Point Is Not PTS And Yet It Is As The Pt. Is Made To The Hand Writing Signature Piece

The numeric system:

A chapter to the system is that there must be a chart.  To engage thought as found, it is the number zero that quarries to where the idea of mathematics would have given Mankind the prowess of nature to add.  As I believe that counting would be unnatural as what would cause Mankind to number and not name?  Should the numbers be names than an order would be established and that would be an interesting thought.   The derivative left would be that our names would be numbers as well.

Should this idea be entertained than that would entice the idea to why some Countries require registration for names of children before the birth certificate can be certified.  As each matter is in the deed to cause, a certain inalienable fact must be asked, is the number system also a naming recognition that started just after "the Cretaceous period, 66 million years and before the emergence of the Homo sapiens species" as an early Caveman communication to the increased (growth) of only one clan (tribe/society/civilization)?

To aspect:  The certain fact is; NASA names Stars numbers although the different stars have both stories and names and at the finding of I rally the idea that mathematics is not understood and arithmetic is it's could.  To such have there been books or work during history that has have yet to be read (found) and would that than be argued as not true mathematics and lost for its recording?

Touching face to face is nice and does include cheek to cheek.  This thinking brings a strange Worldview to comprehend how many Stars and/or Star Systems have been named, yet upon such the names would not be the same and the coordinates would be word to compass that navigation, thus the view or research would have to be from that actual point of found.  The rotation of our Earth delivers an hour to understand the minute to know the second and in event, the clock.  The clock is on 'The Tides', a twelve hour face before the digital clock was common theme and seen readily at the Drug Stores.

Lights fade as demonstrated by Suns.  The idea of the common Twelve hour Faced clock vs. the digital clock and/or the cell phone pixel as it makes-up the clock on the common cell phone and/or PC delivers thought to equaling, Mankind is losing time.  At that understanding I query a common comment to a question that remarks in answer, "The last time" and The Masonic/Freemason too.

As the logos for the clock is established (taking into account the sundial) it is the Orion that marks this clock to write out the brief on The Masonic/ The Freemasons.

George Washington, a Freemason and the first president of the United States delivers thought to The Constitution as the Declaration of Independence was written by 1776.  To this subject: Why is the country speaking of the Constitution liberally and yet never mentions that the men that wrote it were not at-large with their belief, and, were Freemasons?  "Freemasonry, which particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries adopted the rites and trappings of ancient religious orders and of chivalric brotherhoods" speak of Mount Vernon.  Today, September 30, 2018 Mount Vernon is recorded and the Presidents of the United States do visit and must thereby understand the gravity of this speech.

Are stars numbered?

Stars. There are no more than a few thousand stars that appear sufficiently bright in Earth's sky to be visible to the naked eye. This represents the number of stars available to be named by ancient cultures.

Astronomical naming conventions - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_naming_conventions

Naming law

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A naming law restricts the names that parents can legally give to their children, usually to protect the child from being given an offensive or embarrassing name. Many countries around the world have such laws, with most governing the meaning of the name, while some only govern the scripts in which it is written.

Contents

• 1 Azerbaijan
• 2 China
• 3 Denmark
• 4 France
• 5 Germany
• 6 Hungary
• 7 Iceland
• 8 Italy
• 9 Japan
• 10 Kyrgyzstan
• 11 Malaysia
• 12 New Zealand
• 13 Norway
• 14 Portugal
• 15 Saudi Arabia
• 16 Sweden
• 17 Tajikistan
• 18 United Kingdom
• 19 United States
• 20 See also
• 21 References
• 22 External links

Azerbaijan

Certain names have been proscribed by Azerbaijan.^{[1][2][3][4][5][5][6][7][8]}

China

Main articles: Naming laws in the People's Republic of China and Naming taboo

In Imperial China, a naming taboo prevented people from using the same names as the reigning Emperor.
The Chinese language has over 70,000 characters, but only a fraction of these are represented by computers.^{[9][10][11][12]} Children's names are limited to characters which are machine readable.

Denmark

Under the Law on Personal Names,^[13] first names are picked from a list of approved names (18,000 female names and 15,000 male names as of Jan 1st 2016).^[14] One can also apply to Ankestyrelsen for approval of new names, e.g. common first names from other countries. Names must indicate gender, cannot have surname character, and must follow Danish orthography (e.g. Cammmilla with three m's is not allowed).^[15]

France

Since 1993 the choice has been free in France unless it is decided that the name is contrary to the interests of the child. Before that time the choice of first names was dictated by French laws that decreed which names were acceptable.^[16] Napoleon Bonaparte created the law.^[17] The law was endorsed by Eric Zemmour.^[18][17]

Germany

Names have to be approved by the local registration office, called Standesamt, which generally consults a list of first names and foreign embassies for foreign names. The name has to indicate gender, it cannot be a last name or a product, and it cannot negatively affect the child. If the name submitted is denied, it can be appealed; otherwise a new name has to be submitted. A fee is charged for each submission.^[19]
Umlauts (ä, ö, ü) and/or the letter ß in family names are recognized as an important reason for a name change. (Even just the change of the spelling, e.g. from Müller to Mueller or from Weiß to Weiss, is regarded as name change. In German ID cards and passports, however, such names are spelled in two different ways: the correct way in the non-machine-readable zone of the document [Müller] and transcribed [Mueller] in the machine-readable zone of the document, so persons unfamiliar with German orthography may get the impression that the document is a forgery. German credit cards may use the correct or the transcribed spelling only. It is recommended to use the exactly same spelling in the machine-readable zone of the passport for airline tickets, visas, etc. and to refer to this zone if being asked questions.) Internationally and by many electronic systems, ä / ö / ü are transcribed as ae / oe / ue, and ß is transcribed as ss.
During the Nazi period, Germany had a list of approved names to choose from that was passed on January 5, 1938 as the "Second Regulation under the law re The changing of Family and Given names." The law had one list of names for ethnic Germans and another for Jews.^[20]

Hungary

A child's name must be chosen from a list of pre-approved names.^[21][22] If the intended name is not on the list, the parents need to apply for approval. Applications are considered by the Research Institute for Linguistics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences following a set of principles.^[23] Children born to a foreign citizen may have their name chosen according to foreign law.^[24]

Iceland

Parents are limited to choosing children's names from the Personal Names Register, which is a list of about 1800 names for each gender.^[25] The Icelandic Naming Committee maintains the list and hears requests for exceptions.

Further information: Icelandic name

Italy

Names considered ridiculous or shameful are banned by law.^[26]

Japan

Main article: Japanese name § Regulations

Similarly to China, Japan has a certain set of characters that can be used in a child's name.

Kyrgyzstan

Some Kyrgyz have been russifying their names.^[27][28][29]
A law to ban russified names was proposed.^[30]

Malaysia

On and after 2006, the National Registration Department of Malaysia (JPN) may decline to register objectionable or undesirable names, including names based on titles, numbers, colors, vegetables, fruits, vulgarities, and equipment. Parents who wish to register such names despite JPN objection must make a statutory declaration to that effect. ^[31][32]

New Zealand

Under the Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act of 1995, names are prohibited which "might cause offence to a reasonable person; or [...] is unreasonably long; or without adequate justification, [...] is, includes, or resembles, an official title or rank."^[19] This is determined by the Department of Internal Affairs, which is responsible for registering names at birth.^[17]

Norway

In April 2009, a six-year-old Norwegian boy named Christer pressed his parents to send a letter to King Harald V to approve his name being changed to "Sonic X". They allowed Christer to write it himself but did not send it until he badgered them further, and the king responded that he could not approve the change because Christer was not eighteen years old.^[33][34]

Portugal

Portugal has a set list of names approved and not approved published periodically by the Institute of Registration at the Ministry of Justice.^[35]

Saudi Arabia

A list of 50 were proscribed by Saudi Arabia.^{[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]}

Sweden

Main article: Naming law in Sweden

Swedish first names "shall not be approved if they can cause offense or can be supposed to cause discomfort for the one using it, or names which for some obvious reason are not suitable as a first name."

