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The ASCII codes for the word “Wikipedia” as words equate word named on word blogged: Bill O’Reilly; see posted on word paper equate word arrow as word hand[horses][👇] as words my Morning coffee equated word Monday morning coffee at 22nd avenue on Newspaper dated word wretch
Add.1 as my mother always said and this is for Bill O’Reilly specific, words The Music is on your chin.
Melba M. Ross Meakin lived at Hemingway Terrace equated words lest you forget however how are able to forget if I knew Mr and Mrs Getz on 22 22nd Avenue in West Clay Park as they lived catty corner to our new House!! On a good and relevant note as Mozart word wrote pieces, in Jonestown it was said on TV that notes had been passed and everyone is dead. So, maybe with a little luck Mr. O’Reilly will comprehend the pressure of this one hinge.
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You searched for
"UNDERSTANDING" in the KJV Bible
156 Instances - Page 1 of 6 - Sort by Book Order - Feedback
- 1 Corinthians 14:20chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Brethren, be not children in understanding: howbeit in malice be ye children, but in understanding be men.
- Proverbs 10:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- In the lips of him that hath understanding wisdom is found: but a rod is for the back of him that is void of understanding.
- Deuteronomy 4:6chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Keep therefore and do them; for this is your wisdom and your understanding in the sight of the nations, which shall hear all these statutes, and say, Surely this great nation is a wise and understanding people.
- Proverbs 8:5chapter context similar meaning copy save
- O ye simple, understand wisdom: and, ye fools, be ye of an understanding heart.
- Proverbs 24:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Through wisdom is an house builded; and by understanding it is established:
- Job 12:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- With the ancient is wisdom; and in length of days understanding.
- Matthew 15:16chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Jesus said, Are ye also yet without understanding?
- Proverbs 10:23chapter context similar meaning copy save
- It is as sport to a fool to do mischief: but a man of understanding hath wisdom.
- Proverbs 8:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Counsel is mine, and sound wisdom: I am understanding; I have strength.
- Proverbs 1:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- To know wisdom and instruction; to perceive the words of understanding;
- 1 Corinthians 14:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For if I pray in an unknown tongue, my spirit prayeth, but my understanding is unfruitful.
- Job 28:20chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Whence then cometh wisdom? and where is the place of understanding?
- Proverbs 5:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- My son, attend unto my wisdom, and bow thine ear to my understanding:
- Proverbs 13:15chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Good understanding giveth favour: but the way of transgressors is hard.
- Proverbs 4:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Hear, ye children, the instruction of a father, and attend to know understanding.
- Job 34:16chapter context similar meaning copy save
- If now thou hast understanding, hear this: hearken to the voice of my words.
- Luke 24:45chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Then opened he their understanding, that they might understand the scriptures,
- Psalms 119:104chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Through thy precepts I get understanding: therefore I hate every false way.
- Proverbs 8:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Doth not wisdom cry? and understanding put forth her voice?
- Psalms 119:144chapter context similar meaning copy save
- The righteousness of thy testimonies is everlasting: give me understanding, and I shall live.
- Deuteronomy 32:28chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For they are a nation void of counsel, neither is there any understanding in them.
- 2 Timothy 2:7chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Consider what I say; and the Lord give thee understanding in all things.
- Proverbs 18:2chapter context similar meaning copy save
- A fool hath no delight in understanding, but that his heart may discover itself.
- Proverbs 17:27chapter context similar meaning copy save
- He that hath knowledge spareth his words: and a man of understanding is of an excellent spirit.
- Proverbs 15:21chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Folly is joy to him that is destitute of wisdom: but a man of understanding walketh uprightly.
- Psalms 119:99chapter context similar meaning copy save
- I have more understanding than all my teachers: for thy testimonies are my meditation.
- 2 Chronicles 2:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And now I have sent a cunning man, endued with understanding, of Huram my father's,
- Proverbs 2:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Yea, if thou criest after knowledge, and liftest up thy voice for understanding;
- Proverbs 7:4chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Say unto wisdom, Thou art my sister; and call understanding thy kinswoman:
- Proverbs 16:22chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Understanding is a wellspring of life unto him that hath it: but the instruction of fools is folly.
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You searched for
"NEW" in the KJV Bible
131 Instances - Page 1 of 5 - Sort by Book Order - Feedback
- Luke 5:38chapter context similar meaning copy save
- But new wine must be put into new bottles; and both are preserved.
- Mark 2:22chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And no man putteth new wine into old bottles: else the new wine doth burst the bottles, and the wine is spilled, and the bottles will be marred: but new wine must be put into new bottles.
- 2 Peter 3:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens and a new earth, wherein dwelleth righteousness.
- Luke 5:36chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And he spake also a parable unto them; No man putteth a piece of a new garment upon an old; if otherwise, then both the new maketh a rent, and the piece that was taken out of the new agreeth not with the old.
- Isaiah 65:17chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For, behold, I create new heavens and a new earth: and the former shall not be remembered, nor come into mind.
- 2 Corinthians 5:17chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things are passed away; behold, all things are become new.
- Matthew 9:17chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Neither do men put new wine into old bottles: else the bottles break, and the wine runneth out, and the bottles perish: but they put new wine into new bottles, and both are preserved.
- Ezekiel 18:31chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Cast away from you all your transgressions, whereby ye have transgressed; and make you a new heart and a new spirit: for why will ye die, O house of Israel?
- Mark 2:21chapter context similar meaning copy save
- No man also seweth a piece of new cloth on an old garment: else the new piece that filled it up taketh away from the old, and the rent is made worse.
- Isaiah 66:22chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For as the new heavens and the new earth, which I will make, shall remain before me, saith the LORD, so shall your seed and your name remain.
- 2 Samuel 6:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And they set the ark of God upon a new cart, and brought it out of the house of Abinadab that was in Gibeah: and Uzzah and Ahio, the sons of Abinadab, drave the new cart.
- Luke 5:37chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And no man putteth new wine into old bottles; else the new wine will burst the bottles, and be spilled, and the bottles shall perish.
