ	{{kappa}}	U+03BA
${\displaystyle \lambda }$	λ	Prouhet–Thue–Morse constant	\lambda	λ	{{lambda}}	U+03BB
${\displaystyle \mu }$	μ	Ramanujan–Soldner constant	\mu	μ	{{mu}}	U+03BC
${\displaystyle \tau }$	τ	Prouhet–Thue–Morse constant	\tau	τ	{{tau}}	U+03C4

For for symbols of additional mathematical constants, see Mathematical constant.

Calculus

Sequences and series

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \sum }$	∑	${\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n},\sum _{i\in I}}$	Summation	\sum	∑	U+2211
${\displaystyle \prod }$	∏	${\displaystyle \prod _{i=1}^{n},\prod _{i\in I}}$	Product (mathematics)	\prod	∏	U+220F
${\displaystyle \coprod }$	∐	${\displaystyle \coprod _{i=1}^{n},\coprod _{i\in I}}$	Coproduct	\coprod	∐	U+2210
${\displaystyle (~~)}$	( )	${\displaystyle (a_{n})}$	Sequence	( )	( )	U+0028/9
${\displaystyle \to }$	→	${\displaystyle a_{n}\to a}$	Limit of a sequence	\to \rarr	→	U+2192
${\displaystyle \infty }$	∞	${\displaystyle n\to \infty }$	Infinity	\infty	∞	U+221E

Functions

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \to }$	→	${\displaystyle f\colon A\to B}$	Function (mathematics)	\to	→	U+2192
		${\displaystyle A\,{\stackrel {f}{\to }}\,B}$
${\displaystyle \mapsto }$	↦	${\displaystyle f\colon x\mapsto y}$		\mapsto	&mapstoright;	U+21A6
		${\displaystyle x\,{\stackrel {f}{\mapsto }}\,y}$
${\displaystyle (~~)}$	( )	${\displaystyle f(x)}$	Image (mathematics)	( )	( )	U+0028/9
		${\displaystyle f(X)}$
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle f[X]}$		[ ]	[ or ]	U+005B/D
${\displaystyle \vert }$	|	${\displaystyle f\vert _{X}}$	Restriction (mathematics)	\vert	|	U+007C
${\displaystyle \cdot }$	⋅	${\displaystyle f(\cdot )}$	Free variable	\cdot	⋅	U+22C5
${\displaystyle {}^{-1}}$	⁻	${\displaystyle f^{-1}}$	Inverse function	-1		U+207B
${\displaystyle \circ }$	∘	${\displaystyle f\circ g}$	Function composition	\circ	∘	U+2218
${\displaystyle \ast }$	∗	${\displaystyle f\ast g}$	Convolution	\ast	∗	U+2217
${\displaystyle {\hat {~}}}$	◌̂	${\displaystyle {\hat {f}}}$	Fourier transform	\hat		U+0302

Limits

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \to }$	→	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to a}f(x)}$	Limit of a function	\to or \rightarrow	→ or →	U+2192
${\displaystyle \longrightarrow }$	⟶	${\displaystyle x\longrightarrow a}$		\longrightarrow	⟶	U+27F6
${\displaystyle \uparrow }$	↑	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\uparrow a}f(x)}$		\uparrow	↑ or ↑	U+2191
${\displaystyle \nearrow }$	↗	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\nearrow a}f(x)}$		\nearrow	↗	U+2197
${\displaystyle \searrow }$	↘	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\searrow a}f(x)}$		\searrow	↘	U+2198
${\displaystyle \downarrow }$	↓	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\downarrow a}f(x)}$		\downarrow	↓ or ↓	U+2193
${\displaystyle \swarrow }$	↙	${\displaystyle a\swarrow x}$		\swarrow	↙	U+2199
${\displaystyle \leftarrow }$	←	${\displaystyle a\leftarrow x}$		\leftarrow	← or ←	U+2190
${\displaystyle \longleftarrow }$	⟵	${\displaystyle a\longleftarrow x}$		\longleftarrow	⟵	U+27F5
${\displaystyle \nwarrow }$	↖	${\displaystyle a\nwarrow x}$		\nwarrow	↖	U+2196
${\displaystyle ^{+}}$	⁺	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to a^{+}}f(x)}$		^+	⁺	U+207A
${\displaystyle ^{-}}$	⁻	${\displaystyle \lim _{x\to a^{-}}f(x)}$		^-	⁻	U+207B

Asymptotic behaviour

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \sim }$	∼	${\displaystyle f\sim }$	Asymptotic analysis	\sim	∼	U+223C
${\displaystyle o}$	o	${\displaystyle f\in o(g)}$	Big O notation	o		U+006F
${\displaystyle {\mathcal {O}}}$	𝒪	${\displaystyle f\in {\mathcal {O}}(g)}$		\mathcal{O}	𝒪	U+1D4AA
${\displaystyle \Theta }$	Θ	${\displaystyle f\in \Theta (g)}$		\Theta	Θ	U+0398
${\displaystyle \Omega }$	Ω	${\displaystyle f\in \Omega (g)}$		\Omega	Ω	U+03A9
${\displaystyle \omega }$	ω	${\displaystyle f\in \omega (g)}$		\omega	ω	U+03C9

Differential calculus

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle {}'}$ ${\displaystyle {}^{\prime }}$	′	${\displaystyle f'}$ ${\displaystyle f^{\prime }}$	Lagrange's notation Prime (symbol)	' ^\prime	′	U+2032
${\displaystyle {}''}$ ${\displaystyle {}^{\prime \prime }}$	″	${\displaystyle f''}$ ${\displaystyle f^{\prime \prime }}$		'' ^{\prime\prime}	″	U+2033
${\displaystyle {}'''}$ ${\displaystyle {}^{\prime \prime \prime }}$	‴	${\displaystyle f'''}$ ${\displaystyle f^{\prime \prime \prime }}$		''' ^{\prime\prime\prime}	‴	U+2034
${\displaystyle {}''''}$ ${\displaystyle {}^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }}$	⁗	${\displaystyle f''''}$ ${\displaystyle f^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }}$		'''' ^{\prime\prime\prime\prime}	⁗	U+2057
${\displaystyle ^{IV}\;{}^{V}\;{}^{VI}}$		${\displaystyle f^{IV},f^{V},f^{VI}}$		^{IV} ^V ^{VI}	<sup>IV</sup>
${\displaystyle ^{iv}\;{}^{v}\;{}^{vi}}$		${\displaystyle f^{iv},f^{v},f^{vi}}$		^{iv} ^v ^{vi}	<sup>iv</sup>
${\displaystyle {}^{(~)}}$	⁽ ⁾	${\displaystyle f^{(4)},f^{(5)},f^{(n)}}$		^{( )}	<sup>( )</sup>	U+207D/E
${\displaystyle {\dot {~~}}}$	◌̇	${\displaystyle {\dot {f}}}$	Newton's notation	\dot	&#x0307;	U+0307
${\displaystyle {\ddot {~~}}}$	◌̈	${\displaystyle {\ddot {f}}}$		\ddot	&#x0308;	U+0308
${\displaystyle d}$	d	${\displaystyle dx}$	Leibniz's notation	d	d	U+0064
		${\displaystyle {\frac {df}{dx}}}$
		${\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}f}$
		${\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}f}$
		${\displaystyle df}$
${\displaystyle \partial }$	∂	${\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f}{\partial x}}}$	Partial derivative	\partial	&part;	U+2202