Tajikistan

Main article: Islam in Tajikistan

The authorities of Tajikistan have announced the preparation of a list of 3,000 pre-approved names, all referred to Tajik's culture, thus banning Arabic/Islamic names and suffixes, deemed divisive.^[46][47]
Among increasingly religious Tajiks, Islamic-Arabic names have become more popular over Tajik names.^[48]
The Tajik government has used the word "prostitute" to label hijab wearing women and enforced shaving of beards, in addition to considering the outlawing of Arabic-Islamic names for children and making people use Tajik names.^{[49][50][51][52][53][54][55]} Tajikistan President Rakhmon (Rahmon) has said that the Persian epic Shahnameh should be used as a source for names, with his proposed law hinting that Muslim names would be forbidden after his anti hijab and anti beard laws.^[56]

United Kingdom

The UK has no law restricting permitted names, but names which contain obscenities, numerals, misleading titles, or are impossible to pronounce are likely to be rejected by the Registering Officer. ^[57]

United States

Main article: Naming in the United States

Restrictions vary by state, and most are imposed for the sake of practicality. For example, several states limit the number of characters in a name, due to limitations in the software used for official record keeping. For similar reasons, some states ban the use of numerals or pictograms. A few states ban the use of obscenities. Conversely, a few states, such as Kentucky, have no naming laws whatsoever. Courts have interpreted the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment as generally supporting the traditional parental right to choose their children's names.
One naming law that some find restrictive is California's ban on diacritical marks, such as in the name José. The Office of Vital Records in the California Department of Public Health requires that names contain only the 26 alphabetical characters of the English language. There is no law restricting the informal use of diacritical marks and many parents do this.^[58]

Caveman

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For other uses, see Caveman (disambiguation).

This article contains one or more incomplete lists which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it / them with entries that are reliably sourced.

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Le Moustier Neanderthals (Charles R. Knight, 1920)

A caveman is a stock character representative of primitive man in the Paleolithic. The popularisation of the type dates to the early 20th century, when Neanderthal Man was influentially described as "simian" or ape-like by Marcellin Boule and Arthur Keith.
While knowledge of human evolution in the Pleistocene has become much more detailed, the stock character has persisted, even though it anachronistically conflates characteristics of archaic humans and early modern humans.
The term "caveman" has its taxonomical equivalent in the now-obsolete Homo troglodytes ("cave-dwelling man", Linnaeus 1758).

Contents

• 1 Characteristics
• 2 History
  • 2.1 List of Caveman characters
  • 2.2 Documentaries
  • 2.3 Films
  • 2.4 Novels
  • 2.5 Video Games
• 3 See also
• 4 References

Characteristics

Caveman hunting a brown bear. Book illustration by Irma Deremeaux

Cavemen are typically portrayed as wearing shaggy animal hides, and capable of cave painting like behaviorally modern humans of the last glacial period. Anachronistically, they are simultaneously shown armed with rocks or cattle bone clubs, unintelligent, and aggressive. Popular culture also frequently represents cavemen as living with or alongside dinosaurs, even though non-avian dinosaurs became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period, 66 million years before the emergence of the Homo sapiens species.
The image of them living in caves arises from the fact that caves are where the preponderance of artifacts have been found from European Stone Age cultures, although this most likely reflects the degree of preservation that caves provide over the millennia rather than an indication of their typical form of shelter. Until the last glacial period, most^{[clarification needed]} hominins did not live in caves, being nomadic hunter-gatherer tribes living in a variety of temporary structures, such as tents (see Jerry D. Moore, "The Prehistory of Home", University of California Press, 2012) and wooden huts (e.g. at Ohalo). Their societies were similar to those of many modern day indigenous peoples. A few genuine cave dwellings did exist, however, such as at Mount Carmel in Israel.^{[citation needed]}
Stereotypical cavemen have traditionally been depicted wearing smock-like garments made of animal skin and held up by a shoulder strap on one side, and carrying large clubs approximately conical in shape. They often have grunt-like names, such as Ugg and Zog.

History

Cave family at a meal, illustration by Irma Deremeaux for The Cave Boy of the Age of Stone (1907).

Caveman-like heraldic "wild men" were found in European and African iconography for hundreds of years. During the Middle Ages, these creatures were generally depicted in art and literature as bearded and covered in hair, and often wielding clubs and dwelling in caves. While wild men were always depicted as living outside of civilization, there was an ongoing debate as to whether they were human or animal.
In Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's The Lost World (1912), ape-men are depicted in a fight with modern humans. Edgar Rice Burroughs adapted this idea for The Land That Time Forgot (1918). A genre of caveman movies emerged, typified by D. W. Griffith's Man's Genesis (1912); they inspired Charles Chaplin's satiric take,^[1] in His Prehistoric Past (1914) as well as Brute Force (1914), The Cave Man (1912), and later Cave Man (1934). From the descriptions, Griffith's characters cannot talk, and use sticks and stones for weapons, while the hero of Cave Man is a Tarzanesque figure who fights dinosaurs.
D. W. Griffith's Brute Force, a silent film released in 1914, represents one of the earliest portrayals of cavemen and dinosaurs together; more recent examples include the comic strip B.C. and the television series The Flintstones.
The anachronistic combination of cavemen with dinosaurs itself became a humorous stereotype. The comic strips B.C., Alley Oop, the Spanish comic franchise Mortadelo y Filemón, and occasionally The Far Side and Gogs portray "cavemen" with dinosaurs.^{[year needed]} Gary Larson, in his The Prehistory of the Far Side, stated he once felt that he needed to confess his cartooning sins in this regard: "O Father, I Have Portrayed Primitive Man and Dinosaurs In The Same Cartoon". The animated series The Flintstones, a spoof on family sitcoms, portrays the Flintstones even using dinosaurs and prehistoric mammals as tools, household appliances, vehicles, and construction machines.
Stereotypical cavemen are also often featured in advertising, including advertisements for Minute Maid.^{[year needed]} In early 2004, GEICO launched a series of television commercials and attempts at viral marketing, collectively known as the GEICO Cavemen advertising campaign, where GEICO announcers are repeatedly denounced by modern cavemen for perpetuating a stereotype of unintelligent, backward cavemen. The GEICO advertisements spawned a short-lived TV series called Cavemen.

List of Caveman characters

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• Alley Oop
• Anthro
• B.C.
• Captain Caveman
• The Cavemen from Puppet Up!
• Cavewoman
• Chuck Rock
• Cro
• The Flintstones
• Flint Hammerhead from Flint the Time Detective
• Francis the Caveman from All That
• The GEICO Cavemen, featured in a series of commercials, and later the spin-off television show Cavemen
• Gogs
• Gnarrk
• Halo: 3 Easter Eggs, also seen in Halo: 3 ODST.
• Hairy Jeremy
• Land of the Lost (1974 TV series)
• Mightor
• The Stone Rollers from Bailey's Comets
• Stig of the Dump
• The 2000 Year Old Man, a series of comedy skits by Mel Brooks and Carl Reiner comedy skit with both caveman and ancient history jokes.
• The Resurrection of Jimber-Jaw
• The Wenja and Udam from Far Cry Primal
• Tor
• Unfrozen Caveman Lawyer, a Saturday Night Live sketch