- Revelation 21:1chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And I saw a new heaven and a new earth: for the first heaven and the first earth were passed away; and there was no more sea.
- Ezekiel 36:26chapter context similar meaning copy save
- A new heart also will I give you, and a new spirit will I put within you: and I will take away the stony heart out of your flesh, and I will give you an heart of flesh.
- Lamentations 3:23chapter context similar meaning copy save
- They are new every morning: great is thy faithfulness.
- Revelation 3:12chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Him that overcometh will I make a pillar in the temple of my God, and he shall go no more out: and I will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, which is new Jerusalem, which cometh down out of heaven from my God: and I will write upon him my new name.
- Acts 2:13chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Others mocking said, These men are full of new wine.
- Psalms 33:3chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Sing unto him a new song; play skilfully with a loud noise.
- Job 32:19chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Behold, my belly is as wine which hath no vent; it is ready to burst like new bottles.
- Exodus 1:8chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Now there arose up a new king over Egypt, which knew not Joseph.
- Galatians 6:15chapter context similar meaning copy save
- For in Christ Jesus neither circumcision availeth any thing, nor uncircumcision, but a new creature.
- Mark 14:24chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And he said unto them, This is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many.
- Hebrews 10:20chapter context similar meaning copy save
- By a new and living way, which he hath consecrated for us, through the veil, that is to say, his flesh;
- 1 Samuel 20:18chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Then Jonathan said to David, To morrow is the new moon: and thou shalt be missed, because thy seat will be empty.
- Ecclesiastes 1:10chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Is there any thing whereof it may be said, See, this is new? it hath been already of old time, which was before us.
- 1 Kings 11:30chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And Ahijah caught the new garment that was on him, and rent it in twelve pieces:
- Ephesians 4:24chapter context similar meaning copy save
- And that ye put on the new man, which after God is created in righteousness and true holiness.
- Luke 5:39chapter context similar meaning copy save
- No man also having drunk old wine straightway desireth new: for he saith, The old is better.
- Colossians 2:16chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new moon, or of the sabbath days:
- Isaiah 1:14chapter context similar meaning copy save
- Your new moons and your appointed feasts my soul hateth: they are a trouble unto me; I am weary to bear them.
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Sunday, September 27, 2015
Wii In^Tier^RUP`t This Super Special Bull A Tun For This Important Message
I thought as I was having my Morning coffee today the 27th on Calendar of Month Number 9 year of 2015,
the day that Football was made a National & very defining Weekly event,
as the Live Coverage from The National Broad Casting asks,
What Pull pitt Will be of this absolute In tell on address.
we interrupt this program to bring You
1. the following . . . .
Information
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Information (disambiguation).
Information (shortened as info or info.) is that which informs, i.e. an answer to a question, as well as that from which knowledge and datacan be derived (as data represents values attributed to parameters, and knowledge signifies understanding of real things or abstract concepts).[1] As it regards data, the information's existence is not necessarily coupled to an observer (it exists beyond an event horizon, for example), while in the case of knowledge, the information requires a cognitive observer.
At its most fundamental, information is any propagation of cause and effect within a system. Information is conveyed either as the content of a message or through direct or indirect observation of some thing. That which is perceived can be construed as a message in its own right, and in that sense, information is always conveyed as the content of a message.
Information can be encoded into various forms for transmission and interpretation (for example, information may be encoded into a sequenceof signs, or transmitted via a sequence of signals). It can also be encrypted for safe storage and communication.
Information resolves uncertainty. The uncertainty of an event is measured by its probability of occurrence and is inversely proportional to that. The more uncertain an event, the more information is required to resolve uncertainty of that event. The bit is a typical unit of information, but other units such as the nat may be used. Example: informational in one "fair" coin flip: log2(2/1) = 1 bit, and in two fair coin flips is he gets a bone log2(4/1) = 2 bits.
The concept that information is the message has different meanings in different contexts.[2] Thus the concept of information becomes closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, education, knowledge, meaning, understanding, mental stimuli, pattern,perception, representation, and entropy.
Contents
[hide]- 1 Etymology
- 2 Information theory approach
- 3 As sensory input
- 4 As representation and complexity
- 5 As an influence which leads to a transformation
- 6 As a property in physics
- 7 The application of information study
- 8 Technologically mediated information
- 9 As records
- 10 Semiotics
- 11 See also
- 12 References
- 13 Further reading
- 14 External links
Etymology[edit]
The English word was apparently derived from the Latin stem (information-) of the nominative (informatio): this noun is derived from the verb informare (to inform) in the sense of "to give form to the mind", "to discipline", "instruct", "teach". Inform itself comes (via French informer) from the Latin verb informare, which means to give form, or to form an idea of. Furthermore, Latin itself already contained the word informatio meaning concept or idea, but the extent to which this may have influenced the development of the wordinformation in English is not clear.
The ancient Greek word for form was μορφή (morphe; cf. morph) and also εἶδος (eidos) "kind, idea, shape, set", the latter word was famously used in a technical philosophical sense by Plato (and later Aristotle) to denote the ideal identity or essence of something (see Theory of Forms). "Eidos" can also be associated with thought, proposition, or even concept.
The ancient Greek word for information is πληροφορία, which transliterates (plērophoria) from πλήρης (plērēs) "fully" and φέρω (phorein) frequentative of (pherein) to carry-through. It literally means "fully bears" or "conveys fully". In modern Greek language the word Πληροφορία is still in daily use and has the same meaning as the word informationin English. Unfortunately biblical scholars have translated (plērophoria) into "full assurance" creating a connotative meaning of the word. In addition to its primary meaning, the word Πληροφορία as a symbol has deep roots in Aristotle's semiotic triangle. In this regard it can be interpreted to communicate information to the one decoding that specific type of sign. This is something that occurs frequently with the etymology of many words in ancient and modern Greek language where there is a very strong denotative relationship between the signifier, e.g. the word symbol that conveys a specific encoded interpretation, and the signified, e.g. a concept whose meaning the interpretant attempts to decode.