Main article: Differential calculus

Integral calculus

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \int }$	∫	${\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}}$ , ${\displaystyle \int _{G}}$	Integral	\int	∫	U+222B
${\displaystyle \iint }$	∬	${\displaystyle \iint _{\mathcal {F}}}$	Surface integral	\iint	∬	U+222C
${\displaystyle \iiint }$	∭	${\displaystyle \iiint _{V}}$	Volume integral	\iiint	∭	U+222D
${\displaystyle \oint }$	∮	${\displaystyle \oint _{\gamma }}$	Curve integral	\oint	∮	U+222E
${\displaystyle \oiint }$	∯	${\displaystyle \oiint _{\gamma }}$	Surface integral	\oiint	∯	U+222F

See also: Extensions of the integral symbol

Vector calculus

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \nabla }$	∇	${\displaystyle \nabla f}$	Gradient	\nabla	∇	U+2207
		${\displaystyle \nabla \cdot F}$	Divergence
		${\displaystyle \nabla \times F}$	Curl (mathematics)
${\displaystyle \Delta }$	∆	${\displaystyle \Delta f}$	Laplace operator	\Delta	Δ	U+2206
${\displaystyle \square }$	□	${\displaystyle \square f}$	D'Alembert operator	\square	□	U+25A1

Topology

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \partial }$	∂	${\displaystyle \partial U}$	Boundary (topology)	\partial	∂	U+2202
${\displaystyle {}^{\circ }}$	˚	${\displaystyle U^{\circ }}$	Interior (topology)	\circ	°	U+02DA
${\displaystyle {\bar {~}}}$	◌̄	${\displaystyle {\bar {z}}}$	Closure (topology)	\bar	̄	U+0304
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	◌̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {z}}}$		\overline	̅	U+0305
${\displaystyle {\dot {~}}}$	◌̇	${\displaystyle {\dot {U}}(x)}$	Punctured neighbourhood	\dot		U+0307

Functional analysis

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle {}'}$	′	${\displaystyle V'}$	Dual space	\prime	′	U+2032/3
${\displaystyle {}''}$	″	${\displaystyle V''}$
${\displaystyle {\hat {~}}}$	◌̂	${\displaystyle {\hat {X}}}$	Complete metric space	\hat		U+0302
${\displaystyle \hookrightarrow }$	↪	${\displaystyle X\hookrightarrow Y}$	Embedding	\hookrightarrow		U+21AA

Linear algebra and geometry

Elementary geometry

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle [AB]}$	Line segment	[ ] \left[ \right]	[ ]	U+005B/D
${\displaystyle |~~|}$	| |	${\displaystyle |AB|}$		\vert	|	U+007C
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {AB}}}$		\overline	̅	U+0305
${\displaystyle {\underline {~~}}}$	̲	${\displaystyle {\underline {AB}}}$		\underline	̲	U+0332
${\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {~~}}}$	⃗	${\displaystyle {\overrightarrow {AB}}}$	Euclidean vector and Affine space	\vec	⃗	U+20D7
${\displaystyle \angle }$	∠	${\displaystyle \angle ABC}$	Angle	\angle	∠	U+2220
${\displaystyle \triangle }$	△	${\displaystyle \triangle ABC}$	Triangle	\triangle	△	U+25B3
${\displaystyle \square }$	□	${\displaystyle \square {\mathit {ABCD}}}$	Quadrilateral	\square	□	U+25A1
${\displaystyle \parallel }$	∥	${\displaystyle g\parallel h}$	Parallel (geometry)	\parallel	∥	U+2225
${\displaystyle \nparallel }$	∦	${\displaystyle g\nparallel h}$		\nparallel	∦	U+2226
${\displaystyle \perp }$	⟂	${\displaystyle g\perp h}$	Orthogonality	\perp	⊥	U+27C2

Vectors and matrices

Symbol	Articles with usage	LaTeX
${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}\end{pmatrix}}}$	Vector (mathematics and physics)	\begin{pmatrix} ... \end{pmatrix} or \left( \begin{array}{...} ... \end{array} \right)
${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}v_{1}\\\vdots \\v_{m}\end{pmatrix}}}$
${\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&\!\ldots \!&a_{1n}\\\vdots &\!\ddots \!&\vdots \\a_{m1}&\!\ldots \!&a_{mn}\end{pmatrix}}}$	Matrix (mathematics)

Vector calculus

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \cdot }$	⋅	${\displaystyle v\cdot w}$	Dot product Inner product space	\cdot	⋅	U+22C5
${\displaystyle (~~)}$	( )	${\displaystyle (v,w)}$		( )	( )	U+0028/9
${\displaystyle \langle ~~\rangle }$	⟨ ⟩	${\displaystyle \langle v,w\rangle }$ ${\displaystyle \langle v\,|\,w\rangle }$		\langle \rangle	⟨ ⟩	U+27E8/9
${\displaystyle \times }$	⨯	${\displaystyle v\times w}$	Cross product	\times	×	U+2A2F
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle [v,w]}$		[ ]	[ ]	U+005B/D
${\displaystyle (~~)}$	( )	${\displaystyle (u,v,w)}$	Triple product	( )	( )	U+0028/9
${\displaystyle \otimes }$	⊗	${\displaystyle v\otimes w}$	Dyadic product	\otimes	⊗	U+2297
${\displaystyle \wedge }$	∧	${\displaystyle v\wedge w}$	Exterior algebra	\wedge	∧	U+2227
${\displaystyle |~~|}$	| |	${\displaystyle |v|}$	Euclidean norm	\vert	|	U+007C
${\displaystyle \|~~\|}$	‖	${\displaystyle \|v\|}$	Norm (mathematics)	\Vert, \|	‖	U+2016
${\displaystyle {\hat {~}}}$	̂	${\displaystyle {\hat {v}}}$	Unit vector	\hat{}	̂	U+0302