Documentaries

• Ice World
• Walking with Cavemen
• Walking with Beasts
• Prehistoric Park

Films

• Man's Genesis, 1912
• Brute Force, 1914
• His Prehistoric Past, 1914 Charlie Chaplin silent film
• Three Ages, 1923 Buster Keaton silent film
• The Lost World (1925 film) a silent film
• Flying Elephants, 1928 Laurel and Hardy silent film
• One Million B.C., 1940
• World Without End (1956), a sci-fi-fi film, shows cavemen in the year 2508.
• Mysterious Island (half a dozen films)
• Teenage Caveman, 1958 Roger Corman film and 2002 TV series
• Eegah, 1962
• One Million Years B.C., 1966
• It's About Time (TV series 1966–67)
• When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth, 1970
• The Land That Time Forgot, 1975
• The People That Time Forgot, 1977
• Planet of Dinosaurs, 1978
• The Missing Link, 1980
• Caveman, 1981
• History of the World, Part I, 1981
• Quest for Fire, 1981
• Luggage of the Gods!, 1983
• Fire and Ice, 1983
• Iceman, 1984
• Cavegirl, 1985
• The Clan of the Cave Bear, 1986
• Encino Man, 1992
• The Flintstones, 1994
• Encino Woman, 1996
• Bikini Cavegirl, 2004
• Night at the Museum, 2006
• The Man From Earth, 2007
• Homo Erectus, 2007
• 10,000 BC, 2008
• Land of the Lost, 2009
• Year One, 2009
• Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, 2009
• Birdemic II, 2011
• The Croods, 2013
• Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb, 2014
• The Good Dinosaur, 2015
• Doraemon: Nobita and the Birth of Japan 2016, 2016
• Early Man, 2018

Novels

• The Story of Ab, 1897
• The Village in the Treetops, 1901
• Before Adam, 1906
• Quest for Fire, 1911
• The Lost World, 1912
• The Cave Girl, 1913
• The Land That Time Forgot 1918
• Dian of the Lost Land, 1935
• The Inheritors, 1955
• Dance of the Tiger, 1980
• Earth's Children series
  • The Clan of the Cave Bear, 1980
  • The Valley of Horses, 1982
  • The Mammoth Hunters, 1985
  • The Plains of Passage, 1990
  • The Shelters of Stone, 2001
  • The Land of Painted Caves, 2011
• Halo: The Forerunner Saga, 2011–2013: most shown during the events of Halo: Primordium

Video Games

• Joe & Mac (1991)
• Tail of the Sun (1996)
• Far Cry Primal (2016)
• Ark: Survival Evolved (2017)

See also

• Neanderthals in popular culture
• Prehistoric fiction
• Dawn of Humanity (2015 PBS film)

References

1. 
   

1. Stills from Man's Genesis Archived 2008-07-20 at the Wayback Machine. and His Prehistoric Past show that Chaplin still has his bowler hat.

v t e Stock characters

Categories:

• Prehistoric people in popular culture
• Stock characters
• Fantasy tropes
• Adventure fiction

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List of proper names of stars

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This is a list of proper names of stars. These are the names of stars that have either been approved by the International Astronomical Union (its Working Group on Star Names has since 2016 been publishing a "List of IAU-approved Star Names", which as of June 2018 included a total of 330 proper names of stars^[1]) or which have been in somewhat recent usage. See also the lists of stars by constellation, which give variant names, derivations, and magnitudes.
Of the roughly 10,000 stars visible to the naked eye, only a few hundred have been given proper names in the history of astronomy.^[2] Traditional astronomy tends to group stars into asterisms, and give proper names to those, not to individual stars.
Many star names are in origin descriptive of the part of the asterism they are found in; thus Phecda, a corruption of the Arabic -فخذ الدب- fakhth al-dubb "thigh of the bear". Only a handful of the brightest stars have individual proper names not depending on their asterism; so Sirius "the scorcher", Antares and Canopus (of unknown origin), Alphard "the solitary one", Regulus "kinglet"; and arguably Aldebaran "the follower" (of the Pleiades), Procyon "preceding the dog [Sirius]". The same holds for Chinese astronomy, where most stars are enumerated within their constellation, with a handful of exceptions such as 織女 "weaving girl" (Vega).
In addition to the limited number of traditional star names, there are some coined in modern times, e.g. "Avior" for Epsilon Carinae (1930), and a number of stars named after people (mostly in the 20th century).

Contents

• 1 IAU Catalog
• 2 List
• 3 See also
• 4 References
  • 4.1 General references
• 5 External links

IAU Catalog

Main article: IAU Working Group on Star Names

In 2016, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)^[3] to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin dated July 2016^[4] included a table of 125 stars comprising the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN (on 30 June and 20 July 2016) together with names of stars adopted by the IAU Executive Committee Working Group on Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites during the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign^[5] and recognized by the WGSN. Further batches of names were approved on 21 August, 12 September, 5 October and 6 November 2016. These were listed in a table of 102 stars included in the WGSN's second bulletin dated November 2016.^[6] The next additions were done on 1 February 2017 (13 new star names), 30 June 2017 (29), 5 September 2017 (41), 17 November 2017 (3), 1 June 2018 (17), and on 10 August 2018 (6). All 336 are included in the current List of IAU-approved Star Names, last updated on 10 August 2018.^[1]

List

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In the table below, unless indicated by a '†', the 'Modern proper name' is that approved by the WGSN and entered in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.^[1] The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems.^[7] For such names relating to members of multiple star systems, and where a component letter (from e.g. Washington Double Star Catalog) is not explicitly listed, the WGSN says that the name should be understood to be attributed to the brightest component by visual brightness.^[6]