Information theory approach[edit]
Main article: Information theory
From the stance of information theory, information is taken as an ordered sequence of symbols from an alphabet, say an input alphabet χ, and an output alphabet ϒ. Information processing consists of an input-output function that maps any input sequence from χ into an output sequence from ϒ. The mapping may be probabilistic or deterministic. It may have memory or be memoryless.[3]
As sensory input[edit]
Often information can be viewed as a type of input to an organism or system. Inputs are of two kinds; some inputs are important to the function of the organism (for example, food) or system (energy) by themselves. In his book Sensory Ecology[4] Dusenbery called these causal inputs. Other inputs (information) are important only because they are associated with causal inputs and can be used to predict the occurrence of a causal input at a later time (and perhaps another place). Some information is important because of association with other information but eventually there must be a connection to a causal input. In practice, information is usually carried by weak stimuli that must be detected by specialized sensory systems and amplified by energy inputs before they can be functional to the organism or system. For example, light is often a causal input to plants but provides information to animals. The colored light reflected from a flower is too weak to do much photosynthetic work but the visual system of the bee detects it and the bee's nervous system uses the information to guide the bee to the flower, where the bee often finds nectar or pollen, which are causal inputs, serving a nutritional function.
As representation and complexity[edit]
The cognitive scientist and applied mathematician Ronaldo Vigo argues that information is a concept that involves at least two related entities in order to make quantitative sense. These are, any dimensionally defined category of objects S, and any of its subsets R. R, in essence, is a representation of S, or, in other words, conveys representational (and hence, conceptual) information about S. Vigo then defines the amount of information that R conveys about S as the rate of change in the complexity of S whenever the objects in R are removed from S. Under "Vigo information", pattern, invariance, complexity, representation, and information—five fundamental constructs of universal science—are unified under a novel mathematical framework.[5][6][7] Among other things, the framework aims to overcome the limitations of Shannon-Weaver information when attempting to characterize and measure subjective information.
As an influence which leads to a transformation[edit]
Information is any type of pattern that influences the formation or transformation of other patterns.[8][9] In this sense, there is no need for a conscious mind to perceive, much less appreciate, the pattern.[citation needed] Consider, for example, DNA. The sequence of nucleotides is a pattern that influences the formation and development of an organism without any need for a conscious mind.
Systems theory at times seems to refer to information in this sense, assuming information does not necessarily involve any conscious mind, and patterns circulating (due tofeedback) in the system can be called information. In other words, it can be said that information in this sense is something potentially perceived as representation, though not created or presented for that purpose. For example, Gregory Bateson defines "information" as a "difference that makes a difference".[10]
If, however, the premise of "influence" implies that information has been perceived by a conscious mind and also interpreted by it, the specific context associated with this interpretation may cause the transformation of the information into knowledge. Complex definitions of both "information" and "knowledge" make such semantic and logical analysis difficult, but the condition of "transformation" is an important point in the study of information as it relates to knowledge, especially in the business discipline of knowledge management. In this practice, tools and processes are used to assist a knowledge worker in performing research and making decisions, including steps such as:
- reviewing information in order to effectively derive value and meaning
- referencing metadata if any is available
- establishing a relevant context, often selecting from many possible contexts
- deriving new knowledge from the information
- making decisions or recommendations from the resulting knowledge.
Stewart (2001) argues that the transformation of information into knowledge is a critical one, lying at the core of value creation and competitive advantage for the modern enterprise.
The Danish Dictionary of Information Terms[11] argues that information only provides an answer to a posed question. Whether the answer provides knowledge depends on the informed person. So a generalized definition of the concept should be: "Information" = An answer to a specific question".
When Marshall McLuhan speaks of media and their effects on human cultures, he refers to the structure of artifacts that in turn shape our behaviors and mindsets. Also,pheromones are often said to be "information" in this sense.
As a property in physics[edit]
Main article: Physical information
Information has a well-defined meaning in physics. In 2003 J. D. Bekenstein claimed that a growing trend in physics was to define the physical world as being made up of information itself (and thus information is defined in this way) (see Digital physics). Examples of this include the phenomenon of quantum entanglement, where particles can interact without reference to their separation or the speed of light. Material information itself cannot travel faster than light even if that information is transmitted indirectly. This could lead to all attempts at physically observing a particle with an "entangled" relationship to another being slowed down, even though the particles are not connected in any other way other than by the information they carry.
The mathematical universe hypothesis suggests a new paradigm, in which virtually everything, from particles and fields, through biological entities and consciousness, to themultiverse itself, could be described by mathematical patterns of information. By the same token, the cosmic void can be conceived of as the absence of material information in space (setting aside the virtual particles that pop in and out of existence due to quantum fluctuations, as well as the gravitational field and the dark energy). Nothingness can be understood then as that within which no space, time, energy, matter, or any other type of information could exist, which would be possible if symmetry and structure break within the manifold of the multiverse (i.e. the manifold would have tears or holes).
Another link is demonstrated by the Maxwell's demon thought experiment. In this experiment, a direct relationship between information and another physical property, entropy, is demonstrated. A consequence is that it is impossible to destroy information without increasing the entropy of a system; in practical terms this often means generating heat. Another more philosophical outcome is that information could be thought of as interchangeable with energy. Toyabe et al. experimentally showed in nature that information can be converted into work.[12] Thus, in the study of logic gates, the theoretical lower bound of thermal energy released by an AND gate is higher than for the NOT gate (because information is destroyed in an AND gate and simply converted in a NOT gate). Physical information is of particular importance in the theory of quantum computers.
In Thermodynamics, information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system that can interpret the information.
The application of information study[edit]
The information cycle (addressed as a whole or in its distinct components) is of great concern to Information Technology, Information Systems, as well as Information Science. These fields deal with those processes and techniques pertaining to information capture (through sensors) and generation (through computation), processing (including encoding, encryption, compression, packaging), transmission (including all telecommunication methods), presentation (including visualization / display methods), storage(including magnetic, optical, holographic methods), etc. Information does not cease to exist, it may only get scrambled beyond any possibility of retrieval (within Information Theory, see lossy compression, for example; while in Physics, the black hole information paradox gets solved with the aid of the holographic principle).
