Cantore Arithmetic is able to state:
(5 space)1. There is the crucifixion of Jesus word christ
(5 space.)2. There is the Vitruvian Man (Italian: L'uomo vitruviano; [ˈlwɔːmo vitruˈvjaːno])
(5.).3’ How many licks does it take to get to the Tootsie roll center of a Tootsie pop: See add[Mr. Owl: Classic Tootsie Roll Commercial - "How Many Licks”
(8*8[AMA[ar(eh are)3
Word Equated words the blemish[The Blemish[tick[timing[Timing
?[Question mark equated word symbol[?]]: Do you have an open mind[The Green Apple?.]: Showing posts sorted by relevance for query Do you have an open mind. Sort by date Show all posts
Thursday, May 26, 2011
An Address To My Mother{Bob Ross, Inc.}: Inn word this[This] word world[see blogspot!!]Copyright © 1985 - 2025 by Bob Ross Inc..*word averages[Averages]]3 word copy equated word right and did not equated word place[Place[Sistene Chapel: The Sistine Chapel is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the pope's official residence in Vatican City. The words equated word vacation[Vacation] not word Vatican.
How many years between word crucifixion and Vitruvian man as that is the word equated word amount. Word Thought equated word pun[strata[Strata[status[quo: Anthony Hopkins{Silence of the Lambs.}3.
To word conjecture[suggestion] equated word snow[?.}1 as word persons[people]People[horse]]] are being crucified under their skin and the liver is word holding[sometimes gives up{see a doctor} due to the equated word weep[reepers[/]MARC KLAAS SEE / IS THE LOWER Case OF ?3
The Cross is equated word rail[Rail.] the Vitruvian word done by equated word drawing[bucket[horse[harnessed]]] equated word 2[two] and now word work equated word knowledge:
2.
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Now Adam Walsh and Polly Klaas are not equated word Conner[Lacy peterson[last name word equated word former[Former]]2 so in this world[whirled1] word equated word stun[gun[Gunner[gamet[chixel[?]]]].
Words Medically Speaking equated word Marc Klaas[as mark class equated word adam] as Hoover equated words dam. Word However word dam equated word vacuum[cork[quirk] and the word theirs equated words applicable[apropos] as the word guilty did not word equated word sum as word all fears equated word quota.
Now Jerry Dyer Mayor of Fresno said there are 8 stations: In[inn[Inn[INN]]] word February their are words eight station[terminal. Now Jerry Dyer Mayor of Fresno said word conference[Conference]: Fresno police Chief Dyer gives press conference on wild carjacking and shooting. Jerry Dyer while Chief of Police was on Youtube[drugs]: The Film{Lady in red is able to be word [Steadfast Foundation]stand.scene[Scene.]count equated word.film{negative{ladder[one word Charlie Rose word[steth]{dotted line on big freeway equated word scope[Listerine[horse[tail[dandruff: Word Check PC]]]]}}} :The Matrix.[The woman in the red dress | The Matrix [Open Matte]]|👈that’ your bar google[|] and Cantore Arithmetic tried not to use that word icon on the word apple\. as the lady in Red in the film[The Matrix] is now the word Woman in green: Now Jerry Dyer was a Chief[fill in[Inn.[room[Room[possible concierge[Concierge at[@[2]]the top of the Mark as Anthony Hopkins is an actor on television as word equated word video: The Matrix (1999) Official Trailer #1 - Sci-Fi Action Movie. This equated words a[eh] professional[Professional] test[Tea.]
1. words[fill in] fuzzy wuzzy was a bare[bear].
2. Word video[Vehement] equated word a pawn[Pawn] words The Matrix (1999) Official Trailer #1 - Sci-Fi Action Movie now word audio is equated word speaker[Bose®] so The Green Apple on Clement equated word status[streets].
a3. The Green Apple on Clement is able to word state at equated words[book.
The Green Apple on Clement equated words...? no[No]
(9)1. Words The Staff[story[Story[typed]]]:
ABOUT US
Founded in 1967, Green Apple Books is a trio of fiercely independent bookstores offering an excellent selection of books in all subject areas.
With expertly curated new and used books, records, author events, and more, Green Apple has something for everyone!
OUR STORY
Richard Savoy founded Green Apple Books in 1967. He was 25 years old, had done a tour in the Army and worked as a radio technician for United Airlines, but he had little business experience. With a deep love of the written word, some savings, and a credit union loan, he got a lease in a pre-1906 Richmond district building near the corner of Clement Street and Sixth Avenue, next door to a shoe repair business. His stock of used books, comics, and National Geographic magazines attracted a following in the neighborhood, one that has continued to grow for more than 56 years.
Today, the shop has grown to be much larger than its original 750 square feet and is perennially voted the best bookstore in the Bay Area. Over the years, as space became available, the store expanded, gradually doubling its width, adding a mezzanine and a second floor, and increasing the inventory of new books. In 1996, two storefronts became available a few doors down the street and Green Apple acquired Revolver Records, its neighbor for twenty years, thus adding new and used music to the mix. The store’s selling space went from 5,000 to 8,000 square feet, allowing the book selection to expand. Alas, sales of CDs, magazines, DVDs declined, and the annex closed in 2021.
The balance between new and used books has been fluid throughout the store’s history; Green Apple strives to adjust to an ever-changing marketplace by varying its product mix, section sizes, etc. without ever losing focus on what makes it a great bookstore: an excellent selection of quality books in all subject areas. Despite all the other fun stuff--LPs, magazines, journals, cards, gifts, etc--over 85% of the store's sales are books.
Our friends at Open SF History wrote up this fascinating history of the building that houses Green Apple at 506 Clement Street. The store’s interior hasn’t changed much over time. The gas light fixtures are still visible on the second floor. The stairs still creak and the dust fights back against weekly cleanings. The store’s exterior got a face lift in 2013, with a paint job, a new awning and a new storefront mural.
The biggest change to Green Apple is largely invisible. After years of hunting for a successor, Mr. Savoy assembled a team of three long-time employees to buy the business. Their gradual buy-out, which started in 1999, is a model of succession planning—it enabled Mr. Savoy to monitor the store’s success and allowed the new owners plenty of time to learn from their mentor. It also spread the cost of buying the store and its huge inventory over ten years. The "new" owners, Kevin Hunsanger, Kevin Ryan, and Pete Mulvihill, absorbed all they could from Mr. Savoy to keep the store successful. In 2018, Kevin Hunsanger sold his shares to pursue other interests.
Since then, the store has continued to adapt, thrive, and take part in the broader San Francisco community. We helped found the San Francisco Locally Owned Merchants Association; we served on the boards of the Northern California Independent Booksellers Association and the Clement Street Merchants Association. Our employees are represented by the UFCW, Local 5.
Kevin Ryan and Pete Mulvihill
Showing posts sorted
Friday, February 13, 2015
Whether Proof
As sticking is to only what is not the conduit to trim the connection with a solder on the route,
it is the ear that tunes to frequency of the hold for gambles cleared from back to basic practicality,
being found to have in remained of alone to tile state a barn is lead to shy torque as chest is told,
the tally of the inquire is held to pertinent information dell as computer lapped the location width,
an equal score to bench Mark cleat a direction of A One Way Street is really rather stirrups rump.
To be aware of carts and sort to be the dance without the trump creates the vibrance singled,
to accept the cast as only best to gain the grasp of goodbye to seek this is the greatest bone,
short time on the lecture planned to be of coordination shores in providence it is the sign,
universal list of grapes to not be of the Wrath or pow`d is to simple death by dealt living naturally.
The Continue eternal blinks are the Hour on Energies to yet the portion here is dead at life of ilk,
miser monies dollar Pounds guinea or the pence in sound do not pocket with the move to Infinity,
be yawn the stagger of the ear still appreciates with in joy as the fat in Were ships now its gone,
in the human being that breadth cycles are the Meeting Nest to hug hold hands and cheer,
shoulders to match in flight importance was the extra lint but my belly button will do for clued.