Matrix calculus

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \cdot }$	⋅	${\displaystyle A\cdot B}$	Matrix multiplication	\cdot	⋅	U+22C5
${\displaystyle \circ }$	∘	${\displaystyle A\circ B}$	Hadamard product (matrices)	\circ	∘	U+2218
${\displaystyle \oslash }$	⊘	${\displaystyle A\oslash B}$	Hadamard product (matrices)	\oslash	⊘	U+2298
${\displaystyle \otimes }$	⊗	${\displaystyle A\otimes B}$	Kronecker product	\otimes	⊗	U+2297
${\displaystyle {}^{\mathrm {T} }}$	T	${\displaystyle A^{\mathrm {T} }}$	Transposed matrix	^T		U+0054
${\displaystyle {}^{\intercal }}$	⊺	${\displaystyle A^{\intercal }}$		\intercal	⊺	U+22BA
${\displaystyle {}^{\mathrm {H} }}$	H	${\displaystyle A^{\mathrm {H} }}$	Conjugate transpose	^H		U+0048
${\displaystyle {}^{\ast }}$	*	${\displaystyle A^{\ast }}$		\ast	∗	U+002A
${\displaystyle {}^{\dagger }}$	†	${\displaystyle A^{\dagger }}$		\dagger	†	U+2020
${\displaystyle {}^{-1}}$	⁻	${\displaystyle A^{-1}}$	Inverse matrix	-1		U+207B
${\displaystyle {}^{+}}$	+	${\displaystyle A^{+}}$	Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse	+	+	U+002B
${\displaystyle |~~|}$	| A |	${\displaystyle |A|}$	Determinant	\vert	|	U+007C
${\displaystyle \|~~\|}$	‖	${\displaystyle \|A\|}$	Matrix norm	\Vert, \|	‖	U+2016

Vector spaces

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle +}$	+	${\displaystyle V+W}$	Direct sum of modules	+	+	U+002B
${\displaystyle \oplus }$	⊕	${\displaystyle V\oplus W}$		\oplus	⊕	U+2295
${\displaystyle \times }$	⨯	${\displaystyle V\times W}$	Direct product	\times	×	U+2A2F
${\displaystyle \otimes }$	⊗	${\displaystyle V\otimes W}$	Tensor product	\otimes	⊗	U+2297
${\displaystyle /}$	/	${\displaystyle V\,/\,U}$	Quotient space (linear algebra)	/	⁄	U+002F
${\displaystyle {}^{\perp }}$	⟂	${\displaystyle U^{\perp }}$	Orthogonal complement	\perp	⊥	U+27C2
${\displaystyle {}^{\ast }}$	*	${\displaystyle V^{\ast }}$	Dual space	\ast	∗	U+002A
${\displaystyle {}^{0}}$	0	${\displaystyle X^{0}}$		0		U+0030
${\displaystyle \langle ~~\rangle }$	⟨ ⟩	${\displaystyle \langle X\rangle }$	Linear hull	\langle \rangle	⟨ ⟩	U+27E8/9

Algebra

Relations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \circ }$	∘	${\displaystyle R\circ S}$	Composition of relations	\circ	∘	U+2218
		${\displaystyle a\circ b}$	Operation (mathematics)
${\displaystyle \bullet }$	•	${\displaystyle a\bullet b}$		\bullet	•	U+2219
${\displaystyle \ast }$	∗	${\displaystyle a\ast b}$		\ast	∗	U+2217
${\displaystyle /}$	/	${\displaystyle M/\sim }$	Quotient set	/	/	U+002F
${\displaystyle {}^{-1}}$	⁻	${\displaystyle R^{-1}}$	Multiplicative inverse	-1		U+207B
${\displaystyle {}^{+}}$	+	${\displaystyle R^{+}}$	Transitive closure	+		U+002B
${\displaystyle {}^{\ast }}$	*	${\displaystyle R^{\ast }}$	Reflexive closure	\ast	∗	U+002A

Equivalence relations/classes

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle [a]}$	Equivalence class	[ ]	[ ]	U+005B/D
${\displaystyle \sim }$	∼	${\displaystyle a\sim b}$	Equivalence relation	\sim	∼, ∼	U+223C
${\displaystyle \backsim }$	∽	${\displaystyle a\backsim b}$		\backsim	∽	U+223D
${\displaystyle \nsim }$	≁	${\displaystyle a\nsim b}$		\not\sim, \nsim	≁	U+2241
${\displaystyle \eqsim }$	≂	${\displaystyle a\eqsim b}$		\eqsim	≂	U+2242
${\displaystyle \simeq }$	≃	${\displaystyle a\simeq b}$		\simeq	≃	U+2243
${\displaystyle \cong }$	≅	${\displaystyle a\cong b}$		\cong	≅	U+2245
${\displaystyle \ncong }$	≇	${\displaystyle a\ncong b}$		\not\cong, \ncong	≇	U+2247