Constellation	Designation	Modern proper name	Historical names / comments
Eridanus	θ¹ Eridani A	Acamar	Originally called آخر النهر‎ ākhir al-nahr in Arabic, meaning "river's end", named because it was the brightest star in the constellation Eridanus (the River). (Before the 16th century, this was the last star in the Eridanus constellation; it was later extended to Achenar, below).[8]:p219 "Acamar" was first used in the Alphonsine tables (circa 1252).[8]:p219 Also called Al Thalim ("the Ostrich") by fifteenth-century Timurid astronomer Ulugh Beg.[8]:p219 Georgius Chrysococca (14th century) called it Aulax in Greek, meaning "the Furrow".[8]:p219
Eridanus	α Eridani A	Achernar	The name was originally Arabic آخر النهر‎ ākhir al-nahr "river's end"
Cassiopeia	η Cassiopeiae A	Achird	Apparently first applied to Eta Cassiopeiae in the Skalnate Pleso Atlas of the Heavens published in 1950, but is not known prior to that.[9]
Scorpius	β Scorpii Aa	Acrab	The traditional names of the β Scorpii system included Akrab and Elakrab, derived (like Acrab) from Arabic العقرب al-‘aqrab, "the scorpion", and graffias, which is Italian for "claws" and which was also applied to Xi Scorpii.[10][8]:p367
Crux	α Crucis Aa	Acrux	Acrux is a modern contraction of the Bayer designation, coined in the 19th century, but which entered into common use only by the mid 20th century.[11]
Cancer	α Cancri Aa	Acubens	The name was originally Arabic الزبانى‎ al-zubānā, "the claws".
Leo	ζ Leonis Aa	Adhafera	Also called Aldhafera. The name is originally from Arabic الضفيرة‎ al-ḍafīrah, "the braid (or curl, or strand) (of the lion's mane)"
Canis Major	ε Canis Majoris A	Adhara	The name is originally from Arabic عذارى‎ ‘aðārā, "virgins". In the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket it is designated أول ألعذاري‎ awwil al-aðāriy, translated into Latin as Prima Virginum, "first virgin".
Andromeda	ξ Andromedae	Adhil	The name was originally Arabic الذيل‎ að-ðayl, 'the train' (lit. 'the tail')
Taurus	ε Tauri Aa1	Ain	The name is originally from Arabic عين‎ ‘ayn, "eye" and was reviewed and adopted by the IAU Executive Committee WG Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites.[1] The star was given the name Oculus Boreus (Latin for "northern eye") by John Flamsteed.[12][8]:p391
Sagittarius	ν¹ Sagittarii A	Ainalrami
Lyra	η Lyrae Aa	Aladfar	The name is originally from Arabic الأظفر‎ al-uẓfur, "the talons (of the swooping eagle)", shared with μ Lyrae (Alathfar).
Andromeda	γ Andromedae	Alamak †	The name is originally from Arabic العناق الأرض‎ al-‘anāq al-arḍ, "the caracal" (desert lynx). Another Arabic name is آلرجل المسلسلة‎ al-rijl al-musalsalah, "the chained foot". In the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket designated جمس ألنعامة‎ ḥāmis an-naʽāmah, translated into Latin as Quinta Struthionum, "fifth ostrich".
Lyra	μ Lyrae	Alathfar †	The name is originally from Arabic الأظفر‎ al-uẓfur, "the talons (of the swooping eagle)", shared with η Lyrae (Aladfar).
Sagittarius	π Sagittarii A	Albaldah	The name is originally from Arabic بلدة‎ baldah, "town". In the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket designated نير البلدة‎ nayyir al-baldah, translated into Latin as Lucida Oppidi "brightest of the town".
Aquarius	ε Aquarii	Albali	The name is originally from Arabic البالع‎ albāli‘, "the swallower". In the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket designated نير سعد ألبلع‎ nayyir sa‘d al-bulaʽ, translated into Latin as Lucida Fortunæ Dissipantis, "the brightest of luck of the swallower".
Cygnus	β¹ Cygni Aa	Albireo	The source of the name Albireo is not entirely clear.[13] In the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket designated منقار ألدجاجة‎ minqār al-dajājah, translated into Latin as Rostrum Gallinæ "the hen's beak".
Corvus	α Corvi	Alchiba	From Arabic الخباء‎ al-khibā’, "tent". In the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket designated ألمنخر ألغراب‎ al-mankhar al-ghurāb, translated into Latin as Rostrum Corvi, "beak of the crow".
Ursa Major	80 Ursae Majoris Ca	Alcor	From Arabic الخوّار‎ al‑khawwār, "the faint one". Known as Arundhati in traditional Indian astronomy.
Taurus	η Tauri A	Alcyone	Member of the Pleiades open star cluster (M45). Alcyone was one of the Pleiades sisters in Greek mythology.
Taurus	α Tauri	Aldebaran	The name was originally Arabic لدبران‎ al-dabarān, "the follower (of the Pleiades)".[14] In Indian astronomy known as Rohini "the red one". To Persian astrologers it was known as a Royal star, Tascheter, Watcher of the East. The Romans called this star Palilicium.
Cepheus	α Cephei	Alderamin	From Arabic الذراع اليمين‎ al-ðirā‘ al-yamīn, "the right arm (of Cepheus)".
Grus	γ Gruis	Aldhanab	The name was originally Arabic الذنب‎ al-ðanab, "the tail (of the constellation of the Southern Fish)"".
Draco	ζ Draconis A	Aldhibah	From Arabic الضّباع‎ al ḍibā‘, "the hyenas"", shared with η Draconis. The other name of this star is Nodus III (Third Knot, the knot being a loop in the tail of Draco).
Delphinus	ε Delphini	Aldulfin
Cepheus	β Cephei Aa	Alfirk
Capricornus	α² Capricorni A	Algedi	Alternative traditional names of Al Giedi, Secunda Giedi and Algiedi Secunda
Pegasus	γ Pegasi	Algenib
Leo	γ¹ Leonis	Algieba
Perseus	β Persei Aa1	Algol	From Arabic رأس الغول‎ ra’s al-ghūl, "head of the ogre". In Egyptian, Horus.[15]
Perseus	π Persei	—	叠尸 Dié Shī "Piled up Corpses"; Allen (1899) associated the name with Algol, but it properly refers to π Persei, a star within the "Mausoleum" asterism.[16]
Corvus	δ Corvi A	Algorab	The traditional name Algorab is derived from Arabic الغراب al-ghurāb, "the crow"). The WGSN re-designated the star as Algorab in July 2016.[17]
Gemini	γ Geminorum Aa	Alhena	Derived from Arabic الهنعة al-han‘ah, "the brand" (on the neck of the camel)
Ursa Major	ε Ursae Majoris A	Alioth
Cygnus	ε Cygni Aa	Aljanah
Ursa Major	η Ursae Majoris	Alkaid
Cepheus	ρ² Cephei	Al Kalb al Rai †
Boötes	μ¹ Boötis Aa	Alkalurops
Ursa Major	κ Ursae Majoris A	Alkaphrah
Pegasus	υ Pegasi	Alkarab
Crater	α Crateris	Alkes
Auriga	ε Aurigae	Almaaz	Traditionally also called Haldus.
Andromeda	γ Andromedae A	Almach
Leo	κ Leonis	Al Minliar al Asad †
Grus	α Gruis	Alnair
Sagittarius	γ² Sagittarii	Alnasl	From Arabic النصل al-naṣl, "arrowhead".[18]
Orion	ε Orionis	Alnilam	Middle star in the belt of Orion. The traditional name Alnilam derives from Arabic النيلم al-nīlam, related to the word nīlam, "sapphire"; related spellings are Alnihan and Alnitam.[8]:pp314-315
Orion	ζ Orionis Aa	Alnitak	The traditional name, alternately spelled Al Nitak or Alnitah, is from Arabic النطاق al-niṭāq, "the girdle".[8]:pp314-315
Scorpius	σ Scorpii Aa1	Alniyat	The star Tau Scorpii also bore Alniyat as its traditional name.[citation needed]
Hydra	α Hydrae	Alphard
Corona Borealis	α Coronae Borealis	Alphecca	The name nayyir al-fakkah نير الفكّة "bright (star) of the broken (ring of stars)" is found in the Al Achsasi al Mouakket catalogue (c. 1650).[19] Also known as Gemma,[citation needed] Gnosia (Gnosia Stella Coronae),[citation needed] and Asteroth (or Ashtaroth).[citation needed] As the brightest star in Corona Borealis, it lent its name to Alphekka Meridiana, the brightest in the constellation of Corona Australis.