Alone in action alone in tight wars are for the sat that bite to nothing further than the dues,
so nice to ice the cubes at gamed former training prepared my lanes to map the art official In Tell,
march forward eyes on scene this stand of seek has felt the Bends the exit just was to be lens,
from sense to earnest with detailed the avenue darkend railed from sport of birth to now at stern,
the wheel is the spoke to value all the worth in lacking Mal for spacial recognition is Serenity on truth.
Entire planets Outer wealth whom is to change the core of froze with people that just boo,
touch class crowd with Upper nail at the base it's all a trail to coffee on the groovy mail.
Likely shows to egress bird a stork talks Crane with boiled eggs and that is not a proper a dressed,
put deal on the flipped can as the Ego is a brand that Judges confirmed by pebbles sand.
Monday, July 28, 2014
Art A Facting ~ James Blunt True Flame
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Charming was a story the revolved the World as the circle Infinity makes the challenge Line,
a Tank with a Rank of militant styling as Type in the kind of difference that speaking of a time,
brings forth a simple quote of MINE to serve as a remind in signs for lasting in Forever lend,
an Eye~Full to this Hymn as knowing the Bahut represents Pandoring!!
The epitome of the double-edged Sword is representative of a sort of defining growth to death,
"our own self-preservation is the driving force behind our self-annihilation" that Being said,
it is best in the consider to the bow and the hither that Aim is the provision of the responsible givers,
for the Purchase of a Life is too Examine the Purse of the All in the Balance of ist a Feather!!
As the World Turns my life is Hear alas a glass of completes in the jar of Cheer,
for in the City of the Times that 60's showed the Motor binds at Concerts in liken Sting,
the Montarays' were Familiar with the protective gears Hell's Angels held at Bay,
the question of the passing dove is piece by no objecting thus Courting to the pre-sale of Fear!!
Leather smells delightfully as my shoulder homes to those who Rose to infamy in Instance as a comb,
the bee hived Man that is not the Knight of the Round Table light has changed this Tale thrice,
the more or less Being the shining-On of facts with strongs to equal mathematical decimals,
the set at zero for the spin has Ask'ed the Venue for a Hem to stitch the Nine in pine!!
Now Teak told Oak that bamboo did hope bending was the best in dressed as more to shapes,
the call of the Mid`nights lore as the Owl of beneath are Thor in the full equal bloom of pour,
the Pitcher whom swings the Bat is familiar with the Base in achievement of mere to One,
as the Switch~Hitter must or Can replace the first in Apple to Orange the Vase!!
Tick tack tow as the Cart of Know the Ball is in the Court of Lend as the Value Laws will spoke,
the wheels go 'round & 'round on the lives of bound for the longer trust to songer Imports a Herb,
the batter in the mix of the Cock Tailed Crow is Sure too Certain that bigger is better in the Outings,
as my belly button is an innie what ever that means it's close enough to be relative to the Eddy!!
Strange the hover of the passing information disturbs the these rationed points of magnetic curbs,
as I thought the Side~Walk stops worked for Yield Signs in plots the perfective Idea to shocked,
much like moreover exacting on the Accidental Tourist the sweat shirt needs to be bought in this weird,
the Chills that climb my Spine is feeling these Pressured Years as dating my Mirror times so Blunt!!
Knot to miss the magic of Unicorns in Waved the Dragon an Ancient of Archaic Caves to Say,
that dialect is determined by the brain in birth of brine to verse the Class of Up the Stiff,
in this disturb the alliterate Winters Moon as the Sun of Whom may be the Might of Ra's,
not to force the out be pitching the line drive towards any glove to secretive hugs of coffee tugging!!
But Islands are a Mans' Prefer to Shows that Love Attentive Spurs,
the propulsion of the Rock`It loves!!
Two Parts missing so Far:
1.) the Heart
2.) the Soul
A Game of Add Subtract
Wednesday, November 5, 2014
gee suss busting price
Nails and skin the bones of the fingers set to the term of the life ink of sentence,
in ice as the scene the ring as the burn inside the chord of mucus the stir,
mix with the World on the importance of earnest verses in change are in a disturbance,
brains go to mess in the scraps of the left scrambled like eggs like omelette's are cheese,
well based in the fire at the core of the neck boiling temples in eye sockets swell,
bulges as to the shock of the sneeze The Sun in the bounce of a rocket in sherry,
ports of dementia crowd just the flu sickness touch ills on the spread of the flu`s,
coffin and choking the sign of a tune Audienced by the signal of blues,
crying to Nature the church pews fill lines,
the pulpit is overrun by the skew.
Church on the steeple keeps falling in chew gnarly behaviours brings on a great wrath,
shedding the language for even more scat flies like the birds are the Vultures in shag,
tables fill grounds on the outside of air the dropping of bodies that zone of a Fare,
in liters of gallons to pitch in the pour,
ankles are deep in the shattering score,
bent on the joying to scrap all the Heed,
popular opinion trunks on the need.
Bombs in the skye preferred to the ski,
snow covered landings bell blood to the key,
looped by the find a feather in Mind,
weight controls shoulders as the boulder does crawl,
death cannot come for the lives oar the stun,
stuck in the sale of chaining the gum.
Cuffed to the sparrow owed belief drinks the boss the Tar of the tone is a natural beast,
horns to the Tower of radio clear Story of tales in Cause of the spear,
mouths leaking chair in the ducks of know scare,
measuring values but nothing is Theirs.
The subtraction of Truth through the Ages of bear,
a compass in Part is the Talk of the flare,
lather did not soap on the drug,
anchors are sinking to sludge forming par,
in lost words of versing in Ancient betrayal,
it turns out that Said was the angle of fed.
To have diggings to Waves the reason in Wise,
hammer that jail to thrive on the Fives,
counting for hinges a Tomb speaking Y's those Intersections challenge the grit in the dies,
To have died for all mans sin in the statement of mount,
the real in loss was the details mint.
For from the vantage of sets to the height,
the death did do mention of reason the die,
swords on the side of the saber in sheath,
parking that sharp to the Nine Tale sheep,
viewers did sortations cleaving the meet,
just in the wind was the scream of the Feat,
the basic result was the action of done,
the death of the person was seens of the stun.
The explanation of Times is the search for the state in which does the death hit on the stake,
pity to strangers in burl of Fate as the Tree of the known is the beacon to sewn,
looking over beyond in the grave naming the way that death took a reign,
since dockets are staples to circulate news The Words of the Month rebuke all the dues,
enveloping logic to what has been done Names that have brought the Rent Ten Ten Ten.
Operation to crash a scope to the Mic. records of failures that never Account for the shite,
stolen to embolden with what is in Hard just exacts the same Nail in the blister of Far,
driven by sake Fronts of the brow stairs that are ropes hanging the Dau,
tied to the fracture in the skull of the bough swinging in lulls just a Suit and a Found,
ticking the Watch to the walk of the crotch Crutches that ignored the logistical storm,
rain is from places after absorb the falls are in collections of running the core,
deep in the saddle of the lakes at the shore pulling the Sand to products in floor.
Hand the finger Print in the stance Paraphrase lesson taking the care,
with carefully spoken the Wheel of locked rubs on the Freeway of the Cycles in scoop,
different rare to exact in the purse People are stamping the path to the worse,
whipping the option with replacement in birth When'ing the graters of chess in the Vice.
Staggering in the broke down of Man no mountain needed it's all in Hit Hand,
telephones grab the Number by pan perpetrating intrusions from sails of can,
in source of the document to the Screen filled with noise the ayes have it whilst burning in this demise.