Orders relations

See also: Arithmetic comparison, Set relations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \leq }$	≤	${\displaystyle a\leq b}$	Order relation	\leq, \le	≤, ≤	U+2264
${\displaystyle \geq }$	≥	${\displaystyle a\geq b}$		\geq, \ge	≥, ≥	U+2265
${\displaystyle \nless }$	≮	${\displaystyle a\nless b}$		\nless	≮, ≮	U+226E
${\displaystyle \ngtr }$	≯	${\displaystyle a\ngtr b}$		\ngtr	≯, ≯	U+226F
${\displaystyle \nleq }$	≰	${\displaystyle a\nleq b}$		\not\leq, \nleq	≰, ≰	U+2270
${\displaystyle \ngeq }$	≱	${\displaystyle a\ngeq b}$		\not\geq, \ngeq	≱, ≱	U+2271
${\displaystyle \lesssim }$	≲	${\displaystyle a\lesssim b}$	Inequality (mathematics)	\lesssim	≲, ≲	U+2272
${\displaystyle \gtrsim }$	≳	${\displaystyle a\gtrsim b}$		\gtrsim	≳, ≳	U+2273
${\displaystyle \not \lesssim }$	≴	${\displaystyle a\not \lesssim b}$		\not\lesssim	≴	U+2274
${\displaystyle \not \gtrsim }$	≵	${\displaystyle a\not \gtrsim b}$		\not\gtrsim	≵	U+2275
${\displaystyle \prec }$	≺	${\displaystyle a\prec b}$	Successor ordinal	\prec	≺	U+227A
${\displaystyle \succ }$	≻	${\displaystyle a\succ b}$		\succ	≻	U+227B
${\displaystyle \preccurlyeq }$	≼	${\displaystyle a\preccurlyeq b}$		\preccurlyeq	≼	U+227C
${\displaystyle \succcurlyeq }$	≽	${\displaystyle a\succcurlyeq b}$		\succcurlyeq	≽	U+227D
${\displaystyle \precsim }$	≾	${\displaystyle a\precsim b}$		\precsim	≾	U+227E
${\displaystyle \succsim }$	≿	${\displaystyle a\succsim b}$		\succsim	≿	U+227F
${\displaystyle \preceq }$	⪯	${\displaystyle a\preceq b}$		\preceq	⪯	U+2AAF
${\displaystyle \succeq }$	⪰	${\displaystyle a\succeq b}$		\succeq	⪰	U+2AB0
${\displaystyle \curlyeqprec }$	⋞	${\displaystyle a\curlyeqprec b}$		\curlyeqprec	⋞	U+22DE
${\displaystyle \curlyeqsucc }$	⋟	${\displaystyle a\curlyeqsucc b}$		\curlyeqsucc	⋟	U+22DF
${\displaystyle \not \preceq }$	⊏	${\displaystyle a\sqsubset b}$		Partially ordered set	\sqsubset	⊏ ⊏	U+228F
${\displaystyle \sqsupset }$	⊐	${\displaystyle a\sqsupset b}$			\sqsupset	⊐ ⊐	U+2290
${\displaystyle \sqsubseteq }$	⊑	${\displaystyle a\sqsubseteq b}$	\sqsubseteq		⊑ ⊑	U+2291
${\displaystyle \sqsupseteq }$	⊒	${\displaystyle a\sqsupseteq b}$	\sqsupseteq		⊒ ⊒	U+2292
${\displaystyle \not \sqsubseteq }$	⋢	${\displaystyle a\not \sqsubseteq b}$	\not\sqsubseteq		⋢	U+22E2
${\displaystyle \not \sqsupseteq }$	⋣	${\displaystyle a\not \sqsupseteq b}$	\not\sqsupseteq		⋣	U+22E3

Group theory

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \simeq }$	≃	${\displaystyle G\simeq H}$	Group isomorphism	\simeq		U+2243
${\displaystyle \cong }$	≅	${\displaystyle G\cong H}$		\cong	≅	U+2245
${\displaystyle \times }$	⨯	${\displaystyle G\times H}$	Direct product	\times	×	U+2A2F
${\displaystyle \rtimes }$	⋊	${\displaystyle G\rtimes H}$	Semidirect product	\rtimes	⋊	U+22CA
${\displaystyle \wr }$	≀	${\displaystyle G\,\wr \,H}$	Wreath product	\wr	≀	U+2240
${\displaystyle \leq }$	≤	${\displaystyle U\leq G}$	Subgroup	\leq	≤	U+2264
${\displaystyle <}$	<	${\displaystyle U<G}$		\lt	&lt;	U+003C
${\displaystyle \vartriangleleft }$	⊲	${\displaystyle N\vartriangleleft G}$	Normal subgroup	\vartriangleleft	&RightTriangle;	U+22B3
${\displaystyle \trianglelefteq }$	⊴	${\displaystyle N\trianglelefteq G}$		\trianglelefteq	&LeftTriangleEqual;	U+22B4
${\displaystyle \not \vartriangleleft }$	⋪	${\displaystyle N\not \vartriangleleft G}$		\not\vartriangleleft	&ntriangleleft;	U+22EA
${\displaystyle \not \trianglelefteq }$	⋬	${\displaystyle N\not \trianglelefteq G}$		\not\trianglelefteq	&NotLeftTriangleEqual;	U+22EC
${\displaystyle \vartriangleright }$	⊳	${\displaystyle G\vartriangleright N}$		\vartriangleright	&RightTriangle;	U+22B3
${\displaystyle \trianglerighteq }$	⊵	${\displaystyle G\trianglerighteq N}$		\trianglerighteq	&RightTriangleEqual;	U+22B5
${\displaystyle \not \vartriangleright }$	⋫	${\displaystyle G\not \vartriangleright N}$		\not\vartriangleright	&NotRightTriangle;	U+22EB
${\displaystyle \not \trianglerighteq }$	⋭	${\displaystyle G\not \trianglerighteq N}$		\not\trianglerighteq	&NotRightTriangleEqual;	U+22ED
${\displaystyle /}$	/	${\displaystyle G/N}$	Quotient group	/	&frasl;	U+002F
${\displaystyle \colon }$	:	${\displaystyle (G\colon U)}$	Index of a subgroup	\colon	&colon;	U+003A
${\displaystyle \langle ~~\rangle }$	⟨ ⟩	${\displaystyle \langle E\rangle }$	Generating set of a group	\langle \rangle	&lang; &rang;	U+27E8/9
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle [g,h]}$	Commutator	[ ]	&lsqb; &rsqb;	U+005B/D

Field theory

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle /}$	/	${\displaystyle L/K}$	Field extension	/	⁄	U+002F
${\displaystyle \mid }$	|	${\displaystyle L\mid K}$		\mid	|	U+007C
${\displaystyle \colon }$	:	${\displaystyle L\colon K}$		\colon	:	U+003A
		${\displaystyle [L\colon K]}$	Degree of a field extension
${\displaystyle {\bar {~}}}$	◌̄	${\displaystyle {\bar {K}}}$	Algebraic closure	\bar	̄	U+0304
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	◌̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {K}}}$		\overline	̅	U+0305
${\displaystyle ()}$	( )	${\displaystyle K(\alpha )}$	Field extension, Algebraic number field	( )	( )	U+0028/9
${\displaystyle \mathbb {K} }$	𝕂		Field (mathematics)	\mathbb{K}	𝕂	U+1D542
${\displaystyle \mathbb {F} }$	𝔽		Finite field	\mathbb{F}	𝔽	U+1D53D