Andromeda	α Andromedae Aa	Alpheratz
Pisces	η Piscium	Alpherg
Draco	μ Draconis A	Alrakis	From Arabic الراقص‎ al-rāqiṣ, "the dancer"; also spelled Arrakis and Elrakis.
Pisces	α Piscium A	Alrescha
Draco	HD 161693	Alruba
Draco	σ Draconis	Alsafi
Lynx	31 Lyncis	Alsciaukat
Vela	δ Velorum Aa	Alsephina
Aquila	β Aquilae A	Alshain
Capricornus	ν Capricorni A	Alshat
Aquila	α Aquilae	Altair	From Arabic النسر الطائر‎ (al-nasr) al-ṭā’ir, "the flying (eagle)". In Chinese, 牵牛星 (Qiān Niú Xīng) or 牛郎星 ( Niú Láng Xīng), "Cow Herder Star" of the Qixi love story. One of the vertices of the Summer Triangle.
Draco	δ Draconis	Altais	also Aldib[citation needed]
Leo	λ Leonis	Alterf
Canis Major	η Canis Majoris	Aludra
Ursa Major	ξ Ursae Majoris Aa	Alula Australis
Ursa Major	ν Ursae Majoris	Alula Borealis
Serpens	θ¹ Serpentis A	Alya
Gemini	ξ Geminorum	Alzirr	alternately spelled Alzir
Aquarius	θ Aquarii	Ancha
Eridanus	τ² Eridani	Angetenar	The name is originally from Arabic عرجة النهر‎ ‘arjat al-nahr, "the bend of the river"[citation needed]
Phoenix	α Phoenicis	Ankaa
Vulpecula	α Vulpeculae	Anser	Alternative traditional name is Lucida Anseris.
Scorpius	α Scorpii A	Antares	Ancient Greek, Άντάρης, "against Ares (Mars)". It was known to Persian astrologers as a Royal star: Satevis, Watcher of the West.
Boötes	α Boötis	Arcturus
Sagittarius	β² Sagittarii	Arkab Posterior
Sagittarius	β¹ Sagittarii A	Arkab Prior
Lepus	α Leporis A	Arneb	Traditional name Arneb is from the Arabic أرنب arnab, 'hare'[8]:p268 ('Lepus' is Latin for hare).
Sagittarius	ζ Sagittarii A	Ascella
Cancer	δ Cancri Aa	Asellus Australis
Cancer	γ Cancri Aa	Asellus Borealis
Hydra	ε Hydrae	Ashlesha
Boötes	θ Boötis	Asellus Primus †	Latin for "first donkey colt"
Boötes	ι Boötis	Asellus Secundus †	Latin for "second donkey colt"
Boötes	κ Boötis	Asellus Tertius †
Puppis	ξ Puppis	Asmidiske †
Carina	ι Carinae	Aspidiske
Taurus	21 Tauri A	Asterope	Member of the Pleiades open star cluster (M45). Asterope was one of the Pleiades sisters in Greek mythology.
Draco	η Draconis A	Athebyne
Perseus	ο Persei A	Atik
Taurus	27 Tauri Aa1	Atlas	Member of the Pleiades open star cluster (M45). Atlas was the Titan god of endurance and astronomy[20] and the father of the Pleiades sisters in Greek mythology.
Triangulum Australe	α Trianguli Australis	Atria
Carina	ε Carinae A	Avior	Designated 'Avior' by His Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office for the Royal Air Force in the 1930s.[21]
Cygnus	π¹ Cygni	Azelfafage	Variously reported as from Arabic السلحفاة‎ al-sulaḥfāh "turtle", ألطلف ألفرس‎ al-ṭīlf al-faras, "horse track", or عزلألدجاجة‎ al-ʽazal al-dajājah, "the tail of the hen" [8]:pp192-197
Eridanus	η Eridani	Azha	Originally from Arabic اشيانة‎ "nest (of the ostrich)"
Puppis	ξ Puppis	Azmidi
Ophiuchus	GJ 699	Barnard's Star	Named after the American astronomer E E Barnard, the first to measure its high proper motion.
Cetus	ζ Ceti Aa	Baten Kaitos
Eridanus	υ³ Eridani	Beemim
Eridanus	ο¹ Eridani	Beid	The name is originally from Arabic البيض‎ al-bayḍ, "the eggs".
Orion	γ Orionis	Bellatrix	Latin for "female warrior"; applied to this star in the 15th century.[22]
Orion	α Orionis Aa	Betelgeuse	Derived from Arabic إبط الجوزاء ibṭ al-jauzā’, "the axilla of Orion", or from يد الجوزاء yad al-hauzā’, "the hand of Orion".
Aries	41 Arietis Aa	Bharani
Pegasus	θ Pegasi	Biham
Aries	δ Arietis	Botein
Libra	σ Librae A	Brachium
Aquarius	ξ Aquarii	Bunda
Carina	α Carinae A	Canopus	Ptolemy's Κάνωβος, after Canopus (Kanopos, Kanobos), a pilot from Greek mythology, whose name is itself of uncertain etymology.
Auriga	α Aurigae Aa	Capella	The traditional name Capella (English: small female goat) is from Latin, and is a diminutive of the Latin Capra (English: female goat).[8]:p86
Cassiopeia	β Cassiopeiae A	Caph	* The name is originally Arabic كف‎ kaf, "palm", a residue of an old name of Cassiopeia, ' al-kaff al-khadib, "the stained hand"; also known as al-sanam al-nakah, "the camel's hump".
Gemini	α Geminorum Aa	Castor
Cassiopeia	υ² Cassiopeiae	Castula
Ophiuchus	β Ophiuchi	Cebalrai
Taurus	16 Tauri	Celaeno	Member of the Pleiades open star cluster (M45). Celaeno was one of the Pleiades sisters in Greek mythology.
Ara	μ Arae	Cervantes	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] Named after Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, the Spanish author of El Ingenioso Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha.[23]
Ursa Major	47 Ursae Majoris	Chalawan	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] Named after a mythological crocodile king from a Thai folktale.[23]
Taurus	θ² Tauri Aa	Chamukuy
Canes Venatici	β Canum Venaticorum Aa	Chara
Leo	θ Leonis	Chertan	Alternative traditional name of Chort.
Cancer	55 Cancri A	Copernicus	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign[5] in honor of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.[23]
Canes Venatici	α Canum Venaticorum Aa	Cor Caroli	Named after Charles I of England by Sir Charles Scarborough[8][24][25]
Hercules	ω Herculis A	Cujam	Traditional name, variously spelled Kajam.
Eridanus	β Eridani	Cursa	The name is originally from Arabic الكرسي‎ al-kursiy, "the chair, footstool"
Capricornus	β¹ Capricorni Aa	Dabih
Fornax	α Fornacis A	Dalim
Cygnus	α Cygni	Deneb	The name is originally from Arabic ذنب الدجاجة‎ ðanab al-dajājahh}}. In Chinese, Deneb is part of 鵲橋 "Magpie bridge" in the Qi Xi love story. Deneb is one of the vertices of the Summer Triangle.
Capricornus	δ Capricorni Aa	Deneb Algedi
Leo	β Leonis	Denebola
Coma Berenices	α Comae Berenices A	Diadem
Cetus	β Ceti	Diphda	Alternatively Deneb Kaitos.[citation needed]
Scorpius	δ Scorpii A	Dschubba
Ursa Major	α Ursae Majoris A	Dubhe
Draco	ψ¹ Draconis A	Dziban	From the traditional name of Dziban or Dsiban for ψ¹ Draconis, derived from Arabic al-dhi’ban, meaning "the two wolves" or "The two jackals".[8]:p212
Draco	ι Draconis	Edasich	Common name reviewed and adopted by the IAU Executive Committee WG Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites.[1]
Taurus	17 Tauri	Electra	Member of the Pleiades open star cluster (M45). Electra was one of the Pleiades sisters in Greek mythology.
Virgo	φ Virginis	Elgafar
Columba	θ Columbae	Elkurud
Taurus	β Tauri Aa	Elnath	Variously El Nath or Alnath, from Arabic النطح an-naṭḥ, meaning "the butting" (i.e. "the bull's horns").
Draco	γ Draconis	Eltanin	Alternative traditional name of Etamin; both originally from the Arabic constellation name التنين‎ al-tinnīn, "the great serpent". γ Dra was also one of the "Five Camels", Quinque Dromedarii, in Arabic al‑ʽawāïd.
Pegasus	ε Pegasi	Enif
Cepheus	γ Cephei Aa	Errai	Common name reviewed and adopted by the IAU Executive Committee WG Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites.[1]
Draco	42 Draconis A	Fafnir	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] Named after a Norse mythological dwarf who turned into a dragon.[23]
Scorpius	π Scorpii Aa	Fang
Cygnus	δ Cygni	Fawaris
Hydra	HD 85951	Felis
