Axis is a component of the basis of mathematics on the found: Three, Six and Nine: Tesla, Nikola.
"Nikola Tesla was obsessed with numbers, but especially 3, 6 and 9. ... The Golden ratio
in Mathematics is a special number found by dividing a line into two
parts such that the longer part divided by the smaller part is also
equal to the whole length divided by the longer part.Sep 29, 2019" at https://www.buggedspace.com/tesla-3-6-9-theory-and-why-he-called-it-key-to-universe/ see below.
The conjunction in aspect is to comprehend the universe at a grounded level. To basis the numbering system brings in only the 'Fibonacci' as code to identify the simple in the "Complex (as in Apartment)", this is the magic. Probably as in problem to problematic, to bring number to word, bracket to quote and significant (MC2) to paragraph as in fulfilling (Appetite) as this may involve Pi (3.141) for further conjecture it is important to involve evolve as resolution, picture, no more math, just pixel!
The Sunset to the morning rise is to understand the world is round. The high noon is the three point reference to what is "Three". As we sleep the word is still on axis involving the same cycle at berth to ratio again referring the three. To the "six" and "nine"; the ability to add.
Interestingly the differential is to understand that I have used the Moon as the mathematical constant for this equation. A real kicker not a stand, therefore/therefrom(?) not withstanding nor withholding can move to the constant as in Pi (MC2 blog post referenced).
Nikola Tesla 3 6 9 Theory — Why he called it Key to Universe?
Nikola Tesla
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Nikola Tesla (; Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Тесла;[2] pronounced [nǐkola têsla];[a] 10 July 1856 – 7 January 1943) was a Serbian-American[6][7] inventor, electrical engineer, mechanical engineer, and futurist best known for his contributions to the design of the modern alternating current (AC) electricity supply system.[8]
Born and raised in the Austrian Empire,
Tesla studied engineering and physics in the 1870s without receiving a
degree, gaining practical experience in the early 1880s working in telephony and at Continental Edison in the new electric power industry. In 1884 he emigrated to the United States, where he became a naturalized citizen. He worked for a short time at the Edison Machine Works
in New York City before he struck out on his own. With the help of
partners to finance and market his ideas, Tesla set up laboratories and
companies in New York to develop a range of electrical and mechanical
devices. His alternating current (AC) induction motor and related polyphase AC patents, licensed by Westinghouse Electric
in 1888, earned him a considerable amount of money and became the
cornerstone of the polyphase system which that company eventually
marketed.
Attempting to develop inventions he could patent and market,
Tesla conducted a range of experiments with mechanical
oscillators/generators, electrical discharge tubes, and early X-ray
imaging. He also built a wireless-controlled boat, one of the first-ever
exhibited. Tesla became well known as an inventor and demonstrated his
achievements to celebrities and wealthy patrons at his lab, and was
noted for his showmanship at public lectures. Throughout the 1890s,
Tesla pursued his ideas for wireless lighting and worldwide wireless
electric power distribution in his high-voltage, high-frequency power
experiments in New York and Colorado Springs. In 1893, he made pronouncements on the possibility of wireless communication with his devices. Tesla tried to put these ideas to practical use in his unfinished Wardenclyffe Tower project, an intercontinental wireless communication and power transmitter but ran out of funding before he could complete it.[9]
After Wardenclyffe, Tesla experimented with a series of
inventions in the 1910s and 1920s with varying degrees of success.
Having spent most of his money, Tesla lived in a series of New York
hotels, leaving behind unpaid bills. He died in New York City in January
1943.[10] Tesla's work fell into relative obscurity following his death, until 1960, when the General Conference on Weights and Measures named the SI unit of magnetic flux density the tesla in his honor.[11] There has been a resurgence in popular interest in Tesla since the 1990s.[12]
Early years
Rebuilt, Tesla's house (parish hall) in
Smiljan, now in
Croatia, region of
Lika, where he was born, and the rebuilt church, where his father served. During the
Yugoslav Wars, several of the buildings were severely damaged by fire. They were restored and reopened in 2006.