Ring theory

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle {}^{\ast }}$	∗	${\displaystyle R^{\ast }}$	Group of units	\ast	∗	U+2217
${\displaystyle {}^{\times }}$	⨯	${\displaystyle R^{\times }}$		\times	×	U+2A2F
${\displaystyle \vartriangleleft }$	⊲	${\displaystyle I\vartriangleleft R}$	Ideal (ring theory)	\vartriangleleft	⊲	U+22B2
${\displaystyle /}$	/	${\displaystyle R/I}$	Quotient ring	/	⁄	U+002F
${\displaystyle [~~]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle R[X]}$	Polynomial ring	[ ]	[ ]	U+005B/D
${\displaystyle [[~~]]}$	[ ]	${\displaystyle R[[X]],R((X))}$	Formal power series	[[ ]]	[ ]	U+005B/D

Morphisms

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \to }$	→	${\displaystyle f\colon X\to Y}$	Morphism	\to	→	U+2192
		${\displaystyle X,{\stackrel {f}{\to }}\,Y}$
${\displaystyle \mapsto }$	↦	${\displaystyle f\colon x\mapsto y}$		\mapsto	&mapstoright;	U+21A6
		${\displaystyle x\,{\stackrel {f}{\mapsto }}\,y}$
${\displaystyle {\overset {\sim }{\rightarrow }}}$	⥲	${\displaystyle f\colon X{\overset {\sim }{\rightarrow }}Y}$	Isomorphism	\tilde{\rightarrow}		U+22B2
${\displaystyle \hookrightarrow }$	↪	${\displaystyle f\colon X\hookrightarrow Y}$	Monomorphism	\hookrightarrow	&#8618	U+021AA
		${\displaystyle X,{\stackrel {f}{\hookrightarrow }}\,Y}$
${\displaystyle \twoheadrightarrow }$	↠	${\displaystyle f\colon X\twoheadrightarrow Y}$	Epimorphism	\twoheadrightarrow	&#8608	U+021A0
		${\displaystyle X{\stackrel {f}{\twoheadrightarrow }}\ Y}$

Combinatorics

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle !}$	!	${\displaystyle n!}$	Factorial	!	!	U+0021
		${\displaystyle !n}$	Derangement
		${\displaystyle n!!}$	Double factorial
${\displaystyle {\tbinom {~}{~}}}$	( )	${\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{k}}}$	Combination	\binom	( )	U+0028/9
		${\displaystyle {\tbinom {n}{k_{1},\ldots ,k_{r}}}}$	Multinomial coefficient
${\displaystyle \left(\!{\tbinom {~}{~}}\!\right)}$	(( ))	${\displaystyle \left(\!{\tbinom {n}{k}}\!\right)}$	Multiset	(( ))	( )	U+0028/9
${\displaystyle {\overline {~}}}$	◌̄	${\displaystyle n^{\bar {m}}}$	Pochhammer symbol	\bar	̄	U+0304
	◌̅	${\displaystyle n^{\overline {m}}}$		\overline	̅	U+0305
	◌̲	${\displaystyle n^{\underline {m}}}$		\underline	̲	U+0332
${\displaystyle \#}$	#	${\displaystyle n\#}$	Primorial	\#	#	U+0023

Stochastics

Probability theory

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle P}$		${\displaystyle P(A)}$	Probability measure	P		U+2119
${\displaystyle \mid }$		${\displaystyle P(A\mid B)}$	Conditional probability	\mid	|	U+007C
${\displaystyle /}$		${\displaystyle P(A/B)}$		/		U+2215
${\displaystyle E}$	𝔼	${\displaystyle E(X)}$	Expected value	E	𝔼	U+1D53C
${\displaystyle V}$	𝕍	${\displaystyle V(X)}$	Variance	V	𝕍	U+1D54D
${\displaystyle \sigma }$	σ	${\displaystyle \sigma (X)}$	Standard deviation	\sigma	σ	U+03C3
		${\displaystyle \sigma (X,Y)}$	Covariance
${\displaystyle \rho }$	ρ	${\displaystyle \rho (X,Y)}$	Correlation	\rho	ρ	U+03C1
${\displaystyle \sim }$	∼	${\displaystyle X\sim F}$	Probability distribution	\sim	∼	U+223C
${\displaystyle \approx }$	≈	${\displaystyle X\approx F}$		\approx	≈	U+2248
${\displaystyle {\displaystyle \perp }}$	⊥	${\displaystyle A\perp B}$	Independence (probability theory)	\perp	⊥	U+22A5

Remark: for operators there are several notational variants; instead of round brackets also square brackets are used

Statistics

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle {\bar {~}}}$	◌̅	${\displaystyle {\bar {x}}}$	Average	\bar	̄	U+0304
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	◌̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {m}}}$		\overline	̅	U+0305
${\displaystyle \langle ~~\rangle }$	⟨ ⟩	${\displaystyle \langle X\rangle }$		\langle \rangle	⟨ ⟩	U+27E8/9
${\displaystyle {\hat {~}}}$	◌̂	${\displaystyle {\hat {p}}}$	Estimator	\hat	̂	U+0302

Logic

See also: List of logic symbols, Wikipedia:WikiProject Logic/Standards for notation, and MOS:MATH § TONE

The current Wikipedia guidelines advise against unnecessary use of ∀, ∃, and ⇔ and instead recommend writing out "for all", "there exists", and "if and only if." The same is true of abbreviations such as "iff", "s.t.", and "WLOG".