Methods go goofy the Gaga is grind mincemeat for Jams and jello for blinds,
cane for the Staff in the pepper spray chimes all in the seconds of watt to the dimes,
no copper no gold no filament buys the Purchase of mortal in the scent of a stein,
the drank on the pore is attentive to climb does in the shovel the hoe get the Hind,
catching the flight to the leather in gagged break with the starch of the salt on the lined,
belly button of entry dismissed Oxygen tanks the bigger insist,
sucking forced stare to the neglect of a friend the Standing go branding with Iron Wills Pinned,
but Their still Alive.
Monday, January 26, 2015
On Umbrella Staff At Duck
Perhaps the more in specific slide is the facts that most of the population turns from the ones that have lived the reality of an experience thus leaving that start as the key for the cage. In a simple teach and in the said of frankly spelt Exorcisms are truly horror on fact. The shouting of an Evangelical on the foot of a Priest is the outing that will provide in the eventual lay person an understanding to divide the innocent from the gun. Theology has in centuries shacked performed, killed, beaten and buried the information on the brutality of the course to what is said to be the freedom of a Human Being. As technology has provided new menu to old classic bard, the thorn is of the bleed and children the corn. Row to parents and the like will shower chords of the filling of ones mind to the spilling of life to barter the back. In this the reaction on the found is most normally vomit, wording and basic grapple of survival screaming to subject mattering. Yet on the cause to the act not any have considered that the immediate vomit, or as in my own experience the included real type movie scene of the projectile distance that was reached is indeed a normal reaction to a quote unquote demon that is both readily known to being unknown in the seen.
In that terror of the mere sight of such shadow of spirits the Catholics & Christians alike will pronounce the offense, the reactor is immediately given title that the idle talker is by a demonic court from below. With a calm and often shaped rapport the supposed trained Exorcist will collar up with robes, water, a Cross and whipping War of chant word. The price of this desire to rid person being is and has taken a mentality of guard with the provision of belief to cancer the brain`d. Hammering technic to floored performance the bible with the thumper constructing a shaft, for the intended said to be afflicted is mention hell.
Now in the science of sane the wiser to the talk as I have unfortunately been subjected to such tactics of the label that buries your fled as the congregations trap your case. Following a logical method to my best friends trail of done, the clues to not suggest but to place on the platter of your dining room table is the barf. For in the sense of reaction to a demonic trend is it not the reaction of sane to either throw-up, run, march, take-off, scream anything that comes to mind when and as these applications are in reality not only threatening but killing your existence. For discussion on contact I shall use the classical Vampire in myth to address the approach of a Priest to a cat. In the hackles or raised back the hissing and spitting is in the most definite unfelt but readily felt by the animal nature of basic shore to blade.
The cut to the Evangelical or Religious fountain of dogma being the can^ables for the real to a vampire seduction as the bite is a shipping of the mental comprehension of and with the reaction of a youth, child or in fact terrified person. Born in with a natural alarm as nature is to see the threat but perhaps since these type of bearings are only embraced on the pew than thrown to death on the street the matter has been subjected to the time in the clock of the our hands to be view. P.T.S.D. for the War of Iran is a problem to the Service of the United States of America. Flashbacks to the blood fields dripping with people missing heads and/or being blown to shreds by the suicide and the bomber den that have incorporated the vest to the hand grenade chest. Push aside these stupid scenes as now you are in your homeland and what the duck is wrong with you to be so paranoid every time you hear a car backfire or the door slam shut. Just because you see a suspicious type character or a Cop with a hard-on shoveling his over breast attitude your way is no reason for you to park out your flashback of a dumb memory into the conversation of the expression of horror on your face.
As for the television and the foolish shocking fake main that you type pull as if to react with shocking sick belly grabs to the and for the excuse to exit the room or cool your jets at the local of the pub to gallon the liquor so supposedly you can manage a curl for a thought or a word. What is your issue to be reminded of death when you see the squirrel scampering about to the hanging of the list on the news about exploding or missing planes that are not even in this country anyway. What is the why to have had to branch the feat as to be the bucket for the pail on the window of the display that Windex of the paper telling the towels to wipe a came. Throw in a few more of the eyes and then mail as well as the conversations and shins to the liars of the did in the Memory for the day. Now proud the finish with what the dock to the banter as the clause in the Sane to the crazed on the banks of the river of the cycles of caught. Still in this pastel of murid span the paints are the murals of a sample that the switch has born to take the living create the death by the not a proxy but the fact by fact diaper of the tongue that fudges the swiper as the rain is in the tally on the fort.
So for the language of the average chainer to be the game of Chess at endgame is the remote to the button that speaks to say that a blacker hook is the bait and sink to know that this is the Upside down politics of believers verse to the believed being the propagated as the example to support the curtain call of the apocalyptic sale. The bottom line.
Tuesday, November 25, 2014
What I Hear Singing Is WAR
So ask the World of Modern War it is in the Family of torn by Won another,
in select to venue behind closed doors The Outed are thrown touch Streets,
on the avenue of Plain Sight the eyes and worth is trashed to the been of dens,
mothers on sisters continuing the processed by games played at hands of bombs,
the nudge tells the Edge that the cliff is a Walk to the bridge of connection via jumped,
sewn goes the grace of fold in the arms as that waist of the Hold stands beauty to Charm,
like a Vista of flat timers with Clocks on the cause to create a rift by miffing the falled.
Carson to craters Isolation by proxied with all on Won side to locked on Mine,
for in the breast of this Chess at bahut the Moves of hour counts to the board of the dolls.
Pick it Fence to a Sword that forged to the life in An swerve to lather a sweater for chills,
shoulders that block Square to the stance verses growls Snarled the means with ticket Tape beams!!
Chalk Sarah Anne Meakin my sibling by trades bumping to Tamara by brother for Shade,
in the tree on the Airs of sell structure saved for the Sisters announced James Blunt by the brave!!
Listed with speech from the Fourth to the second Sarah said "blow your Head off it's pay,"
the second Upped speech for that is Tams play cycling U-Tube with Mk Ultra at sleigh,
for should what be believed in either of Leaved that belly is ill from the Temple of kill,
grand Our the keys that James Blunt plays touch Mead a drink in the Pharaoh on the Sphinx on the deed.
Cry should that balance the Coming Tithe paid a brain with a Magnate to dukes on a stray,
for even the Curd can milk to the Tack of riding James Blunt till is boner is back!!
Gosh on the darn for the staff needed slap brought by the Thought that Outing is black,
with all of the lights sweating to Tracked for blasting the Saying of got a Fuck racked!!
Explosive are Hours to fire in the sky equal a Movie and serenity Fly,
zipped with the cadence of Space Ships that ride Hi to the Mountain that Planets can spy!!
A comet for Christian the satellite for Blunt a perfective that's running an Opening slung,
swaddle the cuddle and puke on the diap. for ever is Pricks on the lives standing Rat.
Traps that peanut to Chems swallow pills that on the dick Sarah sorted the stills,
Tam blasted debt to conversion the spills for apparently Sarah do lines on that skill,
appointed by hard as I thought Coke melts with contact for sensible would Note to the stilt,
so how does it sit with the Stomach on crack for oddly that accusations are Martyring back!!
Monarch my hand grab for the Picture of shill brought by the Happenstance of staging a sold,
just the simple in this Complex of the show as Butterfly is a Moth on the bill,
peckers that read to the brake in the car Won button flight and a Suite for the slight,
a bulged on the package delivers just Right for in the shift gearing my life is on Sike!!
Tuesday, February 16, 2016
No Day Shall Erase From A Page's Voice The Pass Tell Off The Times Of Station With Vocals And Raven , For Even The Wings Speak With The Winds Seal^Lean Ask The Clap 'Cause That Is Not A Cloud.