[13]Tesla's baptismal record, 28 June 1856
Nikola Tesla was born an ethnic Serb in the village of Smiljan, within the Military Frontier, in the Austrian Empire (present day Croatia), on 10 July [O.S. 28 June] 1856. His father, Milutin Tesla (1819–1879), was an Eastern Orthodox priest.[18][19][20] Tesla's mother, Đuka Mandić (1822–1892), whose father was also an Orthodox priest, had a talent for making home craft tools and mechanical appliances and the ability to memorize Serbian epic poems. Đuka had never received a formal education. Tesla credited his eidetic memory and creative abilities to his mother's genetics and influence. Tesla's progenitors were from western Serbia, near Montenegro.
Tesla was the fourth of five children. He had three sisters,
Milka, Angelina, and Marica, and an older brother named Dane, who was
killed in a horse riding accident when Tesla was aged five. In 1861, Tesla attended primary school in Smiljan where he studied German, arithmetic, and religion.[26] In 1862, the Tesla family moved to the nearby Gospić, where Tesla's father worked as parish priest. Nikola completed primary school, followed by middle school.[26] In 1870, Tesla moved to Karlovac[27] to attend high school at the Higher Real Gymnasium where the classes were held in German, as it was usual throughout schools within the Austro-Hungarian Military Frontier.[28]
Tesla later wrote that he became interested in demonstrations of electricity by his physics professor.[29] Tesla noted that these demonstrations of this "mysterious phenomena" made him want "to know more of this wonderful force". Tesla was able to perform integral calculus in his head, which prompted his teachers to believe that he was cheating.[31] He finished a four-year term in three years, graduating in 1873.
In 1873, Tesla returned to Smiljan. Shortly after he arrived, he contracted cholera,
was bedridden for nine months and was near death multiple times. In a
moment of despair, Tesla's father (who had originally wanted him to
enter the priesthood),[33] promised to send him to the best engineering school if he recovered from the illness.[26][27]
In 1874, Tesla evaded conscription into the Austro-Hungarian Army in Smiljan by running away southeast of Lika to Tomingaj, near Gračac.
There he explored the mountains wearing hunter's garb. Tesla said that
this contact with nature made him stronger, both physically and
mentally.[26] He read many books while in Tomingaj and later said that Mark Twain's works had helped him to miraculously recover from his earlier illness.[27]
In 1875, Tesla enrolled at the Imperial-Royal Technical College in Graz
on a Military Frontier scholarship. During his first year, Tesla never
missed a lecture, earned the highest grades possible, passed nine exams[26][27] (nearly twice as many as required), started a Serb cultural club,[26]
and even received a letter of commendation from the dean of the
technical faculty to his father, which stated, "Your son is a star of
first rank." Tesla wrote in his autobiography that he disagreed with his professor, Jakob Pöschl, over his idea of removing the commutators from the Gramme dynamo to prevent sparking.[36]
Tesla claimed that he worked from 3 a.m. to 11 p.m., no Sundays or holidays excepted.[27] He was "mortified when [his] father made light of [those] hard won honors." After his father's death in 1879,
Tesla found a package of letters from his professors to his father,
warning that unless he were removed from the school, Tesla would die
through overwork. At the end of his second year, Tesla lost his
scholarship and became addicted to gambling.[26][27]
During his third year, Tesla gambled away his allowance and his tuition
money, later gambling back his initial losses and returning the balance
to his family. Tesla said that he "conquered [his] passion then and
there," but later in the United States, he was again known to play billiards.
When examination time came, Tesla was unprepared and asked for an
extension to study, but was denied. He did not receive grades for the
last semester of the third year and he never graduated from college.
In December 1878, Tesla left Graz and severed all relations with his family to hide the fact that he dropped out of college. His friends thought that he had drowned in the nearby Mur River. Tesla moved to Maribor, where he worked as a draftsman for 60 florins per month. He spent his spare time playing cards with local men on the streets.
In March 1879, Tesla's father went to Maribor to beg his son to return home, but he refused.[26] Nikola suffered a nervous breakdown around the same time. On 24 March 1879, Tesla was returned to Gospić under police guard for not having a residence permit.