Information Visualization (shortened as InfoVis) depends on the computation and digital representation of data, and assists users in pattern recognition and anomaly detection.
Information Security (shortened as InfoSec) is the ongoing process of exercising due diligence to protect information, and information systems, from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, destruction, modification, disruption or distribution, through algorithms and procedures focused on monitoring and detection, as well as incident response and repair.
Information Analysis is the process of inspecting, transforming, and modelling information, by converting raw data into actionable knowledge, in support of the decision-making process.
Information Communication represents the convergence of informatics, telecommunication and audio-visual media & content.
Technologically mediated information[edit]
It is estimated that the world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 1986 – which is the informational equivalent to less than one 730-MB CD-ROM per person (539 MB per person) – to 295 (optimally compressed) exabytes in 2007.[13] This is the informational equivalent of almost 61 CD-ROM per person in 2007.[14]
The world’s combined technological capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks was the informational equivalent of 174 newspapers per person per day in 2007.[13]
The world's combined effective capacity to exchange information through two-way telecommunication networks was the informational equivalent of 6 newspapers per person per day in 2007.[14]
As records[edit]
Records are specialized forms of information. Essentially, records are information produced consciously or as by-products of business activities or transactions and retained because of their value. Primarily, their value is as evidence of the activities of the organization but they may also be retained for their informational value. Sound records management ensures that the integrity of records is preserved for as long as they are required.
The international standard on records management, ISO 15489, defines records as "information created, received, and maintained as evidence and information by an organization or person, in pursuance of legal obligations or in the transaction of business". The International Committee on Archives (ICA) Committee on electronic records defined a record as, "a specific piece of recorded information generated, collected or received in the initiation, conduct or completion of an activity and that comprises sufficient content, context and structure to provide proof or evidence of that activity".
Records may be maintained to retain corporate memory of the organization or to meet legal, fiscal or accountability requirements imposed on the organization. Willis (2005) expressed the view that sound management of business records and information delivered "...six key requirements for good corporate governance...transparency; accountability; due process; compliance; meeting statutory and common law requirements; and security of personal and corporate information."
Semiotics[edit]
Beynon-Davies[15][16] explains the multi-faceted concept of information in terms of signs and signal-sign systems. Signs themselves can be considered in terms of four inter-dependent levels, layers or branches of semiotics: pragmatics, semantics, syntax, and empirics. These four layers serve to connect the social world on the one hand with the physical or technical world on the other.
Pragmatics is concerned with the purpose of communication. Pragmatics links the issue of signs with the context within which signs are used. The focus of pragmatics is on the intentions of living agents underlying communicative behaviour. In other words, pragmatics link language to action.
Semantics is concerned with the meaning of a message conveyed in a communicative act. Semantics considers the content of communication. Semantics is the study of the meaning of signs - the association between signs and behaviour. Semantics can be considered as the study of the link between symbols and their referents or concepts – particularly the way in which signs relate to human behavior.
Syntax is concerned with the formalism used to represent a message. Syntax as an area studies the form of communication in terms of the logic and grammar of sign systems. Syntax is devoted to the study of the form rather than the content of signs and sign-systems.
Empirics[17] is the study of the signals used to carry a message; the physical characteristics of the medium of communication. Empirics is devoted to the study of communication channels and their characteristics, e.g., sound, light, electronic transmission etc..
Nielsen (2008) discusses the relationship between semiotics and information in relation to dictionaries. The concept of lexicographic information costs is introduced and refers to the efforts users of dictionaries need to make in order to, first, find the data sought and, secondly, understand the data so that they can generate information.
Communication normally exists within the context of some social situation. The social situation sets the context for the intentions conveyed (pragmatics) and the form in which communication takes place. In a communicative situation intentions are expressed through messages which comprise collections of inter-related signs taken from a language which is mutually understood by the agents involved in the communication. Mutual understanding implies that agents involved understand the chosen language in terms of its agreed syntax (syntactics) and semantics. The sender codes the message in the language and sends the message as signals along some communication channel (empirics). The chosen communication channel will have inherent properties which determine outcomes such as the speed with which communication can take place and over what distance.
Thursday, February 11, 2016
It Is Traditional For The Media I.E. Journalists And/Or In The Residence Of Journalism To Wait Until The Next Of Kin Has Been Notified With Concerns To A Find.
| September 18, 2013 | 2013-R-0364 | |
STATES' LAWS ON DISCLOSING CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHS, AUTOPSY REPORTS, AND 911 TAPES AND TRANSCRIPTS | ||
By: OLR Staff | ||
SUMMARY
We conducted a 50-state survey and found (1) nine states that have laws directly addressing the disclosure of crime scene photos, (2) 26 states with laws directly addressing the disclosure of autopsy reports, and (3) 16 states with laws directly addressing the disclosure of 911 tapes, seven of which directly address the disclosure of 911 transcripts. Generally, the laws restrict the disclosure of the above records to certain entities (e.g., next of kin), but in some cases, particularly for autopsy reports and 911 transcripts, they specify that the records, or certain information in the records, are available to the public. Additionally, some laws give an agency discretion to release the record to entities other than those specified in the statute.
While this report identifies statutes that directly address these particular records, their disclosure may also be limited by provisions in state law that apply to general categories of records. For example, most states exempt from disclosure law enforcement investigatory records, and some have statutes prohibiting disclosure of a record when disclosure would invade a person's privacy. Whether a particular document can be withheld under these exemptions in a particular state will depend on the circumstances. Similarly, the disclosure of these records in other states may also be governed by case law, which we do not address in this report.
The report covers only statutes that directly address access to crime scene photographs, autopsy reports, and 911 tapes and transcripts. In some cases, these statutes specifically address access by law enforcement, prosecutors, and emergency responders. But even if these entities do not derive authority to access these records under the statutes this report covers, they presumably derive it under other statutes when necessary to perform their duties.