Sir Jury is of the Trial and Consistency of the Trade Wars on Hand to Mouth??,
is invitation Teller the Mister Read on an avenue of Pen,
is the Noun on the Name in reverse of the Oblong a Chute or silents of the shore??
Did the Sub. Marine in the Ship Tarps of Cannon not Yet Tank??,
does the stream of the Hieght of Special Steep whistle to the Thumper bump Purr??,
is the strangling factor on that Tie fir to the Birch of the oak on the Navel??,
is copper Tops to Button down the Shirt tale or Cloak room with a Hook-UP??
What say to Choose??,
is the specific to stern the keel of the wheel in the rein on the glen of Perspective scope,
on that under belly itch to bearings of the Snickers bar on the can Dee lane??,
when is the Truth a Put to the Language??,
on the side??,
on the Feat??,
for the Door,
the Hinge,
the speak,
the breathing seep??,
sweat tours and sleep??,
average shows??,
temptation on the bands??.
Navigational Co^Or^duh^Knints??,
traveling the pants??,
bridles for sticks??,
range on the mile??,
burns Oregon??,
pasture lands??,
clear creeks??,
shuffle Lean theory of knowledge on a steak Out??.
Be of the Free Skate and that Glacier is an interesting Tell,
sheets falling into the bay of the large body of wading through the blank its on branch bragging??,
true Hoe down at the Okay Corral,
for all know the dairy with a Milking spring,
oh weight,
that plausible spread on whom is what where and Why??.
It must be . . . . .
~
The Scene.
Sunday, April 17, 2016
Neigh-Sayer Byrd-Dee Say Now Whom Let The Bows Sout
cure for cancer: 1907 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium
Edward VII
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Edward VII (disambiguation).
| Edward VII | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Coronation portrait by Sir Luke Fildes | |||||
| King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, Emperor of India (more...) | |||||
| Reign | 22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910 | ||||
| Coronation | 9 August 1902 | ||||
| Imperial Durbar | 1 January 1903 | ||||
| Predecessor | Victoria | ||||
| Successor | George V | ||||
| Prime Ministers | See list | ||||
| Born | 9 November 1841 Buckingham Palace, London | ||||
| Died | 6 May 1910 (aged 68) Buckingham Palace, London | ||||
| Burial | 20 May 1910 St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Windsor, Berkshire | ||||
| Spouse | Alexandra of Denmark (m. 1863) | ||||
| Issue Detail | Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale George V Louise, Princess Royal Princess Victoria Maud, Queen of Norway Prince Alexander John of Wales | ||||
| |||||
| House | Saxe-Coburg and Gotha | ||||
| Father | Albert, Prince Consort | ||||
| Mother | Queen Victoria | ||||
| Religion | Anglican | ||||
| Signature |  | ||||
Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 – 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions andEmperor of India from 22 January 1901 until his death in 1910.
The eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Edward was related to royalty throughout Europe. Before his accession to the throne, he served as heir apparent and held the title of Prince of Wales for longer than any of his predecessors. During the long reign of his mother, he was largely excluded from political power, and came to personify the fashionable, leisured elite. He travelled throughout Britain performing ceremonial public duties, and represented Britain on visits abroad. His tours of North America in 1860 and the Indian subcontinent in 1875 were popular successes, but despite public approval his reputation as a playboy prince soured his relationship with his mother.
As king, Edward played a role in the modernisation of the British Home Fleet and the reorganisation of the British Army after theSecond Boer War. He re-instituted traditional ceremonies as public displays and broadened the range of people with whom royalty socialised. He fostered good relations between Britain and other European countries, especially France, for which he was popularly called "Peacemaker", but his relationship with his nephew, Kaiser Wilhelm II, was poor. The Edwardian era, which covered Edward's reign and was named after him, coincided with the start of a new century and heralded significant changes in technology and society, including steam turbine propulsion and the rise of socialism. He died in 1910 in the midst of a constitutional crisis that was resolved the following year by the Parliament Act 1911, which restricted the power of the unelected House of Lords.
Contents
[hide]Early life and education[edit]
Edward was born at 10:48 in the morning on 9 November 1841 in Buckingham Palace.[1] He was the eldest son and second child of Queen Victoria and her husband (and first cousin) Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was christened Albert Edward at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 25 January 1842.[a] He was named Albert after his father and Edward after his maternal grandfather Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. He was known as Bertie to the royal family throughout his life.[3]
As the eldest son of the British sovereign, he was automatically Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay at birth. As a son of Prince Albert, he also held the titles of Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Saxony. He was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 8 December 1841, Earl of Dublin on 17 January 1850, a Knight of the Garter on 9 November 1858, and a Knight of the Thistle on 24 May 1867.[4] In 1863, he renounced his succession rights to the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in favour of his younger brother, Prince Alfred.[5]
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined that their eldest son should have an education that would prepare him to be a modelconstitutional monarch. At age seven, Edward embarked on a rigorous educational programme devised by Prince Albert, and supervised by several tutors. Unlike his elder sister Victoria, Edward did not excel in his studies.[6] He tried to meet the expectations of his parents, but to no avail. Although Edward was not a diligent student—his true talents were those of charm, sociability and tact—Benjamin Disraeli described him as informed, intelligent and of sweet manner.[7] After the completion of his secondary-level studies, his tutor was replaced by a personal governor, Robert Bruce.
After an educational trip to Rome, undertaken in the first few months of 1859, he spent the summer of that year studying at the University of Edinburgh under, amongst others, the chemist Lyon Playfair. In October, he matriculated as an undergraduate at Christ Church, Oxford.[8] Now released from the educational strictures imposed by his parents, he enjoyed studying for the first time and performed satisfactorily in examinations.[9] In 1861, he transferred to Trinity College, Cambridge,[10] where he was tutored in history byCharles Kingsley, Regius Professor of Modern History.[11] Kingsley's efforts brought forth the best academic performances of Edward's life, and Edward actually looked forward to his lectures.[12]
Early adulthood[edit]
In 1860, Edward undertook the first tour of North America by an heir to the British throne. His genial good humour and confident bonhomiemade the tour a great success.[13] He inaugurated the Victoria Bridge, Montreal, across the St Lawrence River, and laid the cornerstone ofParliament Hill, Ottawa. He watched Charles Blondin traverse Niagara Falls by highwire, and stayed for three days with President James Buchanan at the White House. Buchanan accompanied the Prince to Mount Vernon, to pay his respects at the tomb of George Washington. Vast crowds greeted him everywhere. He met Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Oliver Wendell Holmes. Prayers for the royal family were said in Trinity Church, New York, for the first time since 1776.[13] The four-month tour throughout Canada and the United States considerably boosted Edward's confidence and self-esteem, and had many diplomatic benefits for Great Britain.[14]
Edward had hoped to pursue a career in the British Army, but his mother vetoed an active military career.[15] He had been gazetted colonel on 9 November 1858[16]—to his disappointment, as he had wanted to earn his commission by examination.[9] In September 1861, Edward was sent to Germany, supposedly to watch military manoeuvres, but actually in order to engineer a meeting between him and Princess Alexandra of Denmark, the eldest daughter of Prince Christian of Denmark and his wife Louise. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert had already decided that Edward and Alexandra should marry. They met at Speyer on 24 September under the auspices of his elder sister, Victoria, who had married the Crown Prince of Prussia in 1858.[17] Edward's elder sister, acting upon instructions from their mother, had met Princess Alexandra at Strelitz in June; the young Danish princess made a very favourable impression. Edward and Alexandra were friendly from the start; the meeting went well for both sides, and marriage plans advanced.[18]
From this time, Edward gained a reputation as a playboy. Determined to get some army experience, Edward attended manoeuvres in Ireland, during which he spent three nights with an actress, Nellie Clifden, who was hidden in the camp by his fellow officers.[19] Prince Albert, though ill, was appalled and visited Edward at Cambridge to issue a reprimand. Albert died in December 1861 just two weeks after the visit. Queen Victoria was inconsolable, wore mourning clothes for the rest of her life and blamed Edward for his father's death.[20] At first, she regarded her son with distaste as frivolous, indiscreet and irresponsible. She wrote to her eldest daughter, "I never can, or shall, look at him without a shudder."[21]
Marriage[edit]
Once widowed, Queen Victoria effectively withdrew from public life. Shortly after Prince Albert's death, she arranged for Edward to embark on an extensive tour of the Middle East, visiting Egypt, Jerusalem, Damascus, Beirut and Constantinople.[22] The British Government wanted Edward to secure the friendship of Egypt's ruler, Said Pasha, to prevent French control of the Suez Canal if the Ottoman Empire collapsed. It was the first royal tour on which an official photographer, Francis Bedford, was in attendance.[23] As soon as Edward returned to Britain, preparations were made for his engagement, which was sealed at Laeken in Belgium on 9 September 1862.[24] Edward married Alexandra at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 10 March 1863. He was 21; she was 18.