Piscis Austrinus	α Piscis Austrini A	Fomalhaut	The name is originally from Arabic فم الحوت‎ fum al-ḥawt, "mouth of the fish". To Persian astrologers this was a Royal star: Haftorang, Watcher of the South. The name was reviewed and adopted by the IAU Executive Committee WG Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites.[1]
Cassiopeia	ζ Cassiopeiae	Fulu
Pisces	β Piscium	Fumalsamakah
Canis Major	ζ Canis Majoris Aa	Furud
Scorpius	G Scorpii	Fuyue
Crux	γ Crucis	Gacrux	The name "Gacrux" is a contraction of the Bayer designation, coined by astronomer Elijah Hinsdale Burritt (1794–1838).[26][27]
Cepheus	μ Cephei	Garnet Star †	Its colour was described as "garnet" by William Herschel. Following Herschel, it was called garnet sidus by Giuseppe Piazzi
Draco	λ Draconis	Giausar	Traditional name, variously spelled Gianfar.
Corvus	γ Corvi A	Gienah	Also known as Gienah Gurab; the star ε Cygni is also traditionally known as Gienah.[citation needed]
Crux	ε Crucis	Ginan	Traditional name in the culture of the Wardaman people of the Northern territory of Australia.[28]
Canis Minor	β Canis Minoris A	Gomeisa
Scorpius	ξ Scorpii	Graffias †	Italian for "claws"; also once applied to β Scorpii.[10][8]:p367
Draco	ξ Draconis A	Grumium
Serpens	κ Serpentis	Gudja
Ophiuchus	36 Ophiuchi	Guniibuu
Centaurus	β Centauri Aa	Hadar
Auriga	η Aurigae	Haedus
Aries	α Arietis	Hamal	Traditional name (also written Hemal, Hamul, or Ras Hammel), derived from Arabic راس الحمل‎ rās al-ḥamal, "head of the ram", in turn from the name for the constellation as a whole, al ḥamal, "the ram".[8]:pp78,80
Auriga	ι Aurigae	Hassaleh
Orion	ι Orionis Aa	Hatysa
Pegasus	51 Pegasi	Helvetios	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] Latin for 'the Helvetian' and refers to the Celtic tribe that lived in Switzerland during antiquity.[23]
Virgo	ζ Virginis	Heze
Pegasus	ζ Pegasi A	Homam
Scorpius	ρ Scorpii Aa	Iklil
Crux	δ Crucis	Imai
Ursa Major	41 Lyncis	Intercrus	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] Intercrus means "between the legs" in Latin style, referring to the star's position in the constellation Ursa Major.[23]
Boötes	ε Boötis A	Izar	Originally from Arabic إزار‎ izār, "veil". In the Calendarium of Al Achsasi Al Mouakket designated منتقة ألعوع‎ mintaqah al‑‘awwa‘, translated into Latin as Cingulum Latratoris, "belt of barker". Named Pulcherrima (most beautiful) by Otto Struve.[29]
Scorpius	ν Scorpii Aa	Jabbah
Gemini	ο Geminorum	Jishui
Cetus	γ Ceti A	Kaffaljidhma
Virgo	κ Virginis	Kang
Sagittarius	ε Sagittarii A	Kaus Australis
Sagittarius	λ Sagittarii	Kaus Borealis
Sagittarius	δ Sagittarii	Kaus Media
Eridanus	40 Eridani A	Keid	The name is originally from Arabic القيض‎ al-qayḍ, "the broken egg-shells".
Virgo	λ Virginis A	Khambalia
Equuleus	α Equulei A	Kitalpha
Ursa Minor	β Ursae Minoris	Kochab
Hercules	β Herculis Aa	Kornephoros
Corvus	β Corvi	Kraz
Draco	ν Draconis	Kuma †
Cepheus	ξ Cephei Aa	Kurhah
Canes Venatici	Y Canum Venaticorum	La Superba	A modern (19th century) name, due to Angelo Secchi.
Scorpius	ε Scorpii	Larawag	Traditional name in the culture of the Wardaman people of the Northern territory of Australia.[28]
Scorpius	υ Scorpii	Lesath
Aquila	ξ Aquilae A	Libertas	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] Latin for 'liberty' ('Aquila' is Latin for 'eagle', a popular symbol of liberty).[23]
Virgo	PSR B1257+12	Lich	A neutron star and pulsar with planets. Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] A lich is a fictional undead creature known for controlling other undead creatures with magic.[23]
Aries	39 Arietis	Lilii Borea
Hercules	λ Herculis	Maasym
Auriga	θ Aurigae A	Mahasim
Taurus	20 Tauri	Maia	Member of the Pleiades open star cluster (M45). Maia was one of the Pleiades sisters in Greek mythology.
Cassiopeia	θ Cassiopeiae	Marfark †	The name is originally from Arabic المرفق‎ al-mirfaq, "the elbow"[citation needed]
Ophiuchus	λ Ophiuchi A	Marfik
Pegasus	α Pegasi	Markab
Vela	κ Velorum	Markeb
Hercules	κ Herculis A	Marsic
Pegasus	η Pegasi Aa	Matar
Gemini	ε Geminorum	Mebsuta
Ursa Major	δ Ursae Majoris	Megrez
Orion	λ Orionis A	Meissa	Traditional name deriving from Arabic al-maisan, "The Shining One".
Gemini	ζ Geminorum Aa	Mekbuda
Cancer	ε Cancri Aa	Meleph
Auriga	β Aurigae Aa	Menkalinan
Cetus	α Ceti	Menkar	Derived from Arabic منخر manḥar, "nostril", or al‑minhar, "nose" (of Cetus).[30][8]:p162
Centaurus	θ Centauri	Menkent
Perseus	ξ Persei	Menkib
Ursa Major	β Ursae Majoris	Merak
Boötes	38 Boötis	Merga
Corona Australis	α Coronae Australis	Meridiana
Taurus	23 Tauri Aa	Merope	Member of the Pleiades open star cluster (M45). Merope was one of the Pleiades sisters in Greek mythology.
Aries	γ² Arietis A	Mesarthim
Carina	β Carinae	Miaplacidus
Crux	β Crucis	Mimosa	Also bore the alternative historical name Becrux, a modern contraction of the Bayer designation.[31]
Hydra	σ Hydrae	Minchir
Virgo	δ Virginis	Minelauva	alternately spelled Minelava
Orion	δ Orionis Aa	Mintaka	Right-most star in the belt of Orion. The name Mintaka itself is derived from Arabic منطقة manṭaqah, "belt".[8]:pp314-315
Cetus	ο Ceti Aa	Mira	Latin for "wonderful" or "astonishing"; named by Johannes Hevelius in his Historiola Mirae Stellae (1662).
Andromeda	β Andromedae	Mirach
Perseus	η Persei A	Miram
Perseus	α Persei	Mirfak
Canis Major	β Canis Majoris	Mirzam
Perseus	κ Persei Aa	Misam
Ursa Major	ζ Ursae Majoris Aa	Mizar	The name is originally from Arabic المئزر‎ al-miʾzar, "apron, waistband, girdle". 禄 Lù "Status", one of the "Three Stars" in Chinese mythology, the Lu star is believed to be Zhang Xian, who lived during the Later Shu dynasty. The word lu specifically refers to the salary of a government official. As such, the Lu star is the star of prosperity, rank, and influence.
Triangulum	α Trianguli	Mothallah
Canis Major	γ Canis Majoris	Muliphein
Boötes	η Boötis Aa	Muphrid	Alternative traditional spelling of "Mufrid".
Ursa Major	ο Ursae Majoris A	Muscida
Delphinus	18 Delphini	Musica	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] Latin for 'music' (the ancient Greek musician Arion's life was saved at sea by dolphins (Latin: 'delphinus') after attracting their attention by playing his kithara.[23]
Cancer	ξ Cancri	Nahn
Puppis	ζ Puppis	Naos
Capricornus	γ Capricorni A	Nashira
Cassiopeia	γ Cassiopeia	Navi †	"Navi" is a modern name, due to Gus Grissom (his middle name "Ivan" spelled backward). In Chinese astronomy, it is known as 策 cè "the whip".
Boötes	β Boötis	Nekkar
Andromeda	51 Andromedae	Nembus
Lepus	β Leporis A	Nihal
Sagittarius	σ Sagittarii Aa	Nunki
Corona Borealis	β Coronae Borealis A	Nusakan
Hercules	HD 149026	Ogma	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] Named after Ogma, a deity in Celtic mythology.[23]
Aquila	ζ Aquilae	Okab
Scorpius	τ Scorpii	Paikauhale
Pavo	α Pavonis Aa	Peacock	Designated "Peacock" (after the constellation) by His Majesty's Nautical Almanac Office for the Royal Air Force in the 1930s.[21]
Columba	α Columbae	Phact
Ursa Major	γ Ursae Majoris Aa	Phecda	Alternative traditional names Phekda or Phad.
Ursa Minor	γ Ursae Minoris	Pherkad
Cancer	λ Cancri A	Piautos
Scorpius	μ² Scorpii A	Pipirima
Taurus	28 Tauri Aa	Pleione	Member of the Pleiades open star cluster (M45). Pleione was the mother of the Pleiades sisters in Greek mythology.