CRIME SCENE PHOTOGRAPHS
We found nine states that have laws directly addressing the disclosure of crime scene photographs (see Table 1). Generally, all nine restrict access to these photos or exempt them from disclosure, with certain exceptions. For example, some states, such as Florida, Georgia, and Texas, allow the release of the photos to a decedent's close family members or people they designate.
In all but two of the states (Minnesota and Montana), the laws apply to photographs of deceased people. Some laws specify, in detail, the types of photos that they cover. Texas' law, for example, applies to “sensitive crime scene images,” including those depicting dismemberment and other types of mutilation. Georgia has a similar restriction. And North Dakota exempts from disclosure images of homicide and sex crime victims and of minor victims of any crime.
Table 1: State Statutes that Directly Address Disclosure of Crime Scene Photographs
State (citation) | Direct Limitations on Disclosure |
| California (Code of Civil Procedure § 129) | The law bars the copying of photographs taken for the coroner at the death scene. They are available for use only in a criminal action or proceeding that relates to the deceased, or as a court permits. |
| Connecticut (CGS § 1-210(b)(27) | An image of a homicide victim is exempt from disclosure, to the extent that the record could reasonably be expected to constitute an unwarranted invasion of the victim's or surviving family members' personal privacy. |
| Florida (Fla. Stat. § 119.07) (Fla. Stat §406.136) (Art. I, § 24, Fla. Const.) | A photograph or video or audio recording that depicts or records the killing of a person is confidential and exempt. It may be disclosed for viewing and copying only to: ● a surviving spouse, The deceased's surviving relative with authority to obtain such records may designate in writing an agent to obtain them.● if no surviving spouse, the surviving parents, and ● if no surviving spouse or parent, then an adult child. A local government entity, or a state or federal agency, at its written request, may view or copy a photograph or video recording or listen to or copy an audio recording of the killing of a person and, unless otherwise required in the performance of their duties, the identity of the deceased must remain confidential and exempt. The court, upon a showing of good cause, may issue an order authorizing anyone to view or copy a photograph or recording that depicts or records the killing of a person and may prescribe any appropriate restrictions or stipulations. |
| Georgia (Ga. Code. Ann. § 45-16-27 (e)) | Restricts access to crime scene photographs and videos in a state or local agency's custody that depict or describe a decedent in a state of dismemberment, decapitation, or similar mutilation, including those where the decedent's genitalia are exposed . May be released to decedent's next of kin or an individual who has secured a release from the next of kin. Must give the deceased person's next of kin at least two weeks' notice before release. Limited disclosure to bona fide credentialed press members, subject to certain restrictions (Ga. Comp. Rules & Regs. § 92-5-.01). A court may order disclosure on a written finding that it is in the public interest and outweighs any privacy interest that the decedent's next of kin may assert. |
| Minnesota (Minn. Stat. §§ 13.82 (7) and § 13.10) | Photographs that are part of inactive investigations that are clearly offensive to common sensibilities are private or nonpublic data, but the existence of the photographs must be disclosed to a person requesting access to the inactive file. (They are confidential while the investigation is active.) |
| Montana (Mont. Code Ann. §§ 44-5-103, 44-5-303) | By definition, “confidential criminal justice information” includes photographs and criminal investigative information. Access is limited to: ● criminal justice agencies, May also be disclosed, in certain circumstances, (1) by the prosecutor to the victim and (2) to the county attorney or his or her designee.● those authorized by law to receive it, and ● those authorized by a district court to receive it upon finding that privacy concerns do not exceed disclosure merits. |
| North Dakota (N.D. Cent. Code. §§ 44-04-18.7 and 44-04-17.1) | Crime scene images of a victim of homicide or a sex crime or any image of a minor victim of any crime are exempt from disclosure. |
| Pennsylvania (65 P.S. §§67.708(b) (20)) and 65. § 67.506(c) | A photograph, negative or print, including a photograph or videotape of the body or any portion of the body of a deceased person at the scene of death, is exempt from access. A record of an agency relating to or resulting in a criminal investigation, including investigative . . . videos [and] victim information, is exempt from access (65 P.S. § 67.708(b) (16) (ii) and (v)). An agency may exercise its discretion to make any otherwise exempt record accessible for inspection and copying, if all of the following apply: ● disclosure of the record is not prohibited under (1) federal or state law or regulation or (2) judicial order or decrees; ● the record is not protected by a privilege; and ● the agency head determines that the public interest favoring access outweighs any individual, agency, or public interest that favors restricting access. |
| Texas (Tex.Government Code, § 552.1085) | By law, “sensitive crime scene image” means a photograph or video recording taken at a crime scene, contained in or part of a closed criminal case that depicts a deceased person in a state of dismemberment, decapitation, or similar mutilation, or that depicts the deceased person's genitalia. A sensitive crime scene image is confidential and exempt from disclosure, with the following exceptions: ● next of kin or person authorized in writing by him or her; ● a defendant or his or her attorney; However, a government body may (1) assert an exception to disclosure of a sensitive crime scene image on the grounds that the image is exempt under another law or (2) file a request for an attorney general decision on whether the image is exempt from disclosure.● a person who establishes an interest in a sensitive crime scene image based on, connected with, or in support of the creation of an “expressive work;” ● someone performing bona fide research sponsored by a higher education institution; or ● a local, state, or federal agency. |
AUTOPSY REPORTS
We found 26 states with statutes directly addressing the disclosure of autopsy reports (see Table 2). Most of these states specify limited categories of people who are entitled to access the reports. These typically include specified family members, the estate's personal representative, and prosecutors or other specified government agencies. Some states specify that people with a sufficient interest in an autopsy report can access it. For example, Connecticut provides that no person
with a “legitimate” interest in such a report can be denied access. New York generally gives access to anyone who, pursuant to a court order, has a “substantial” interest in the report.
Some states (such as Iowa and North Dakota) make autopsy reports generally confidential but specify that the public generally has access to information about the cause and manner of death.