On 17 April 1879, Milutin Tesla died at the age of 60 after contracting an unspecified illness.[26] Some sources say that he died of a stroke.[38] During that year, Tesla taught a large class of students in his old school in Gospić.[26]
In January 1880, two of Tesla's uncles put together enough money to help him leave Gospić for Prague, where he was to study. He arrived too late to enroll at Charles-Ferdinand University; he had never studied Greek, a required subject; and he was illiterate in Czech,
another required subject. Tesla did, however, attend lectures in
philosophy at the university as an auditor but he did not receive grades
for the courses.[26][39][40]
Working at Budapest Telephone Exchange
In 1881, Tesla moved to Budapest, Hungary, to work under Tivadar Puskás at a telegraph
company, the Budapest Telephone Exchange. Upon arrival, Tesla realized
that the company, then under construction, was not functional, so he
worked as a draftsman in the Central Telegraph Office instead. Within a
few months, the Budapest Telephone Exchange became functional, and Tesla
was allocated the chief electrician position.[26] During his employment, Tesla made many improvements to the Central Station equipment and claimed to have perfected a telephone repeater or amplifier, which was never patented nor publicly described.[27]
Working at Edison
In 1882, Tivadar Puskás got Tesla another job in Paris with the Continental Edison Company.[41]
Tesla began working in what was then a brand new industry, installing
indoor incandescent lighting citywide in the form of electric power utility. The company had several subdivisions and Tesla worked at the Société Electrique Edison, the division in the Ivry-sur-Seine
suburb of Paris in charge of installing the lighting system. There he
gained a great deal of practical experience in electrical engineering.
Management took notice of his advanced knowledge in engineering and
physics and soon had him designing and building improved versions of
generating dynamos and motors. They also sent him on to troubleshoot engineering problems at other Edison utilities being built around France and in Germany.
Move to the United States
Edison
Machine Works on Goerck Street, New York. Tesla found the change from
cosmopolitan Europe to working at this shop, located amongst the
tenements on Manhattan's lower east side, a "painful surprise".
In 1884, Edison manager Charles Batchelor, who had been overseeing the Paris installation, was brought back to the United States to manage the Edison Machine Works, a manufacturing division situated in New York City, and asked that Tesla be brought to the United States as well. In June 1884, Tesla emigrated and began working almost immediately at the Machine Works on Manhattan's Lower East Side,
an overcrowded shop with a workforce of several hundred machinists,
laborers, managing staff, and 20 "field engineers" struggling with the
task of building the large electric utility in that city.[46] As in Paris, Tesla was working on troubleshooting installations and improving generators.[47] Historian W. Bernard Carlson notes Tesla may have met company founder Thomas Edison only a couple of times.[46] One of those times was noted in Tesla's autobiography where, after staying up all night repairing the damaged dynamos on the ocean liner SS Oregon,
he ran into Batchelor and Edison, who made a quip about their
"Parisian" being out all night. After Tesla told them he had been up all
night fixing the Oregon Edison commented to Batchelor that "this is a damned good man". One of the projects given to Tesla was to develop an arc lamp-based street lighting system.[49]
Arc lighting was the most popular type of street lighting but it
required high voltages and was incompatible with the Edison low-voltage
incandescent system, causing the company to lose contracts in some
cities. Tesla's designs were never put into production, possibly because
of technical improvements in incandescent street lighting or because of
an installation deal that Edison made with an arc lighting company.
Tesla had been working at the Machine Works for a total of six months when he quit.[46]
What event precipitated his leaving is unclear. It may have been over a
bonus he did not receive, either for redesigning generators or for the
arc lighting system that was shelved. Tesla had previous run-ins with the Edison company over unpaid bonuses he believed he had earned.
In his autobiography, Tesla stated the manager of the Edison Machine
Works offered a $50,000 bonus to design "twenty-four different types of
standard machines" "but it turned out to be a practical joke".[53]
Later versions of this story have Thomas Edison himself offering and
then reneging on the deal, quipping "Tesla, you don't understand our
American humor".[55] The size of the bonus in either story has been noted as odd since Machine Works manager Batchelor was stingy with pay[56] and the company did not have that amount of cash (equivalent to $12 million today[when?]) on hand.