Ursa Minor	α Ursae Minoris	Polaris	Became known as stella polaris ("polar star") during the Renaissance.[32] see polar star for other names based on its position close to the celestial pole. Arabic القطب الشمالي‎ al-quṭb al-shamāliyy, "the northern axle".[citation needed]
Octans	σ Octantis Aa	Polaris Australis	see South Star
Sagittarius	μ Sagittarii Aa	Polis
Gemini	β Geminorum	Pollux
Virgo	γ Virginis A	Porrima
Leo Minor	46 Leonis Minoris	Praecipua
Taurus	γ Tauri A	Prima Hyadum
Canis Minor	α Canis Minoris A	Procyon	Greek προκύον "preceding the Dog (viz. Sirius)"; Latinized as Antecanis.
Gemini	η Geminorum A	Propus
Centaurus	α Centauri C	Proxima Centauri
Eridanus	ε Eridani	Ran	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] Named after the Norse goddess of the sea.[23]
Eridanus	δ Eridani	Rana †
Leo	μ Leonis	Rasalas
Hercules	α¹ Herculis Aa	Rasalgethi	also Ras Algethi.
Ophiuchus	α Ophiuchi A	Rasalhague	also Ras Alhgue.
Draco	β Draconis A	Rastaban
Vela	γ Velorum	Regor †[citation needed]	Also known as Suhail and Suhail al Muhlif, which also apply to lambda Velorum[citation needed]
Leo	α Leonis A	Regulus	Latin for "prince" or "little king". Regulus was known to Persian astrologers as the Royal Star Venant, Watcher of the North.
Pisces	ζ Piscium A	Revati
Orion	β Orionis A	Rigel	Traditional name first recorded in the Alfonsine Tables of 1252 and derived from the Arabic name rijl jauzah al uusrā, "the left leg (foot) of Jauzah" (rijl meaning "leg, foot").[8]:pp312-313
Centaurus	α Centauri A	Rigil Kentaurus	The name is originally from Arabic رجل قنطورس‎ rijl qantūriš, "foot of the centaur".
Delphinus	β Delphini A	Rotanev
Cassiopeia	δ Cassiopeiae Aa	Ruchbah	Derived from Arabic ركبة rukbah, "knee".[33] Alternative historical name Ksora appeared in a 1951 publication, Atlas Coeli (Skalnate Pleso Atlas of the Heavens) by Czech astronomer Antonín Bečvář; Professor Paul Kunitzch has been unable to find any clues as to the origin of the name.[34]
Sagittarius	α Sagittarii	Rukbat
Ophiuchus	η Ophiuchi A	Sabik
Auriga	ζ Aurigae A	Saclateni
Aquarius	γ Aquarii Aa	Sadachbia
Pegasus	μ Pegasi	Sadalbari
Aquarius	α Aquarii A	Sadalmelik
Aquarius	β Aquarii A	Sadalsuud
Cygnus	γ Cygni A	Sadr
Orion	κ Orionis	Saiph	Traditional name from Arabic سیف الجبّار sayf al-jabbār, literally sword of the giant.[35]
Pegasus	τ Pegasi	Salm
Scorpius	θ Scorpii A	Sargas
Hercules	δ Herculis Aa	Sarin
Ursa Major	θ Ursae Majoris	Sarir †	[citation needed]
Eridanus	53 Eridani A	Sceptrum	Formerly "p Sceptri", in the constellation of Sceptrum Brandenburgicum
Pegasus	β Pegasi	Scheat
Cassiopeia	α Cassiopeiae	Schedar	Also traditionally bore the name Schedir; both originally from Arabic صدر‎ ṣadr, "breast"; also ألضاة ألكرسي‎ al-ḍāh al-kursiyy, "the lady in the chair (Ulugh Beg)", whence Dath Elkarti (Riccoli 1651).
Taurus	δ¹ Tauri Aa	Secunda Hyadum
Cassiopeia	ε Cassiopeia	Segin	Probably originates from an erroneous transcription of Seginus, the traditional name for γ Boötis, which itself is of uncertain origin.[36]
Boötes	γ Boötis Aa	Seginus	Of uncertain origin.[36]
Sagitta	α Sagittae	Sham
Scorpius	λ Scorpii Aa	Shaula
Lyra	β Lyrae Aa1	Sheliak
Aries	β Arietis A	Sheratan
Canis Major	α Canis Majoris A	Sirius	Greek Σείριος "the scorcher"; in Egyptian Sopdet, rendered in Greek as Σῶθις. As the brightest star in the sky, Sirius has proper names in numerous cultures, including Polynesian (Maori Takurua; Hawaiian Ka'ulua, "Queen of Heaven", among others). Also known as the Dog Star.
Aquarius	κ Aquarii A	Situla
Aquarius	δ Aquarii A	Skat
Virgo	α Virginis Aa	Spica	Other traditional names are Azimech, from Arabic السماك الأعزل al-simāk al-a‘zal, "the undefended", and Alarph, Arabic for "the grape gatherer"; in Indian astronomy known as Chitra "the bright one".
Delphinus	α Delphini Aa	Sualocin
Leo	ο Leonis Aa	Subra
Vela	λ Velorum	Suhail	Traditionally, this name also applied to gamma Velorum, also known as Regor.
Lyra	γ Lyrae	Sulafat
Virgo	ι Virginis	Syrma
Orion	π³ Orionis	Tabit
Ursa Major	χ Ursae Majoris	Taiyangshou
Draco	8 Draconis	Taiyi
Ursa Major	ι Ursae Majoris Aa	Talitha	or Talitha Borealis, as Talitha originally referred to κ UMa and ι UMa together[citation needed]
Ursa Major	μ Ursae Majoris A	Tania Australis
Ursa Major	λ Ursae Majoris A	Tania Borealis
Aquila	γ Aquilae	Tarazed	Alternative traditional spelling of Tarazet
Cancer	β Cancri	Tarf
Taurus	19 Tauri Aa	Taygeta	Member of the Pleiades open star cluster (M45). Taygete was one of the Pleiades sisters in Greek mythology.
Cancer	ζ¹ Cancri A	Tegmine	Alternative traditional name of Tegmen.
Gemini	μ Geminorum Aa	Tejat	Traditional name, also called Tejat Posterior.
Sagittarius	ω Sagittarii A	Terebellum	From Ptolemy's τετράπλευρον, a quadrangle of stars of which ω Sag is the brightest[citation needed]
Orion	υ Orionis	Thabit †
Eridanus	υ² Eridani	Theemin	Also written as Theemim or Beemin.
Draco	α Draconis A	Thuban
Grus	β Gruis	Tiaki
Taurus	ζ Tauri A	Tianguan	In Chinese 天關 (Tiānguān, English: Celestial Gate). Also reported as Shurnarkabti-sha-shūtū, from Babylonian "the star in the bull towards the south" or "the southern star towards the chariot".[8]:p391
Draco	7 Draconis	Tianyi
Andromeda	υ Andromedae A	Titawin	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] Named after the settlement in northern Morocco and UNESCO World Heritage Site now known as the medina (old town) of Tétouan.[23]
Centaurus	α Centauri B	Toliman
Camelopardalis	HD 104985	Tonatiuh	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] Named after the Aztec god of the Sun.[23]
Pisces	ο Piscium A	Torcular
Puppis	ρ Puppis A	Tureis
Hydra	ι Hydrae	Ukdah
Serpens	α Serpentis	Unukalhai	Arabic عنق الحيّة ‘unuq al-ḥayyati, "the Serpent's Neck", in Latin Cor Serpentis, "Heart of the Serpent".
Canis Major	σ Canis Majoris	Unurgunite
Lyra	α Lyrae	Vega	The name is originally from Arabic an-nasr al-wāqi‘, "the alighting vulture", also translated as vulture cadens (see also Aetos Dios, Stymphalian birds). As the second brightest star in the northern sky, Vega has names in numerous cultures. In Chinese it is known as 織女 "weaving girl" from the Qi Xi love story. Vega is one of the vertices of the Summer Triangle.
Andromeda	14 Andromedae A	Veritate	Name adopted by the IAU following the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign.[5] Latin for 'where there is truth'.[23]
Virgo	ε Virginis	Vindemiatrix	Vindemiatrix is Latin for "grape gatherer"
Gemini	δ Geminorum Aa	Wasat
Columba	β Columbae	Wazn
Canis Major	δ Canis Majoris Aa	Wezen
Phoenix	ζ Phoenicis Aa	Wurren	Traditional name in the culture of the Wardaman people of the Northern territory of Australia.[28]
Scorpius	μ¹ Scorpii Aa	Xamidimura
Boötes	λ Boötis	Xuange
Ophiuchus	ε Ophiuchi	Yed Posterior
Ophiuchus	δ Ophiuchi	Yed Prior
Ursa Minor	δ Ursae Minoris	Yildun
Virgo	η Virginis Aa	Zaniah
Eridanus	γ Eridani	Zaurak	Traditional name, alternatively spelled Zaurac; originally from Arabic زورق‎ zawraq, "boat".[8]:p218
Virgo	β Virginis	Zavijava	also known as Alaraph[citation needed]
Hydra	υ¹ Hydrae A	Zhang
Eridanus	ζ Eridani Aa	Zibal
Leo	δ Leonis	Zosma
Libra	α² Librae Aa	Zubenelgenubi	also Lanx Australis[citation needed], Zubeneschamali[citation needed]
Libra	γ Librae A	Zubenelhakrabi
Libra	β Librae	Zubeneschamali