A minority of these 26 states specify that autopsy reports are public records, but even in these states, there are certain circumstances when the records can be withheld. Some states (such as Louisiana and Texas) generally make autopsy reports public but certain related materials are confidential, such as photographs and videos made during the autopsy.
Table 2 below describes state statutes that directly address the disclosure of autopsy reports. The table does not include confidentiality provisions that apply in some states (e.g., Louisiana) to records of child fatality review teams in their investigation of child deaths.
Table 2: State Statutes that Directly Address Disclosure of Autopsy Reports
State (citation) | Direct Limitations on Disclosure |
| Alabama (Ala. Code § 36-18-2) | Autopsy reports are public records and have no direct limitations on disclosure. |
| Alaska (Alaska Stat. § 12.65.020(b)) | Disclosable to: ● public officers and employees for a public purpose and ● to a person related to the deceased or who has a financial or personal interest in the estate, if doing so will not interfere with an ongoing investigation or prosecution. |
| Arkansas (Ark. Code §§ 12-12-312) | Records, files, and information of the state crime lab (including autopsy reports) are generally confidential. They are disclosable: ● under and at the direction of a court, the prosecutor, or the public defender assigned to case; ● to a defendant or his or her attorney; and ● to the Department of Health for specified purposes. |
| California (Cal. Civ. Proc. Code. § 130) | Autopsy reports for children under age 18 killed as a result of criminal act are generally restricted when family requests that the records be sealed. Such records are disclosable to: ● law enforcement or social service agencies, child death review teams, or the hospital that treated the child immediately prior to death, to be used solely for investigative, prosecutorial, or review purposes; The law specifies that these provisions do not abrogate the rights of victims, their authorized representatives, or insurance carriers to request the release of information pursuant to the Public Records Act.● the defendant and the defense team in criminal or related habeas proceedings; and ● civil litigants in a cause of action related to the victim's death with a court order upon a showing of good cause. |
| Connecticut (CGS § 19a-411; Conn. Agencies Reg., § 19a-401-12) | Disclosable to: ● prosecutors and law enforcement officials The medical examiner or state's attorney can seek a court order to prohibit disclosure (even to parties otherwise entitled to record) if there is a compelling public interest against disclosure.● person with a legitimate interest in the records (except that records concerning a person in state custody must be disclosed to any requester); and ● attorneys and researchers, under specified conditions (pursuant to Commission on Medicolegal Investigations'regulations). |
| Delaware (Del. Code title 29, §§ 4707(e) and 4710(b), (c)) | Records disclosable to: ● next of kin, ● attorney general, and ● police. |
| Indiana (Ind. Code. § 36-2-14-18) | Full report (except photo/video/audio) disclosable to: ● specified family members, Limited information available to public.● insurance company, and ● certain state agencies/entities. Prosecutor can ask court to prohibit a coroner from disclosing if disclosure likely to harm criminal investigation (Anyone can petition court to modify or terminate such an order.) |
| Iowa (Iowa Code § 22.7(41)) | Disclosable to: ● law enforcement agency investigating the death and Public can generally learn the cause and manner of death.● next of kin (in most cases). Need not disclose to next of kin or public if it would jeopardize investigation or pose a clear and present danger to public safety or an individual's safety. |
| Kansas (Kan. Stat. Ann. § 22a-232(b)) | Disclosure is restricted if coroner determines that information in the report might jeopardize a criminal investigation. (Court may order disclosure of criminal investigation records if it makes certain findings.) |
| Louisiana (La. Rev. Stat. Ann. §§ 13:5713, 44:19) | Autopsy reports are generally public records. There are exceptions for (1) deaths from natural causes not referred to the coroner and (2) reports pertaining to criminal litigation. Autopsy photos, videos, or other visual images are disclosable to: ● specified family members or estate representatives, ● law enforcement agencies for official use only, ● specified professionals to establish the deceased's identity, and ● others as directed by court order or subpoena. |
| Massachusetts (Mass. Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 38 § 2; 505 Mass. Code Regs. 1.03) | Autopsy results are not public records, and are available only to those legally entitled to receive them. Under chief medical examiner's regulations, autopsy records are disclosable to surviving spouse or next of kin if certain conditions are met. If unnatural or suspicious death, the district attorney or law enforcement official must determine and disclose in writing that he or she does not object to disclosure. |
| Mississippi (Miss. Code Ann. § 41-61-65) | The law names certain parties who have access to the reports, but does not specifically state whether they are public records. Mandatory disclosure to: ● one adult member of the deceased's immediate family or legal representative upon request, ● medical examiner, ● district attorney, and ● court clerk. |
| Missouri (Mo. Rev. Stat. §§ 58.740, 194.115, 194.117) | The law names certain parties who have access to the reports, but does not specifically state whether they are public records. Disclosable to: ● the personal representative or administrator of the deceased's estate and specified family members, ● the prosecuting attorney in a criminal investigation, and ● the parent or guardian if the deceased was an infant who died of suspected sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). |
| New Hampshire (N.H. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 611-B:21) | Disclosable to: ● next-of-kin; Homicide reports given only to Department of Justice unless the department provides a written release.● law enforcement, prosecutorial, or other government agency investigating the death; ● decedent's treating physician; ● medical or scientific body or university or similar organization for educational or research purposes; and ● other person with permission from next-of-kin. |