The couple established Marlborough House as their London residence and Sandringham House in Norfolk as their country retreat. They entertained on a lavish scale. Their marriage met with disapproval in certain circles because most of Queen Victoria's relations were German, and Denmark was at loggerheads with Germany over the territories of Schleswig and Holstein. When Alexandra's father inherited the throne of Denmark in November 1863, the German Confederation took the opportunity to invade and annex Schleswig-Holstein. Queen Victoria was of two minds whether it was a suitable match given the political climate.[25] After the marriage, she expressed anxiety about their socialite lifestyle and attempted to dictate to them on various matters, including the names of their children.[26]
Edward had mistresses throughout his married life. He socialised with actress Lillie Langtry; Lady Randolph Churchill (born Jennie Jerome, she was the mother of Winston Churchill);[b] Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick; actress Sarah Bernhardt; noblewoman Lady Susan Vane-Tempest; singer Hortense Schneider; prostitute Giulia Beneni (known as "La Barucci"); wealthy humanitarian Agnes Keyser; and Alice Keppel. At least fifty-five liaisons are conjectured.[28] How far these relationships went is not always clear. Edward always strove to be discreet, but this did not prevent society gossip or press speculation.[29] One of Alice Keppel's great-granddaughters, Camilla Parker Bowles, became the mistress and subsequently wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, one of Edward's great-great-grandsons. It was rumoured that Camilla's grandmother, Sonia Keppel (born in May 1900), was the illegitimate daughter of Edward, but she was "almost certainly" the daughter of George Keppel, whom she resembled.[30] Edward never acknowledged any illegitimate children.[31] Alexandra is believed to have been aware of many of his affairs and to have accepted them.[32]
In 1869, Sir Charles Mordaunt, a British Member of Parliament, threatened to name Edward as co-respondent in his divorce suit. Ultimately, he did not do so but Edward was called as a witness in the case in early 1870. It was shown that Edward had visited the Mordaunts' house while Sir Charles was away sitting in the House of Commons. Although nothing further was proven and Edward denied he had committed adultery, the suggestion of impropriety was damaging.[9][33]
In the 1880s, Edward was a regular habitué of Parisian brothels, most notably Le Chabanais, which was regarded as the top establishment in Paris where brothels were legal. One room contained a custom made bath which was sometimes filled with champagne; and a specially designed and crafted siège d'amour (love seat) that allowed easy access for oral and other forms of sex for two or three people. It is now a museum piece.[34][35][36]
Heir apparent[edit]
During Queen Victoria's widowhood, Edward pioneered the idea of royal public appearances as we understand them today—for example, opening Thames Embankment in 1871,Mersey Tunnel in 1886, and Tower Bridge in 1894[37]—but his mother did not allow Edward an active role in the running of the country until 1898.[38][39] He was sent summaries of important government documents, but she refused to give him access to the originals.[9] He annoyed his mother by siding with Denmark on the Schleswig-Holstein Question in 1864 (she was pro-German) and in the same year annoyed her again by making a special effort to meet Giuseppe Garibaldi.[40] Liberal Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstonesent him papers secretly.[9] From 1886, Foreign Secretary Lord Rosebery sent him Foreign Office despatches, and from 1892 some Cabinet papers were opened to him.[9]
In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain was given a boost when the French Emperor, Napoleon III, was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War and the French Third Republic was declared.[41] However, in the winter of 1871, a brush with death led to an improvement in both Edward's popularity with the public and his relationship with his mother. While staying at Londesborough Lodge, near Scarborough, North Yorkshire, Edward contracted typhoid, the disease that was believed to have killed his father. There was great national concern, and one of his fellow guests (Lord Chesterfield) died. Edward's recovery was greeted with almost universal relief.[9] Public celebrations included the composition of Arthur Sullivan's Festival Te Deum. Edward cultivated politicians from all parties, including republicans, as his friends, and thereby largely dissipated any residual feelings against him.[42]
In October 1875 Edward set off for India on an extensive eight-month tour of the sub-continent. His advisors remarked on his habit of treating all people the same, regardless of their social station or colour. In letters home, he complained of the treatment of the native Indians by the British officials: "Because a man has a black face and a different religion from our own, there is no reason why he should be treated as a brute."[43] Consequently, Lord Salisbury, the Secretary of State for India, issued new guidance and at least one resident was removed from office.[9] At the end of the tour, Queen Victoria was given the title Empress of India by Parliament, in part as a result of the tour's success.[44]
He was regarded worldwide as an arbiter of men's fashions.[45][46] He made wearing tweed, Homburg hats and Norfolk jacketsfashionable, and popularised the wearing of black ties with dinner jackets, instead of white tie and tails.[47] He pioneered the pressing of trouser legs from side to side in preference to the now normal front and back creases,[48] and was thought to have introduced the stand-up turn-down shirt collar.[49] A stickler for proper dress, he is said to have admonished Lord Salisbury for wearing the trousers of an Elder Brother of Trinity House with a Privy Councillor's coat. Deep in an international crisis, Salisbury informed the Prince that it had been a dark morning, and that "my mind must have been occupied by some subject of less importance."[50] The tradition of men not buttoning the bottom button of waistcoats is said to be linked to Edward, who supposedly left his undone because of his large girth.[9][51] His waist measured 48 inches (122 cm) shortly before his coronation.[52] He introduced the practice of eating roast beef, roast potatoes, horseradish sauce and yorkshire pudding on Sundays, which remains a staple British favourite for Sunday lunch.[53][c]
Edward was a patron of the arts and sciences and helped found the Royal College of Music. He opened the college in 1883 with the words, "Class can no longer stand apart from class ... I claim for music that it produces that union of feeling which I much desire to promote."[44] At the same time, he enjoyed gambling and country sports and was an enthusiastic hunter. He ordered all the clocks at Sandringham to run half an hour ahead to provide more daylight time for shooting. This so-called tradition of Sandringham Time continued until 1936, when it was abolished by Edward VIII.[55] He also laid out a golf course at Windsor. By the 1870s the future king had taken a keen interest in horseracing and steeplechasing. In 1896, his horse Persimmon won both the Derby Stakes and the St Leger Stakes. In 1900, Persimmon's brother,Diamond Jubilee, won five races (Derby, St Leger, 2,000 Guineas Stakes, Newmarket Stakes and Eclipse Stakes)[56] and another of Edward's horses, Ambush II, won the Grand National.[57]
In 1891 Edward was embroiled in the royal baccarat scandal, when it was revealed he had played an illegal card game for money the previous year. The Prince was forced to appear as a witness in court for a second time when one of the participants unsuccessfully sued his fellow players for slander after being accused of cheating.[58] In the same year Edward was involved in a personal conflict, when Lord Charles Beresford threatened to reveal details of Edward's private life to the press, as a protest against Edward interfering with Beresford's affair with Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick. The friendship between the two men was irreversibly damaged and their bitterness would last for the remainder of their lives.[59] Usually, Edward's outbursts of temper were short-lived, and "after he had let himself go ... [he would] smooth matters by being especially nice".[60]
In late 1891 Edward's eldest son, Albert Victor, was engaged to Princess Victoria Mary of Teck. Just a few weeks later, in early 1892, Albert Victor died of pneumonia. Edward was grief-stricken. "To lose our eldest son", he wrote, "is one of those calamities one can never really get over". Edward told Queen Victoria, "[I would] have given my life for him, as I put no value on mine".[61] Albert Victor was the second of Edward's children to die. In 1871, his youngest son, Alexander John, had died just 24 hours after being born. Edward had insisted on placing Alexander John in a coffin personally with "the tears rolling down his cheeks".[62]