Operators

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \land }$	∧	${\displaystyle A\land B}$	Logical conjunction	\land	∧	U+2227
${\displaystyle \lor }$	∨	${\displaystyle A\lor B}$	Logical disjunction	\lor	∨	U+2228
${\displaystyle \Leftrightarrow }$	⇔	${\displaystyle A\Leftrightarrow B}$	Logical equivalence	\Leftrightarrow	⇔	U+21D4
${\displaystyle \leftrightarrow }$	↔	${\displaystyle A\leftrightarrow B}$		\leftrightarrow	↔	U+2194
${\displaystyle \iff }$	⟺	${\displaystyle A\iff B}$		\iff	⟺	U+27FA
${\displaystyle \Rightarrow }$	⇒	${\displaystyle A\Rightarrow B}$	Logical consequence	\Rightarrow	⇒	U+21D2
${\displaystyle \rightarrow }$	→	${\displaystyle A\rightarrow B}$		\rightarrow	→	U+2192
${\displaystyle \implies }$	⟹	${\displaystyle A\implies B}$		\implies	⟹	U+27F9
${\displaystyle \Longrightarrow }$		${\displaystyle A\Longrightarrow B}$		\Longrightarrow
${\displaystyle \oplus }$	⊕	${\displaystyle A\oplus B}$	Exclusive or	\oplus	⊕	U+2295
${\displaystyle \veebar }$	⊻	${\displaystyle A\,\veebar \,B}$		\veebar	⊻	U+22BB
${\displaystyle {\dot {\lor }}}$	⩒	${\displaystyle A\,{\dot {\lor }}\,B}$		\dot\lor		U+2A52
${\displaystyle \lnot }$	¬	${\displaystyle \lnot A}$	Logical negation	\lnot	¬	U+00AC
${\displaystyle {\bar {~}}}$	◌̄	${\displaystyle {\bar {A}}}$		\bar	̄	U+0304
${\displaystyle {\overline {~~}}}$	̅	${\displaystyle {\overline {A}}}$		\overline	̅	U+0305
${\displaystyle \leftarrow }$	←	${\displaystyle A\leftarrow B}$	Converse implication	\leftarrow	←	U+2190

See also: Further symbols for binary connectives

Quantifiers

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \forall }$	∀	${\displaystyle \forall \,x}$	Universal quantification	\forall	∀	U+2200
${\displaystyle \bigwedge }$	⋀	${\displaystyle \bigwedge _{x}}$		\bigwedge	⋀	U+22C0
${\displaystyle \exists }$	∃	${\displaystyle \exists \,x}$	Existential quantification	\exists	∃	U+2203
${\displaystyle \bigvee }$	⋁	${\displaystyle \bigvee _{x}}$		\bigvee	⋁	U+22C1
${\displaystyle \exists !}$	∃!	${\displaystyle \exists !\,x}$	Uniqueness quantification	\exists!	∃!	U+2203!
${\displaystyle \bigvee ^{\centerdot }}$	⩒	${\displaystyle \bigvee _{x}^{\centerdot }}$		\dot\bigvee		U+2A52
${\displaystyle \nexists }$	∄	${\displaystyle \nexists \,x}$	Existential quantification	\nexists	∄	U+2204

Deduction symbols

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \vdash }$	⊢	${\displaystyle A\vdash B}$	Propositional calculus, Turnstile	\vdash	⊢	U+22A2
${\displaystyle \models }$	⊨	${\displaystyle A\models B}$	Inference	\models	⊨	U+22A8
		${\displaystyle \models A}$	Tautology (logic)
${\displaystyle \top }$	⊤	${\displaystyle A\top }$		\top	⊤	U+22A4
${\displaystyle \bot }$	⊥	${\displaystyle A\bot }$	Contradiction	\bot	⊥	U+22A5
${\displaystyle \therefore }$	∴	${\displaystyle A\therefore B}$	Deductive reasoning	\therefore	∴	U+2234
${\displaystyle \because }$	∵	${\displaystyle A\because B}$		\because	∵	U+2235

End of proof symbols

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle \blacksquare }$	■	...as desired. ${\displaystyle \blacksquare }$	Q.E.D.	\blacksquare	■	U+25A0
${\displaystyle \Box }$	□			\Box	□	U+25A1
${\displaystyle }$	∎		Tombstone		∎	U+220E