| New Jersey (N.J. Rev. Stat. § 52:17B-92) | Medical examiner records are available to people “with a proper interest in such records.” |
New York (N.Y. County Law § 677) | Disclosable to: ● personal representative, spouse, or next of kin; This section of the county laws is not applicable to counties wholly contained within a city (i.e., New York City).● with court order: anyone who is or may be affected in a civil or criminal action by the contents or anyone having a substantial interest therein; and ● certain state agencies. |
| North Carolina (N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 132-1.8 and 130A-389.1) | Autopsy report text (including findings and interpretations) is a public record. Autopsy photos, video, or audio are not public records, but may be examined at reasonable times and under reasonable supervision. |
| North Dakota (N.D. Cent. Code § 44-04-18.18 and 23-01-05.5) | “Autopsy report” is confidential, while “report of death” is not. The latter is the face page of the report, indicating the decedent and the cause and manner of death. The law specifies who may receive copies of the autopsy report, related notes and working papers. The autopsy report is disclosable to: ● coroner, It must be disclosed, on request, to other parties, including the decedent's personal representative, a physician, an insurance company, other federal and state agencies, and professional or research organizations.● state's attorney or criminal justice agency, ● workforce safety and insurance for work-related deaths, ● the child fatality review panel, and ● others by court order. |
Ohio (Ohio Rev. Code § 313.10) | Coroner's report, including detailed descriptions and conclusions, are public records. The law exempts: ● preliminary notes and findings, The coroner must release the report, including the otherwise exempt material (“full and complete records”), at the written request of various surviving family members or next of kin.● photos, ● suicide notes, ● medical and psychiatric records, ● confidential law enforcement investigatory records, and ● lab reports generated from an analysis of physical evidence. A reporter may submit a written request to view the coroner's preliminary investigative notes and findings, suicide notes, and photos. The request must state that granting it would serve the public's best interest. The coroner must grant the request; the reporter cannot copy the information or photos. An insurer may submit a written request to the coroner to obtain a copy of the full and complete records of the coroner with respect to a deceased person. |
| Oregon (Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 146.035(5); 192.501(36); 192.517(1)) | Exempt from public disclosure unless the public interest requires disclosure. Disclosable to: ● personal representatives or specified family members; ● anyone who may be criminally or civilly liable for the death, or the person's representatives; and ● the system designated to protect and advocate for the rights of individuals with developmental disabilities or mental illness. |
| Pennsylvania (65 Pa. Stat. Ann. § 67.708(b)(20) | Right-to-Know Law grants public access to only the deceased's name and the cause and manner of death. (The Coroner's Act, as interpreted by courts, makes autopsy reports public records.) |
| Tennessee (Tenn. Code Ann. § 38-7-110) | Autopsy reports are public records. If law enforcement believes the release of any portion of the report may seriously impede an investigation, a court may order that the portion remain confidential. |
| Texas (Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. § 49.25) | Autopsy reports are generally disclosable. Autopsy photos and x-rays are disclosable: ● under a subpoena or authority of other law or ● if the photo or x-ray is of the body of a person who died while in the custody of law enforcement. |
| Utah (Utah Code Ann., § 26-4-17) | Disclosable to: ● decedent's next-of-kin, ● legal representative, and ● physician who attended the decedent in the year before his or her death. |
| Washington (Wash. Rev. Code § 68.50.105) | Disclosable to: ● family, As of January 1, 2014, a coroner or medical examiner will be able to publicly discuss his or her findings when a police or corrections officer is the proximate cause of death.● certain medical professionals, and ● certain government officials. |
| West Virginia (W.Va. Code § 61-12-10) | Disclosable to: ● prosecuting attorneys or law enforcement; ● courts; ● parties to cases to whom the cause of death is "a material issue" (but if conflict between criminal and civil cases, criminal takes precedence); ● child protection multidisciplinary teams; and ● other state agencies when in the public interest. |
911 TAPES AND TRANSCRIPTS
We found 16 states that have statutes directly addressing disclosure of 911 tapes. Of these, seven have statutes directly addressing disclosure of 911 transcripts (see Table 3).
Ten states specifically prohibit the release of all or some of the content of 911 tapes, with certain exceptions. Generally, the prohibitions do not apply to disclosures (1) to law enforcement and emergency services agencies or (2) required pursuant to a court order. In three other states (Connecticut, Georgia, and North Dakota), disclosure is allowed, but agencies that maintain the information have discretion about whether to grant or deny access. (The Connecticut law applies to recordings made on or before May 7, 2014.) Two states (North Carolina and Virginia) specify that 911 tapes are public records (though in the former, the portions revealing a caller's identity are not). And in South Dakota, the tapes are available if a law enforcement agency or court determines that the public interest in disclosure outweighs the nondisclosure interest.
Of the seven states that directly address 911 transcripts, five specify that information, other than personally identifying information, must or may be disclosed. Two others (South Dakota and Pennsylvania) specify that the information is available if a law enforcement agency or court determines that the public interest in disclosure outweighs the nondisclosure interest.