Tesla's diary contains just one comment on what happened at the end of
his employment, a note he scrawled across the two pages covering 7
December 1884, to 4 January 1885, saying "Good by to the Edison Machine
Works".[49]
Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing
Soon after leaving the Edison company, Tesla was working on patenting an arc lighting system, possibly the same one he had developed at Edison.[46]
In March 1885, he met with patent attorney Lemuel W. Serrell, the same
attorney used by Edison, to obtain help with submitting the patents.
Serrell introduced Tesla to two businessmen, Robert Lane and Benjamin
Vail, who agreed to finance an arc lighting manufacturing and utility
company in Tesla's name, the Tesla Electric Light & Manufacturing.
Tesla worked for the rest of the year obtaining the patents that
included an improved DC generator, the first patents issued to Tesla in
the US, and building and installing the system in Rahway, New Jersey. Tesla's new system gained notice in the technical press, which commented on its advanced features.
The investors showed little interest in Tesla's ideas for new types of alternating current
motors and electrical transmission equipment. After the utility was up
and running in 1886, they decided that the manufacturing side of the
business was too competitive and opted to simply run an electric
utility. They formed a new utility company, abandoning Tesla's company and leaving the inventor penniless. Tesla even lost control of the patents he had generated, since he had assigned them to the company in exchange for stock.
He had to work at various electrical repair jobs and as a ditch digger
for $2 per day. Later in life Tesla recounted that part of 1886 as a
time of hardship, writing "My high education in various branches of
science, mechanics and literature seemed to me like a mockery".[64]
AC and the induction motor
Drawing from
U.S. Patent 381,968, illustrating the principle of Tesla's alternating current induction motor
In late 1886, Tesla met Alfred S. Brown, a Western Union superintendent, and New York attorney Charles Fletcher Peck.[65] The two men were experienced in setting up companies and promoting inventions and patents for financial gain. Based on Tesla's new ideas for electrical equipment, including a thermo-magnetic motor idea,
they agreed to back the inventor financially and handle his patents.
Together they formed the Tesla Electric Company in April 1887, with an
agreement that profits from generated patents would go ⅓ to Tesla, ⅓ to
Peck and Brown, and ⅓ to fund development.
They set up a laboratory for Tesla at 89 Liberty Street in Manhattan,
where he worked on improving and developing new types of electric
motors, generators, and other devices.
In 1887, Tesla developed an induction motor that ran on alternating current
(AC), a power system format that was rapidly expanding in Europe and
the United States because of its advantages in long-distance, high-voltage transmission. The motor used polyphase current, which generated a rotating magnetic field to turn the motor (a principle that Tesla claimed to have conceived in 1882).[68][69][70] This innovative electric motor, patented in May 1888, was a simple self-starting design that did not need a commutator, thus avoiding sparking and the high maintenance of constantly servicing and replacing mechanical brushes.[72]
Along with getting the motor patented, Peck and Brown arranged to
get the motor publicized, starting with independent testing to verify
it was a functional improvement, followed by press releases sent to
technical publications for articles to run concurrent with the issue of
the patent. Physicist William Arnold Anthony (who tested the motor) and Electrical World magazine editor Thomas Commerford Martin arranged for Tesla to demonstrate his AC motor on 16 May 1888 at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers.[74] Engineers working for the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company reported to George Westinghouse
that Tesla had a viable AC motor and related power system—something
Westinghouse needed for the alternating current system he was already
marketing. Westinghouse looked into getting a patent on a similar
commutator-less, rotating magnetic field-based induction motor developed
in 1885 and presented in a paper in March 1888 by Italian physicist Galileo Ferraris, but decided that Tesla's patent would probably control the market.
In July 1888, Brown and Peck negotiated a licensing deal with George
Westinghouse for Tesla's polyphase induction motor and transformer
designs for $60,000 in cash and stock and a royalty of $2.50 per AC
horsepower produced by each motor. Westinghouse also hired Tesla for one
year for the large fee of $2,000 ($56,900 in today's dollars[77]) per month to be a consultant at the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company's Pittsburgh labs.