On his way to Denmark through Belgium on 4 April 1900 Edward was the victim of an attempted assassination, when fifteen-year-oldJean-Baptiste Sipido shot at him in protest over the Boer War. Sipido, though obviously guilty, was acquitted by a Belgian court because he was underage.[63] The perceived laxity of the Belgian authorities, combined with British disgust at Belgian atrocities in the Congo, worsened the already poor relations between the United Kingdom and the Continent. However, in the next ten years, Edward's affability and popularity, as well as his use of family connections, assisted Britain in building European alliances.[64]
Accession[edit]
When Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, Edward became King of the United Kingdom, Emperor of India and, in an innovation, King of the British Dominions.[65] He chose to reign under the name Edward VII, instead of Albert Edward—the name his mother had intended for him to use[d]—declaring that he did not wish to "undervalue the name of Albert" and diminish the status of his father with whom the "name should stand alone".[66] The numeral VII was occasionally omitted in Scotland, even by the national church, in deference to protests that the previous Edwards were English kings who had "been excluded from Scotland by battle".[9] J. B. Priestley recalled, "I was only a child when he succeeded Victoria in 1901, but I can testify to his extraordinary popularity. He was in fact the most popular king England had known since the earlier 1660s."[67]
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He donated his parents' house, Osborne on the Isle of Wight, to the state and continued to live at Sandringham.[68] He could afford to be magnanimous; his private secretary, Sir Francis Knollys, claimed that he was the first heir to succeed to the throne in credit.[69] Edward's finances had been ably managed by Sir Dighton Probyn, Comptroller of the Household, and had benefited from advice from Edward's Jewish financier friends, such as Ernest Cassel, Maurice de Hirsch and the Rothschild family.[70] At a time of widespread anti-Semitism, Edward attracted criticism for openly socialising with Jews.[71][72]
Edward's coronation had originally been scheduled for 26 June, but two days before on 24 June, he was diagnosed with appendicitis.[73]Appendicitis was generally not treated operatively and carried a high mortality rate, but developments in anaesthesia and antisepsis in the preceding 50 years made life-saving surgery possible.[74] Sir Frederick Treves, with the support of Lord Lister, performed a then-radical operation of draining a pint of pus from the infected abscess through a small incision (through 4½ inch thickness of belly fat and abdomen wall); this outcome showed thankfully that the cause was not cancer.[75] The next day, Edward was sitting up in bed, smoking a cigar.[76] Two weeks later, it was announced that the King was out of danger. Treves was honoured with a baronetcy (which Edward had arranged before the operation)[77]and appendix surgery entered the medical mainstream.[74] Edward was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 9 August 1902 by the 80-year-oldArchbishop of Canterbury, Frederick Temple, who died only four months later.[73]
Edward refurbished the royal palaces, reintroduced the traditional ceremonies, such as the State Opening of Parliament, that his mother had forgone, and founded new honours, such as the Order of Merit, to recognise contributions to the arts and sciences.[78] In 1902, the Shah of Persia, Mozzafar-al-Din, visited England expecting to receive the Order of the Garter. Edward refused to bestow the honour on the Shah because the order was meant to be in his personal gift and the Foreign Secretary, Lord Lansdowne, had promised it without his consent. Edward also objected to inducting a Muslim into a Christian order of chivalry. His refusal threatened to damage British attempts to gain influence in Persia,[79] but Edward resented his ministers' attempts to reduce the King's traditional powers.[80] Eventually, he relented and Britain sent a special embassy to the Shah with a full Order of the Garter the following year.[81]
"Uncle of Europe"[edit]
As king, Edward's main interests lay in the fields of foreign affairs and naval and military matters. Fluent in French and German, he made a number of visits abroad, and took annual holidays in Biarritz and Marienbad.[55] One of his most important foreign trips was an official visit to France in May 1903 as the guest of President Émile Loubet. Following a visit to the Pope in Rome, this trip helped create the atmosphere for the Anglo-French Entente Cordiale, an agreement delineating British and French colonies in North Africa, and ruling out any future war between the two countries. The Entente was negotiated between the French foreign minister, Théophile Delcassé, and the British foreign secretary, Lord Lansdowne. Signed in London on 8 April 1904 by Lansdowne and the French ambassador Paul Cambon, it marked the end of centuries of Anglo-French rivalry and Britain's splendid isolation from Continental affairs, and attempted to counterbalance the growing dominance of the German Empire and its ally, Austria-Hungary.[82]
Edward was related to nearly every other European monarch and came to be known as the "uncle of Europe".[38] Kaiser Wilhelm II was his nephew; Tsar Nicholas II was his nephew-by-marriage; Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain, Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden, Crown Princess Marie of Romania, Crown Princess Sophia of Greece, and Empress Alexandra of Russia were his nieces; Haakon VII of Norwaywas both his nephew by marriage and his son-in-law; Frederick VIII of Denmark and George I of Greece were his brothers-in-law; Albert I of Belgium, Ferdinand of Bulgaria, and Charles I and Manuel II of Portugal were his second cousins. Edward doted on his grandchildren, and indulged them, to the consternation of their governesses.[83] However, there was one relation whom Edward did not like: Wilhelm II. Edward's difficult relationship with his nephew exacerbated the tensions between Germany and Britain.[84]
In April 1908, during Edward's annual stay at Biarritz, he accepted the resignation of British Prime Minister Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman. In a break with precedent, Edward asked Campbell-Bannerman's successor, H. H. Asquith, to travel to Biarritz to kiss hands. Asquith complied, but the press criticised the action of the King in appointing a prime minister on foreign soil instead of returning to Britain.[85] In June 1908, Edward became the first reigning British monarch to visit the Russian Empire, despite refusing to visit in 1906, when Anglo-Russian relations were strained in the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese War, the Dogger Bank incident, and the Tsar's dissolution of the Duma.[86] The previous month, Edward visited the Scandinavian countries, becoming the first British monarch to visit Sweden.[87]
Political opinions[edit]
While Prince of Wales, Edward had to be dissuaded from breaking with constitutional precedent by openly voting for Gladstone'sRepresentation of the People Bill (1884) in the House of Lords.[9][88] On other matters he was less progressive: he did not, for example, favour giving votes to women,[9][89] although he did suggest that the social reformer Octavia Hill serve on the Commission for Working Class Housing.[90] He was also opposed to Irish Home Rule, instead preferring a form of dual monarchy.[9]
As Prince of Wales, he had come to enjoy warm and mutually respectful relations with W. E. Gladstone, whom his mother detested.[91] But Gladstone's son, Home Secretary Herbert Gladstone, angered the King by planning to permit Roman Catholic priests in vestments to carry the Host through the streets of London, and by appointing two ladies, Lady Frances Balfour and Mrs H. J. Tennant, to serve on a Royal Commission on reforming divorce law – Edward thought divorce could not be discussed with "delicacy or even decency" before ladies. Edward's biographer Philip Magnus suggests that Gladstone may have become a whipping-boy for the King's general irritation with the Liberal government. Gladstone was sacked in the reshuffle the following year and the King agreed, with some reluctance, to appoint him Governor-General of South Africa.[92]
Edward involved himself heavily in discussions over army reform, the need for which had become apparent with the failings of the Boer War.[93] He supported the redesign of army command, the creation of the Territorial Force, and the decision to provide an Expeditionary Force supporting France in the event of war with Germany.[94] Reform of the Royal Navy was also suggested, partly due to the ever-increasing Naval Estimates, and because of the emergence of the Imperial German Navy as a new strategic threat.[95] Ultimately a dispute arose between Admiral Lord Charles Beresford, who favoured increased spending and a broad deployment, and the First Sea LordAdmiral Sir John Fisher, who favoured efficiency savings, scrapping obsolete vessels, and a strategic realignment of the Royal Navy relying on torpedo craft for home defence backed by the new dreadnoughts.[96]