Table 3: State Statutes that Directly Address Disclosure of 911 Tapes or Transcripts
State (citation) | Direct Limitations on Disclosures: 911 Tapes | Direct Limitations on Disclosures: 911 Transcripts |
| Alabama (Ala. Code § 11-98-12) | May be released only: ● to law enforcement personnel conducting an investigation where the call is or may be relevant; ● to the 911 caller, his or her representative, or his or her estate in certain circumstances, upon verification of the requester's identity and that the recording is pertinent to the investigation of a legal matter resulting from the events necessitating the call; or ● when a court finds that the right of the public to the release of the recording outweighs the privacy interests of the individual who made the 911 call or any person involved in the facts or circumstances relating to the call. | Not addressed |
| Connecticut (PA 13-311, § 3) | For recordings made on or before May 7, 2014, law enforcement agencies are not required to disclose the portion of a recording where the individual speaking on the recording describes the condition of a homicide victim, but this does not apply to a recording that consists of an emergency 911 call or other call for assistance made by a member of the public to a law enforcement agency. | Not addressed |
| Georgia (Ga. Code § 50-18-72 (a)(16)) | Except for requests by an accused or his or her attorney, not required to disclose. 911 records containing information that would reveal the caller's identity (e.g., name, address, or telephone number) and information may be redacted to protect confidential sources, avoid danger to someone's life or safety, and avoid disclosing surveillance or an investigation. | Not addressed |
| Maine (Me. Rev. Stat.. Tit. 25 § 2929) | Disclosure prohibited except to: ● people within the 911 system to implement and manage the system, Personally identifying information and personal medical information may also be withheld.● law enforcement officers and agencies for criminal investigations related to a 911 call, ● certain designated people for system maintenance and quality control, and ● others under a court order finding good cause for disclosure. | Public information contained in a 911 call must be disclosed in the form of a transcript. Personally identifying information is confidential and must be excluded from the transcript, except that a public safety answering point may disclose it to: ● people within the 911 system to implement and manage the system, ● law enforcement officers and agencies for criminal investigations related to a 911 call, and ● certain designated people for system maintenance and quality control. |
| Minnesota (Minn. Stat. § 13.10 and .82) | Available only to the person making the call or, if concerning a decedent, the decedent's representative. Data about decedents becomes public 10 years after the person's death and 30 years after the data's creation. | A written transcript of a 911 audio recording is public, unless it reveals the identity of an individual otherwise protected by law. |
| Mississippi (Miss. Code § 19-5-319(2)) | Available only: ● to emergency services agencies or ● under a court order or subpoena. | Not addressed |
| Missouri (Mo. Rev. Stat §§ 610.100 and 610.150) | Available only to: ● law enforcement agencies or the Division of Workers' Compensation , Information including the date, time, specific location, and immediate facts and circumstances surrounding an initial crime report is available to the public.● anyone under a court order authorizing disclosure for good cause , or ● a person involved, or whose property was involved, in an incident for a civil claim or defense investigation or to the person's attorney or insurer. | Not addressed |
| New York (N.Y. County Law § 308(4)) | Available only to a government agency or body, or a private entity or person providing medical, ambulance, or other emergency services. (This section of the county laws is not applicable to counties wholly contained within a city (i.e., New York City). | Not addressed |
| North Carolina (NC Stat. § 132-1.4 (c)) | 911 calls are public records, except for contents revealing the caller's natural voice, name, address, phone number, or other identifying information. | To protect a caller's identity, the contents of a 911 call may be released as a written transcript (or altered to protect his or her identity). |
| North Dakota (ND Stat. § 57-40.6-07 (4)) | A public agency may deny access to 911 audio recordings. A person may listen to, but not copy or record the audio if he or she requests to do so and may ask for a written transcript. Personal information, and the identity, address, and phone number of a person requesting assistance may be redacted before its release. | A person may ask for a written transcript of a 911 audio recording. Personally identifying information of a person requesting assistance may be redacted before its release. |
| Pennsylvania (65 P.S. § 67.708 (18)) | Exempt from disclosure and available only if the agency or a court determines that the public interest in disclosure outweighs the interest in nondisclosure. | Exempt from disclosure and available only if the agency or a court determines that the public interest in disclosure outweighs the interest in nondisclosure. |
| Rhode Island (RI Gen. Laws § 39-21.1-17) | Only under a court order or with written consent of the caller whose voice is recorded or under a court order. | Not addressed |
| South Dakota (SD Code § 1-27-1.5) | In most circumstances, available if the law enforcement agency or a court determines that the public interest in disclosure outweighs the nondisclosure interest. | In most circumstances, available if the law enforcement agency or a court determines that the public interest in disclosure outweighs the nondisclosure interest. |
| Virginia (Va. Code § 2.2-3706(C)) | Records of any call for service or other communication to 911 or an equivalent system are public documents. | Not addressed |
| West Virginia (W. Va. Code § 24-6-13) | Tapes of calls reporting a crime may be released only under a court order, subpoena, or criminal case discovery or to law enforcement. Tapes of calls for emergency services not reporting a crime are publicly available. | Transcripts of calls reporting a crime are public. Personally identifying information is confidential and must be excluded from the transcript. If confidential information cannot be redacted so as to protect the caller's identity, the agency may decline to provide the transcript. In that case, the requestor may apply to a court of competent jurisdiction for an order to release the transcript. |
| Wyoming (Wyo. Stat. § 16-4-203(d)(x)) | Disclosure of information obtained through the 911 system is prohibited except to law enforcement personnel or public agencies for official business, to the person in interest, or under a court order. | Not addressed |
GENERAL DISCLOSURE EXEMPTIONS
While the report identifies statutes that directly address crime scene photographs, autopsy reports, and all types and transcripts, their disclosure may also be limited by provisions in state law that apply to general categories of records. For example, most states exempt from disclosure law enforcement investigatory records. Whether a particular document can be withheld under this exemption in a particular state will
depend on the circumstances. In addition, the scope of the investigatory records exception varies among the states. Some of the variations include whether the exemption:
1. is limited to active investigations or prosecutions (such as in Louisiana, La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 44:19);
2. gives law enforcement agencies discretion to release investigatory records (such as in Mississippi, Miss. Code § 25-61-12) or entirely prohibits their disclosure (such as in Vermont, 1 Vt. Stat. § 317); or
3. restricts access only when certain factors exist, such as when disclosure would (a) interfere with enforcement proceedings; (b) constitute an unwarranted invasion of a suspect's, defendant's, victim's, or witness's personal privacy; (c) deprive someone of a fair trial; (d) disclose a confidential source or investigative technique; or (e) endanger the life or physical safety of law enforcement personnel (for examples, see laws in Alaska, Idaho, Illinois, and Kansas (Alaska Stat. § 40.25.120, Idaho Code §§ 9-340B(1) and 9-335, 5 ILCS 140 § 7(1), and KSA § 45-221(a)).
Some states also have statutes prohibiting disclosure of a record when disclosure would invade a person's privacy. For example, Hawaii, Illinois, and Kansas prohibit disclosure of records that would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, and Kentucky law requires a court order before disclosing a record that would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy(Haw. Rev. Stat. § 92F-13(3), 5 ILCS 140 § 7 (1)(b), KSA § 45-221(a), and Ky. Rev. Stat. § 61.878(1)(a)).
Other provisions may be relevant to whether these records can be disclosed in some states. For example, Washington prohibits disclosing information revealing a victim's identity, without the victim's authorization, if it would endanger a person's life, safety, or property, and Florida prohibits disclosure of information containing a person's confession until completion of the person's criminal case (RCW § 42.56.240 and Fl. Stat. § 119.07).
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