During that year, Tesla worked in Pittsburgh, helping to create
an alternating current system to power the city's streetcars. He found
it a frustrating period because of conflicts with the other Westinghouse
engineers over how best to implement AC power. Between them, they
settled on a 60-cycle AC system that Tesla proposed (to match the
working frequency of Tesla's motor), but they soon found that it would
not work for streetcars, since Tesla's induction motor could run only at
a constant speed. They ended up using a DC traction motor instead.[79][80]
Market turmoil
Tesla's demonstration of his induction motor and Westinghouse's
subsequent licensing of the patent, both in 1888, came at the time of
extreme competition between electric companies.[81][82] The three big firms, Westinghouse, Edison, and Thomson-Houston, were trying to grow in a capital-intensive business while financially undercutting each other. There was even a "war of currents" propaganda campaign going on with Edison Electric trying to claim their direct current system was better and safer than the Westinghouse alternating current system.[83]
Competing in this market meant Westinghouse would not have the cash or
engineering resources to develop Tesla's motor and the related polyphase
system right away.[85]
Two years after signing the Tesla contract, Westinghouse Electric was in trouble. The near collapse of Barings Bank in London triggered the financial panic of 1890, causing investors to call in their loans to Westinghouse Electric.
The sudden cash shortage forced the company to refinance its debts. The
new lenders demanded that Westinghouse cut back on what looked like
excessive spending on acquisition of other companies, research, and
patents, including the per motor royalty in the Tesla contract. At that point, the Tesla induction motor had been unsuccessful and was stuck in development.[85] Westinghouse was paying a $15,000-a-year guaranteed royalty[89] even though operating examples of the motor were rare and polyphase power systems needed to run it was even rarer.
In early 1891, George Westinghouse explained his financial difficulties
to Tesla in stark terms, saying that, if he did not meet the demands of
his lenders, he would no longer be in control of Westinghouse Electric
and Tesla would have to "deal with the bankers" to try to collect future
royalties.
The advantages of having Westinghouse continue to champion the motor
probably seemed obvious to Tesla and he agreed to release the company
from the royalty payment clause in the contract. Six years later Westinghouse purchased Tesla's patent for a lump sum payment of $216,000 as part of a patent-sharing agreement signed with General Electric (a company created from the 1892 merger of Edison and Thomson-Houston).[93][94]
New York laboratories
Mark Twain in Tesla's South Fifth Avenue laboratory, 1894
The money Tesla made from licensing his AC patents made him
independently wealthy and gave him the time and funds to pursue his own
interests.[95]
In 1889, Tesla moved out of the Liberty Street shop Peck and Brown had
rented and for the next dozen years working out of a series of
workshop/laboratory spaces in Manhattan. These included a lab at 175 Grand Street (1889–1892), the fourth floor of 33–35 South Fifth Avenue (1892–1895), and sixth and seventh floors of 46 & 48 East Houston Street (1895–1902).[96][97] Tesla and his hired staff conducted some of his most significant work in these workshops.
Tesla coil
In the summer of 1889, Tesla traveled to the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris and learned of Heinrich Hertz's 1886–1888 experiments that proved the existence of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves.
Tesla found this new discovery "refreshing" and decided to explore it
more fully. In repeating, and then expanding on, these experiments,
Tesla tried powering a Ruhmkorff coil with a high speed alternator he had been developing as part of an improved arc lighting
system but found that the high-frequency current overheated the iron
core and melted the insulation between the primary and secondary
windings in the coil. To fix this problem Tesla came up with his
"oscillating transformer", with an air gap instead of insulating
material between the primary and secondary windings and an iron core
that could be moved to different positions in or out of the coil. Later called the Tesla coil, it would be used to produce high-voltage, low-current, high frequency alternating-current electricity.[100] He would use this resonant transformer circuit in his later wireless power work.[102]
Citizenship
On 30 July 1891, aged 35, Tesla became a naturalized citizen of the United States.[103] In the same year, he patented his Tesla coil.[105]
Wireless lighting
After 1890, Tesla experimented with transmitting power by inductive
and capacitive coupling using high AC voltages generated with his Tesla
coil.[106] He attempted to develop a wireless lighting system based on near-field inductive and capacitive coupling and conducted a series of public demonstrations where he lit Geissler tubes and even incandescent light bulbs from across a stage.