Freemasonry

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Freemasonry

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Washington as a Freemason / Strobridge & Gerlach lithographers, Pike's Opera House, Cincinnati, O.

The Order of Ancient, Free, and Accepted Masons was first established in London in 1717. Despite tracing their historical roots to the first mason of the Temple of Solomon, the masons of the eighteenth century had little to do with the profession of architecture or masonry. Founded for the purpose of gathering political, cultural, and intellectual elites within a single fraternity, freemasonry evolved into a prominent organization in the eighteenth century and made its way to Britain's American colonies sometime shortly thereafter.¹ The all-male organization had rich connections to the British Enlightenment, as its associated chapters, or lodges, became famous for closed meetings that included many of the most prominent thinkers in the British Atlantic world. Although American elites initially joined the Freemasons with the intention of mimicking English genteel behavior, the organization ultimately contributed to the development of the American Revolution. During the revolutionary era, masons of note included George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee, and John Hancock. These men and other leading revolutionaries used masonic lodges as gathering places to discuss the relevant issues of the day, network with likeminded individuals, and plan resistance against unpopular British policies.²
Washington entered the Order of the Freemasons in October 1752 at the age of 20. Upon joining the Fredericksburg Lodge No. 4 in Fredericksburg, Virginia, Washington became a member alongside a number of influential Virginians, including the militia officers Hugh Mercer, George Weedon, and Thomas Posey. Many of Washington’s brothers in the Fredericksburg Lodge later served beside him in the Continental Army.³
Beginning in 1782 and continuing through the remainder of his life, Washington kept an active correspondence with various other Masonic lodges and brothers. On August 10, 1782, for example, Washington happily received a Masonic apron as a gift from the firm of Watson and Cassoul.⁴ Washington responded with a note of gracious thanks, writing, "For your affectionate Vows, permit me to be grateful and offer mine for true Brothers in all parts of the world."⁵
In 1783, at the close of the Revolutionary War, a masonic lodge in Alexandria, Virginia was chartered. The new lodge asked General Washington to be its first Master. Washington, in support of the organization and its proximity to his home at Mount Vernon, accepted the position and became Master of the newly formed Alexandria Lodge No. 22.⁶
After the war, freemasonry remained important to Washington, as evidenced by its prominent role in his first presidential inauguration on April 30, 1789. In taking the oath of office, Washington used the Bible of the St. John's Masonic Lodge No. 1 of New York. Robert Livingston, the Chancellor of New York and a prominent mason, administered the oath.⁷
In 1794, Washington agreed to sit for a portrait commissioned by his Alexandria Lodge No. 22 for specific use by his fellow Freemasons. Joseph Williams painted the portrait of Washington dressed in full Masonic regalia. In 1805, the lodge renamed itself the Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22 in honor of the late president.
The Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22 bought a plot of land in Alexandria in 1909 for the purpose of creating a memorial to Washington as a Freemason. In recognition of Freemasonry's connection to the architectural professions, the lodge chose a design similar to the Lighthouse at Alexandria, Egypt, one of the original Seven Wonders of the World.⁸ The George Washington Masonic Memorial houses the Masonic painting of George Washington as well as the Masonic apron that was the subject of his 1782 letter. Today, the Alexandria-Washington Lodge No. 22 holds its meetings at the memorial while welcoming visitors and other organizations in the city of Alexandria to use the ornate space.

Alexander Immekus
George Washington University

Notes:
1. William Moseley Brown, Freemasonry in Virginia (Richmond: Masonic Home Press, 1936), 1.
2. Stephen C. Bullock, The Revolutionary Transformation of American Freemasonry (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 349.
3. Charles H. Callahan, Washington the Man and the Mason (Washington: National Publishing Co., 1913).
4. Washington's Masonic Correspondence as Found Among the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress, ed. Julius Friedrich Sachse (Philadelphia: Press of the New Era Printing Company, 1915), 22.
5. Ibid., 23.
6. Callahan, 268.
7. Ibid., 270.
8. Ibid., 272.

Freemasonry

secret organization

Written By:

• The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

See Article History

Alternative Titles: Free and Accepted Masons, Freemasonry

Freemasonry, the teachings and practices of the secret fraternal (men-only) order of Free and Accepted Masons, the largest worldwide secret society. Spread by the advance of the British Empire, Freemasonry remains most popular in the British Isles and in other countries originally within the empire. Estimates of the worldwide membership of Freemasonry in the early 21st century ranged from about two million to more than six million.
Freemasonry evolved from the guilds of stonemasons and cathedral builders of the Middle Ages. With the decline of cathedral building, some lodges of operative (working) masons began to accept honorary members to bolster their declining membership. From a few of these lodges developed modern symbolic or speculative Freemasonry, which particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries adopted the rites and trappings of ancient religious orders and of chivalric brotherhoods. In 1717 the first Grand Lodge, an association of lodges, was founded in England.

FreemasonsA group of Freemasons in ceremonial dress, 1902.Rare Book and Special Collections Division/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Freemasonry has, almost from its inception, encountered considerable opposition from organized religion, especially from the Roman Catholic Church, and from various states. Freemasonry is not a Christian institution, though it has often been mistaken for such. Freemasonry contains many of the elements of a religion; its teachings enjoin morality, charity, and obedience to the law of the land. In most traditions, the applicant for admission is required to be an adult male, and all applicants must also believe in the existence of a Supreme Being and in the immortality of the soul. In practice, some lodges have been charged with prejudice against Jews, Catholics, and nonwhites. Generally, Freemasonry in Latin countries has attracted those who question religious dogma or who oppose the clergy (see anticlericalism), whereas in the Anglo-Saxon countries the membership is drawn largely from among white Protestants. The modern French tradition, founded in the 19th century and known as Co-Freemasonry or Le Droit Humain, admits both women and men.
In most lodges in most countries, Freemasons are divided into three major degrees—entered apprentice, fellow of the craft, and master mason. In many lodges there are numerous degrees—sometimes as many as a thousand—superimposed on the three major divisions; these organizational features are not uniform from country to country.
In addition to the main bodies of Freemasonry derived from the British tradition, there are also a number of appendant groups that are primarily social or recreational in character, having no official standing in Freemasonry but drawing their membership from the higher degrees of the society. They are especially prevalent in the United States. Among those known for their charitable work are the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (the “Shriners”). In Britain and certain other countries there are separate lodges restricted to women. In addition, female relatives of master masons may join the Order of the Eastern Star, which is open to both women and men; boys may join the Order of DeMolay or the Order of the Builders; and girls may join the Order of Job’s Daughters or the Order of the Rainbow. English Masons are forbidden to affiliate with any of the recreational organizations or quasi-Masonic societies, on pain of suspension.