Alphanumeric Symbols

Main article: Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols

Digits

Caption: Digits

Name	Digits
Double-struck	𝟘 𝟙 𝟚 𝟛 𝟜 𝟝 𝟞 𝟟 𝟠 𝟡

Alphabets

Caption: Alphabets

Name	Sub-type	Command	Alphabet
Double-struck		\mathbb{...}	𝔸 𝔹 ℂ 𝔻 𝔼 𝔽 𝔾 ℍ 𝕀 𝕁 𝕂 𝕃 𝕄 ℕ 𝕆 ℙ ℚ ℝ 𝕊 𝕋 𝕌 𝕍 𝕎 𝕏 𝕐 ℤ
			𝕒 𝕓 𝕔 𝕕 𝕖 𝕗 𝕘 𝕙 𝕚 𝕛 𝕜 𝕝 𝕞 𝕟 𝕠 𝕡 𝕢 𝕣 𝕤 𝕥 𝕦 𝕧 𝕨 𝕩 𝕪 𝕫
	Italic		ⅆ ⅇ ⅈ ⅉ ℽ ℾ ℼ ℿ ⅀
Script/Calligraphy			𝒜 ℬ 𝒞 𝒟 ℰ ℱ 𝒢 ℋ ℐ 𝒥 𝒦 ℒ ℳ 𝒩 𝒪 𝒫 𝒬 ℛ 𝒮 𝒯 𝒰 𝒱 𝒲 𝒳 𝒴 𝒵
			𝒶 𝒷 𝒸 𝒹 ℯ 𝒻 ℊ 𝒽 𝒾 𝒿 𝓀 𝓁 𝓂 𝓃 ℴ 𝓅 𝓆 𝓇 𝓈 𝓉 𝓊 𝓋 𝓌 𝓍 𝓎 𝓏
	Bold	\mathcal{...}	𝓐 𝓑 𝓒 𝓓 𝓔 𝓕 𝓖 𝓗 𝓘 𝓙 𝓚 𝓛 𝓜 𝓝 𝓞 𝓟 𝓠 𝓡 𝓢 𝓣 𝓤 𝓥 𝓦 𝓧 𝓨 𝓩
			𝓪 𝓫 𝓬 𝓭 𝓮 𝓯 𝓰 𝓱 𝓲 𝓳 𝓴 𝓵 𝓶 𝓷 𝓸 𝓹 𝓺 𝓻 𝓼 𝓽 𝓾 𝓿 𝔀 𝔁 𝔂 𝔃
Fraktur		\mathfrak{...}	𝔄 𝔅 ℭ 𝔇 𝔈 𝔉 𝔊 ℌ ℑ 𝔍 𝔎 𝔏 𝔐 𝔑 𝔒 𝔓 𝔔 ℜ 𝔖 𝔗 𝔘 𝔙 𝔚 𝔛 𝔜 ℨ
			𝔞 𝔟 𝔠 𝔡 𝔢 𝔣 𝔤 𝔥 𝔦 𝔧 𝔨 𝔩 𝔪 𝔫 𝔬 𝔭 𝔮 𝔯 𝔰 𝔱 𝔲 𝔳 𝔴 𝔵 𝔶 𝔷
	Bold	\boldsymbol{\mathfrak{...}}	𝕬 𝕭 𝕮 𝕯 𝕰 𝕱 𝕲 𝕳 𝕴 𝕵 𝕶 𝕷 𝕸 𝕹 𝕺 𝕻 𝕼 𝕽 𝕾 𝕿 𝖀 𝖁 𝖂 𝖃 𝖄 𝖅
			𝖆 𝖇 𝖈 𝖉 𝖊 𝖋 𝖌 𝖍 𝖎 𝖏𝖐 𝖑 𝖒 𝖓 𝖔 𝖕 𝖖 𝖗 𝖘 𝖙 𝖚 𝖛 𝖜 𝖝 𝖞 𝖟
Mono-space			𝙰 𝙱 𝙲 𝙳 𝙴 𝙵 𝙶 𝙷 𝙸 𝙹 𝙺 𝙻 𝙼 𝙽 𝙾 𝙿 𝚀 𝚁 𝚂 𝚃 𝚄 𝚅 𝚆 𝚇 𝚈 𝚉
			𝚊 𝚋 𝚌 𝚍 𝚎 𝚏 𝚐 𝚑 𝚒 𝚓 𝚔 𝚕 𝚖 𝚗 𝚘 𝚙 𝚚 𝚛 𝚜 𝚝 𝚞 𝚟 𝚠 𝚡 𝚢 𝚣
Greek			Α Β Γ ᴦ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Ῥ ☧ Σ Ϲ Τ Υ υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω
			α β ᵝ ᵦ γ ᵞ ᵧ δ ᵟ ε ϵ ϶ ζ η Ͱ ͱ θ ϑ ϴ ᶿ ι ᶥ ℩ κ ϰ λ ᴧ μ µ ν ξ ο π ϖ ρ ῥ ῤ ϱ ϼ ᴩ ᵨ σ ς ϲ Ͻ ͻ Ͼ ͼ Ͽ ͽ τ ϒ φ ϕ χ ᵡ ᵪ ψ ᴪ ω
	Italic		𝛢 𝛣 𝛤 𝛥 𝛦 𝛧 𝛨 𝛩 𝛪 𝛫 𝛬 𝛭 𝛮 𝛯 𝛰 𝛱 𝛲 𝛳 𝛴 𝛵 𝛶 𝛷 𝛸 𝛹 𝛺 𝛻
			𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 𝛿 𝜕 𝜀 𝜖 𝜁 𝜂 𝜃 𝜗 𝜄 𝜅 𝜆 𝜇 𝜈 𝜉 𝜊 𝜋 𝜛 𝜌 𝜚 𝜍 𝜎 𝜏 𝜐 𝜑 𝜙 𝜒 𝜘 𝜓 𝜔
	Non-Latin Italic		𝛼 𝛽 𝛤 𝛾 𝛥 𝛿 𝜀 𝜁 𝜂 𝛩 𝜃 𝛳 𝜗 𝜄 𝜅 𝜘 𝛬 𝜆 𝜇 𝜈 𝛯 𝜉 𝛱 𝜋 𝜌 𝜚 𝛴 𝜎 𝜍 𝜏 𝛶 𝜐 𝛷 𝜑 𝜙 𝜒 𝛹 𝜓 𝛺 𝜔
	Bold		𝚨 𝚩 𝚪 𝚫 𝚬 𝚭 𝚮 𝚯 𝚰 𝚱 𝚲 𝚳 𝚴 𝚵 𝚶 𝚷 𝚸 𝚹 𝚺 𝚻 𝚼 𝚽 𝚾 𝚿 𝛀 𝛁
			𝛂 𝛃 𝛄 𝛅 𝛛 𝛆 𝛜 𝛇 𝛈 𝛉 𝛝 𝛊 𝛋 𝛞 𝛌 𝛍 𝛎 𝛏 𝛐 𝛑 𝛡 𝛒 𝛠 𝛓 𝛔 𝛕 𝛖 𝛗 𝛟 𝛘 𝛙 𝛚
	Bold Italic		𝜜 𝜝 𝜞 𝜟 𝜠 𝜡 𝜢 𝜣 𝜤 𝜥 𝜦 𝜧 𝜨 𝜩 𝜪 𝜫 𝜬 𝜭 𝜮 𝜯 𝜰 𝜱 𝜲 𝜳 𝜴 𝜵
			𝜶 𝜷 𝜸 𝜹 𝝏 𝜺 𝝐 𝜻 𝜼 𝜽 𝝑 𝜾 𝜿 𝝀 𝝁 𝝂 𝝃 𝝄 𝝅 𝝕 𝝆 𝝔 𝝇 𝝈 𝝉 𝝊 𝝋 𝝓 𝝌 𝝒 𝝍 𝝎
	Double-struck		ℽ ℾ ℼ ℿ ⅀