The King lent support to Fisher, in part because he disliked Beresford, and eventually Beresford was dismissed. Beresford continued his campaign outside of the navy and Fisher ultimately announced his resignation in late 1909, although the bulk of his policies were retained.[97] The King was intimately involved in the appointment of Fisher's successor as the Fisher-Beresford feud had split the service, and the only truly qualified figure known to be outside of both camps was Sir Arthur Knyvet Wilson, who had retired in 1907.[98] Wilson was reluctant to return to active duty, but Edward persuaded him to do so, and Wilson became First Sea Lord on 25 January 1910.[99]
Edward was rarely interested in politics, although his views on some issues were notably liberal for the time. During his reign he said use of the word nigger was "disgraceful" despite it then being in common parlance.[100] In 1904, during an Anglo-German summit in Kiel between Wilhelm II and Edward, Wilhelm with the Russo-Japanese War in mind started to go on about the "Yellow Peril", which he called "the greatest peril menacing ... Christendom and European civilisation. If the Russians went on giving ground, the yellow race would, in twenty years time, be in Moscow and Posen".[101] Wilhelm went on to attack his British guests for supporting Japan against Russia, suggesting that the British were committing "race treason". In response, Edward stated that he "could not see it. The Japanese were an intelligent, brave and chivalrous nation, quite as civilised as the Europeans, from whom they only differed by the pigmentation of their skin".[101]
Edward lived a life of luxury that was often far removed from that of the majority of his subjects. However, his personal charm with people at all levels of society and his strong condemnation of prejudice went some way to assuage republican and racial tensions building during his lifetime.[9]
Constitutional crisis[edit]
In the last year of his life, Edward became embroiled in a constitutional crisis when the Conservative majority in the House of Lords refused to pass the "People's Budget" proposed by the Liberal government of Prime Minister H. H. Asquith. The crisis eventually led – after Edward's death – to the removal of the Lords' right to veto legislation.
The King was displeased at Liberal attacks on the peers, which included a polemical speech by David Lloyd George at Limehouse.[102] Cabinet minister Winston Churchill publicly demanded a general election, for which Asquith apologised to the King's adviser Lord Knollys and rebuked Churchill at a Cabinet meeting. Edward was so depressed at the tone of class warfare – although Asquith told him that party rancour had been just as bad over the First Home Rule Bill in 1886 – that he introduced his son to Secretary of State for War Richard Haldane as "the last King of England".[103] After the King's horse Minoru won the Derby on 26 July 1909, he returned to the racetrack the following day, and laughed when a man shouted: "Now, King. You've won the Derby. Go back home and dissolve this bloody Parliament!"[104]
In vain, the King urged Conservative leaders Arthur Balfour and Lord Lansdowne to pass the Budget, which Lord Esher had advised him was not unusual, as Queen Victoria had helped to broker agreements between the two Houses over Irish disestablishment in 1869 and the Third Reform Act in 1884.[105] On Asquith's advice, however, he did not offer them an election (at which, to judge from recent by-elections, they were likely to gain seats) as a reward for doing so.[106]
The Finance Bill passed the Commons on 5 November 1909 but was rejected by the Lords on 30 November; they instead passed a resolution of Lord Lansdowne's stating that they were entitled to oppose the bill as it lacked an electoral mandate. The King was annoyed that his efforts to urge passage of the budget had become public knowledge[107] and had forbidden his adviser Lord Knollys, who was an active Liberal peer, from voting for the budget, although Knollys had suggested that this would be a suitable gesture to indicate royal desire to see the Budget pass.[108] In December 1909, a proposal to create peers (to give the Liberals a majority in the Lords) or give the prime minister the right to do so was considered "outrageous" by Knollys, who thought the King should abdicate rather than agree to it.[109]
The January 1910 election was dominated by talk of removing the Lords' veto. During the election campaign Lloyd George talked of "guarantees" and Asquith of "safeguards" that would be necessary before forming another Liberal government, but the King informed Asquith that he would not be willing to contemplate creating peers until after a second general election.[9][110] Balfour refused to be drawn on whether or not he would be willing to form a Conservative government, but advised the King not to promise to create peers until he had seen the terms of any proposed constitutional change.[111] During the campaign the leading Conservative Walter Long had asked Knollys for permission to state that the King did not favour Irish Home Rule, but Knollys refused on the grounds that it was not appropriate for the monarch's views to be known in public.[112]
The election resulted in a hung parliament, with the Liberal government dependent on the support of the third largest party, the Irish nationalists. The King suggested a compromise whereby only 50 peers from each side would be allowed to vote, which would also redress the large Conservative majority in the Lords, but Lord Crewe, Liberal leader in the Lords, advised that this would reduce the Lords' independence as only peers who were loyal party supporters would be picked.[112] Pressure to remove the Lords' veto now came from the Irish nationalist MPs, who wanted to remove the Lords' ability to block the introduction of Irish Home Rule. They threatened to vote against the Budget unless they had their way (an attempt by Lloyd George to win their support by amending whisky duties was abandoned as the Cabinet felt this would recast the Budget too much). Asquith now revealed that there were no "guarantees" for the creation of peers. The Cabinet considered resigning and leaving it up to Balfour to try to form a Conservative government.[113]
The King's Speech from the Throne on 21 February made reference to introducing measures restricting the Lords' power of veto to one of delay, but Asquith inserted a phrase "in the opinion of my advisers" so the King could be seen to be distancing himself from the planned legislation.[114]
The Commons passed resolutions on 14 April that would form the basis for the Parliament Act: to remove the power of the Lords to veto money bills, to replace their veto of other bills with a power to delay, and to reduce the term of Parliament from seven years to five (the King would have preferred four[111]). But in that debate Asquith hinted – to ensure the support of the nationalist MPs – that he would ask the King to break the deadlock "in that Parliament" (i.e. contrary to Edward's earlier stipulation that there be a second election). The Budget was passed by both Commons and Lords in April.[115]
By April the Palace was having secret talks with Balfour and the Archbishop of Canterbury, who both advised that the Liberals did not have sufficient mandate to demand the creation of peers. The King thought the whole proposal "simply disgusting" and that the government was "in the hands of Redmond & Co". Lord Crewe announced publicly that the government's wish to create peers should be treated as formal "ministerial advice" (which, by convention, the monarch must obey) although Lord Esher argued that the monarch was entitled in extremis to dismiss the government rather than take their "advice".[116] Esher's view has been called "obsolete and unhelpful".[117]
Death[edit]
Edward habitually smoked twenty cigarettes and twelve cigars a day. In 1907, a rodent ulcer, a type of cancer affecting the skin next to his nose, was cured with radium.[118] Towards the end of his life he increasingly suffered from bronchitis.[9] He suffered a momentary loss of consciousness during a state visit to Berlin in February 1909.[119] In March 1910, he was staying at Biarritz when he collapsed. He remained there to convalesce, while in London Asquith tried to get the Finance Bill passed. The King's continued ill health was unreported and he attracted criticism for staying in France while political tensions were so high.[9] On 27 April he returned to Buckingham Palace, still suffering from severe bronchitis. Alexandra returned from visiting her brother, King George I of Greece, in Corfu a week later on 5 May.