Greek Letters

Greek alphabet

Name	Greek Letter	Bold	Italic	Bold Italic	Sans-Serif Bold	Sans-Serif Bold Italic	APL	Double struck bold	Misc
Alpha	Α α	𝚨 𝛂	𝛢 𝛼	𝜜 𝜶	𝝖 𝝰	𝞐 𝞪	⍺ ⍶
Beta	Β β ᵝ ᵦ	𝚩 𝛃	𝛣 𝛽	𝜝 𝜷	𝝗 𝝱	𝞑 𝞫
Gamma	Γ γ ᴦ ᵞ ᵧ	𝚪 𝛄	𝛤 𝛾	𝜞 𝜸	𝝘 𝝲	𝞒 𝞬		ℾ ℽ
Delta	Δ δ ᵟ	𝚫 𝛅	𝛥 𝛿	𝜟 𝜹	𝝙 𝝳	𝞓 𝞭
Epsilon	Ε ε ϵ ϶	𝚬 𝛆	𝛦 𝜀	𝜠 𝜺	𝝚 𝝴	𝞔 𝞮	⍷
Zeta	Ζ ζ	𝚭 𝛇	𝛧 𝜁	𝜡 𝜻	𝝛 𝝵	𝞕 𝞯
Eta	Η η Ͱ ͱ	𝚮 𝛈	𝛨 𝜂	𝜢 𝜼	𝝜 𝝶	𝞖 𝞰
Theta	Θ θ ϑ ϴ ᶿ	𝚯 𝛉 𝚹 𝛝	𝛩 𝜃 𝛳 𝜗	𝜣 𝜽 𝜭 𝝑	𝝝 𝝷 𝚹 𝞋	𝞗 𝞱 𝜭 𝟅
Iota	Ι ι ᶥ ℩	𝚰 𝛊	𝛪 𝜄	𝜤 𝜾	𝝞 𝝸	𝞘 𝞲	⍳ ⍸
Kappa	Κ κ ϰ	𝚱 𝛋 𝛞	𝛫 𝜅 𝜘	𝜥 𝜿 𝝒	𝝟 𝝹 𝞌	𝞙 𝞳 𝟆
Lambda	Λ λ ᴧ	𝚲 𝛌	𝛬 𝜆	𝜦 𝝀	𝝠 𝝺	𝞚 𝞴
Mu	Μ μ µ	𝚳 𝛍	𝛭 𝜇	𝜧 𝝁	𝝡 𝝻	𝞛 𝞵
Nu	Ν ν	𝚴 𝛎	𝛮 𝜈	𝜨 𝝂	𝝢 𝝼	𝞜 𝞶
Xi	Ξ ξ	𝚵 𝛏	𝛯 𝜉	𝜩 𝝃	𝝣 𝝽	𝞝 𝞷
Omicron	Ο ο	𝚶 𝛐	𝛰 𝜊	𝜪 𝝄	𝝤 𝝾	𝞞 𝞸
Pi	Π π ϖ	𝚷 𝛑	𝛱 𝜋	𝜫 𝝅	𝝥 𝝿	𝞟 𝞹		ℿ ℼ	∏ ∐
Rho	Ρ ρ Ῥ ῥ ῤ ϱ ϼ ᴩ ᵨ ☧	𝚸 𝛒 𝛠	𝛲 𝜌 𝜚	𝜬 𝝆 𝝔	𝝦 𝞀 𝞎	𝞠 𝞺 𝟈	⍴
Sigma	Σ σ ς Ϲ ϲ Ͻ ͻ Ͼ ͼ Ͽ ͽ	𝚺 𝛔 𝛓	𝛴 𝜎 𝜍	𝜮 𝝈 𝝇	𝝨 𝞂 𝞁	𝞢 𝞼 𝞻		⅀	∑
Tau	Τ τ	𝚻 𝛕	𝛵 𝜏	𝜯 𝝉	𝝩 𝞃	𝞣 𝞽
Upsilon	Υ υ ϒ	𝚼 𝛖	𝛶 𝜐	𝜰 𝝊	𝝪 𝞄	𝞤 𝞾
Phi	Φ φ ϕ	𝚽 𝛗 𝛟	𝛷 𝜑 𝜙	𝜱 𝝋 𝝓	𝝫 𝞅 𝞍	𝞥 𝞿 𝟇
Chi	Χ χᵡᵪ☧	𝚾 𝛘	𝛸 𝜒	𝜲 𝝌	𝝬 𝞆	𝞦 𝟀
Psi	Ψ ψ ᴪ	𝚿 𝛙	𝛹 𝜓	𝜳 𝝍	𝝭 𝞇	𝞧 𝟁
Omega	Ω ω	𝛀 𝛚	𝛺 𝜔	𝜴 𝝎	𝝮 𝞈	𝞨 𝟂	⍵ ⍹

See also

Unicode and LaTeX

• List of mathematical symbols
  • List of logic symbols
  • Blackboard bold#Usage
• Help:Displaying a formula

LaTeX

• Help:Displaying a formula#Formatting using TeX - An extensive list of LaTeX examples.
• Wikipedia:LaTeX symbols

Unicode

• Lists of Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
  • Mathematical Operators and Supplemental Mathematical Operators
  • List of mathematical symbols
  • Miscellaneous Math Symbols: A, B, Technical
  • Arrow (symbol) and Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows and arrow symbols
  • ISO 31-11 (Mathematical signs and symbols for use in physical sciences and technology)
  • Number Forms
  • Geometric Shapes
  • Wikipedia:Mathematical symbols
• Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols (Unicode block)
  • Mathematical constants and functions
  • Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date
• List of Unicode characters
  • Letterlike Symbols
  • Unicode block

Conventions and guidelines

• Typographical conventions and common meanings of symbols:
  • APL syntax and symbols
  • Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering
  • Latin letters used in mathematics
  • List of common physics notations
  • List of letters used in mathematics and science
  • List of mathematical abbreviations
  • Mathematical notation
  • Notation in probability and statistics
  • Physical constants
  • Typographical conventions in mathematical formulae
• Wikipedia notation and formula guidelines:
  • Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics#Mathematical conventions
  • Wikipedia:WikiProject Logic/Standards for notation
  • Help:Special characters

Other

• Diacritic
• Language of mathematics

Bibliography

• Tilo Arens; Frank Hettlich; Christian Karpfinger; Ulrich Kockelkorn; Klaus Lichtenegger; Hellmuth Stachel (2011), Mathematik (in German) (2. ed.), Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, pp. 1483ff, ISBN 978-3-827-42347-4
• Wolfgang Hackbusch (2010), Taschenbuch der Mathematik, Band 1 (in German) (3. ed.), Springer, pp. 1275ff, ISBN 978-3-835-10123-4
• Deutsches Institut für Normung: DIN 1302: Allgemeine mathematische Zeichen und Begriffe, Beuth-Verlag, 1999.
• Deutsches Institut für Normung: DIN 1303: Vektoren, Matrizen, Tensoren; Zeichen und Begriffe, Beuth-Verlag, 1987.
• International Standards Organisation: DIN EN ISO 80000-2: Größen und Einheiten – Teil 2: Mathematische Zeichen für Naturwissenschaft und Technik, 2013.

Note: This article is a translation of the German Wikipedia article de:Liste mathematischer Symbole.

External links

LaTeX and Unicode

• Symbols defined by unicode-math - Lists LaTeX and corresponding Unicode symbols
• Unicode characters and corresponding LaTeX math mode command

LaTeX

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mathematical symbols.

• Scott Pakin (25 June 2020). "The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List" (PDF; 4,4 MB). The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN). Retrieved 8 August 2020.

Unicode

• Symbols defined by unicode-math
• "Mathematical Operators – Unicode" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-07-20.
• Lists Unicode Block "Mathematical Operators"
• Lists Unicode Block "Supplemental Mathematical Operators"
• Lists Unicode Block "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-A"
• Lists Unicode Block "Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B"
• Lists Unicode Block "Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols"

v t e Mathematical notation, symbols, and formulas

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