The following day, the King suffered several heart attacks, but refused to go to bed, saying, "No, I shall not give in; I shall go on; I shall work to the end."[120] Between moments of faintness, his son the Prince of Wales (shortly to be King George V) told him that his horse, Witch of the Air, had won at Kempton Park that afternoon. The King replied, "Yes, I have heard of it. I am very glad": his final words.[9] At 11:30 p.m. he lost consciousness for the last time and was put to bed. He died 15 minutes later.[120]
Alexandra refused to allow the King's body to be moved for eight days afterwards, though she allowed small groups of visitors to enter his room.[121] On 11 May, the late King was dressed in his uniform and placed in a massive oak coffin, which was moved on 14 May to the throne room, where it was sealed and lay in state, with four guardsmen standing at each corner of the bier. Despite the time that had elapsed since his death, Alexandra noted the King's body remained "wonderfully preserved".[122] On the morning of 17 May, the coffin was placed on a gun carriage and drawn by black horses to Westminster Hall, with the new King and his family walking behind. Following a brief service, the royal family left, and the hall was opened to the public; over 400,000 people filed past the coffin over the next two days.[123]
As Barbara Tuchman noted in The Guns of August, his funeral, held on 20 May 1910, marked "the greatest assemblage of royalty and rank ever gathered in one place and, of its kind, the last." A royal train conveyed the King's coffin from London to Windsor Castle, where Edward VII was buried at St George's Chapel.[124]
Legacy[edit]
Further information: Cultural depictions of Edward VII of the United Kingdom and Royal eponyms in Canada
Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparentin British history. He was surpassed by his great-great-grandson Charles, Prince of Wales, on 20 April 2011.[125] The title Prince of Wales is not automatically held by the heir apparent; it is bestowed by the reigning monarch at a time of his or her choosing.[126] Edward is the longest-serving holder of that title; he was Prince of Wales for 59 years. Charles has held the title since 1958.[127][e]
As king, Edward VII proved a greater success than anyone had expected,[128] but he was already past the average life expectancy and had little time left to fulfil the role. In his short reign, he ensured that his second son and heir, George V, was better prepared to take the throne. Contemporaries described their relationship as more like affectionate brothers than father and son,[129] and on Edward's death George wrote in his diary that he had lost his "best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a [cross] word with him in my life. I am heart-broken and overwhelmed with grief".[130]
Edward has been recognised as the first truly constitutional British sovereign and the last sovereign to wield effective political power.[131] Though lauded as "Peacemaker",[132] he had been afraid his nephew, the German Emperor Wilhelm II, would tip Europe into war.[133] Four years after Edward's death, World War I broke out. The naval reforms he had supported and his part in securing the Triple Entente between Britain, France and Russia, as well as his relationships with his extended family, fed the paranoia of the German Emperor, who blamed Edward for the war.[134] Publication of the official biography of Edward was delayed by its author, Sidney Lee, who feared German propagandists would select material to portray Edward as an anti-German warmonger.[135]Lee was also hampered by the extensive destruction of Edward's personal papers; Edward had left orders that all his letters should be burned on his death.[136] Subsequent biographers have been able to construct a more rounded picture of Edward by using material and sources that were unavailable to Lee.[137]
Edward received criticism for his apparent pursuit of self-indulgent pleasure but he received great praise for his affable and kind good manners, and his diplomatic skill. As his grandson Edward VIII wrote, "his lighter side ... obscured the fact that he had both insight and influence."[138] "He had a tremendous zest for pleasure but he also had a real sense of duty", wrote J. B. Priestley.[139] Lord Esher wrote that Edward was "kind and debonair and not undignified – but too human".[140]
Titles, styles, honours and arms[edit]
Titles and styles[edit]
- 9 November – 8 December 1841: His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall and Rothesay
- 8 December 1841 – 22 January 1901: His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales
- 22 January 1901 – 6 May 1910: His Majesty The King
Honours[edit]
- British honours
- 9 November 1858: Knight of the Order of the Garter[141]
- 25 June 1861: Knight Companion of the Order of the Star of India[141]
- 12 February 1863: Fellow of the Royal Society[141]
- 8 December 1863: Member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom[141]
- 10 February 1865: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath[141]
- 28 March 1866: Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India[141]
- 24 May 1867: Knight of the Order of the Thistle [141]
- 18 March 1868: Knight of the Order of St Patrick[141]
- 21 April 1868: Member of the Privy Council of Ireland[141]
- 30 May 1877: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George[141]
- 21 June 1887: Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire[141]
- 6 May 1896: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order[141]
- 22 June 1897: Great Master of the Order of the Bath[142]
- Foreign honours
- May 1852: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece of Spain[141]
- March 1859: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Tower and Sword of Portugal[141]
- March 1863: Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour of France[141]
- 27 September 1864: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim of Sweden.[143]
- 13 June 1867: Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary[144]
- 1869: Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle of Prussia[141]
- January 1874: Knight of the Order of St Andrew of Russia[141]
- 8 October 1874: Grand Cross of the Order of St Olav of Norway[145]
- May 1876: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III of Spain[141]
- September 1901: Grand Commander of the Order of the Dannebrog of Denmark[146]
- 9 October 1901: Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia[147]
- 13 June 1902: Collar of the Order of the Chrysanthemum of Japan[148]
- June 1902: Order of the Hanedan-i-Ali-Osman of the Ottoman Empire[149]
- Knight of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta[144]
- Knight of St John of Germany[144]
- Knight of the Order of the Elephant of Denmark[144]
- Knight of the Order of St Hubert of Bavaria[144]
- Knight of the Order of the Southern Cross of Brazil[144]
- Order of the White Elephant of Siam[144]
- Order of the Annunciation of Italy[144]
- Honorary foreign military appointments
- 1870: Honorary Colonel of the Guard Hussar Regiment (Denmark)[150]
- 1883: Field Marshal (Generalfeldmarschall) of the German Army[151]
- 5 February 1901: Honorary Colonel of the 27th (King Edward's) Regiment of Dragoons of Kiev[152]
- 26 June 1902: Admiral of the Fleet (Großadmiral) à la suite of the Imperial German Navy[151]
- Colonel-in-Chief of the Blücher Hussar Regiment[151]
- Colonel-in-Chief 1st Guards Dragoons "Queen of Great Britain and Ireland"[151]
Arms[edit]
As Prince of Wales, Edward's coat of arms was the royal arms differenced by a label of three points argent, and an inescutcheon of the shield of Saxony, representing his father. When he acceded as King, he gained the royal arms undifferenced.[153]
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|---|---|---|
Issue[edit]
For more details on this topic, see Grandchildren of Victoria and Albert.
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale | 8 January 1864 | 14 January 1892 | engaged 1891, to Princess Mary of Teck |
| George V | 3 June 1865 | 20 January 1936 | married 1893, Princess Mary of Teck; had issue |
| Louise, Princess Royal | 20 February 1867 | 4 January 1931 | married 1889, Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife; had issue |
| Princess Victoria | 6 July 1868 | 3 December 1935 | |
| Maud, Queen of Norway | 26 November 1869 | 20 November 1938 | married 1896, King Haakon VII; had issue |
| Prince Alexander John | 6 April 1871 | 7 April 1871 |
Ancestry[edit]
| [show]Ancestors of Edward VII |
|---|
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