He spent most of the decade working on variations of this new form of
lighting with the help of various investors but none of the ventures
succeeded in making a commercial product out of his findings.[108]
In 1893 at St. Louis, Missouri, the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the National Electric Light Association,
Tesla told onlookers that he was sure a system like his could
eventually conduct "intelligible signals or perhaps even power to any
distance without the use of wires" by conducting it through the Earth.[110]
Tesla served as a vice-president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers from 1892 to 1894, the forerunner of the modern-day IEEE (along with the Institute of Radio Engineers).[111]
Polyphase system and the Columbian Exposition
A Westinghouse display of the "Tesla Polyphase System" at Chicago's 1893 Columbian Exposition
By the beginning of 1893, Westinghouse engineer Charles F. Scott and then Benjamin G. Lamme had made progress on an efficient version of Tesla's induction motor. Lamme found a way to make the polyphase system it would need compatible with older single phase AC and DC systems by developing a rotary converter.
Westinghouse Electric now had a way to provide electricity to all
potential customers and started branding their polyphase AC system as
the "Tesla Polyphase System". They believed that Tesla's patents gave
them patent priority over other polyphase AC systems.
Westinghouse Electric asked Tesla to participate in the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition
in Chicago where the company had a large space in the "Electricity
Building" devoted to electrical exhibits. Westinghouse Electric won the
bid to light the Exposition with alternating current and it was a key
event in the history of AC power, as the company demonstrated to the
American public the safety, reliability, and efficiency of an
alternating current system that was polyphase and could also supply the
other AC and DC exhibits at the fair.[114][115][116]
A special exhibit space was set up to display various forms and
models of Tesla's induction motor. The rotating magnetic field that
drove them was explained through a series of demonstrations including an
Egg of Columbus that used the two-phase coil found in an induction motor to spin a copper egg making it stand on end.[117]
Tesla visited the fair for a week during its six-month run to attend the International Electrical Congress and put on a series of demonstrations at the Westinghouse exhibit.[119]
A specially darkened room had been set up where Tesla showed his
wireless lighting system, using a demonstration he had previously
performed throughout America and Europe; these included using high-voltage, high-frequency alternating current to light wireless gas-discharge lamps.
An observer noted:
Within the room were suspended two
hard-rubber plates covered with tin foil. These were about fifteen feet
apart, and served as terminals of the wires leading from the
transformers. When the current was turned on, the lamps or tubes, which
had no wires connected to them, but lay on a table between the suspended
plates, or which might be held in the hand in almost any part of the
room, were made luminous. These were the same experiments and the same
apparatus shown by Tesla in London about two years previous, "where they
produced so much wonder and astonishment".[122]
Steam-powered oscillating generator
During his presentation at the International Electrical Congress in
the Columbian Exposition Agriculture Hall, Tesla introduced his steam powered reciprocating electricity generator that he patented that year, something he thought was a better way to generate alternating current.
Steam was forced into the oscillator and rushed out through a series of
ports, pushing a piston up and down that was attached to an armature.
The magnetic armature vibrated up and down at high speed, producing an
alternating magnetic field. This induced
alternating electric current in the wire coils located adjacent. It did
away with the complicated parts of a steam engine/generator, but never
caught on as a feasible engineering solution to generate electricity.[125]
Consulting on Niagara
In 1893, Edward Dean Adams, who headed up the Niagara Falls Cataract Construction Company,
sought Tesla's opinion on what system would be best to transmit power
generated at the falls. Over several years, there had been a series of
proposals and open competitions on how best to use power generated by
the falls. Among the systems proposed by several US and European
companies were two-phase and three-phase AC, high-voltage DC, and
compressed air. Adams asked Tesla for information about the current
state of all the competing systems. Tesla advised Adams that a
two-phased system would be the most reliable and that there was a
Westinghouse system to light incandescent bulbs using two-phase
alternating current. The company awarded a contract to Westinghouse
Electric for building a two-phase AC generating system at the Niagara
Falls, based on Tesla's advice and Westinghouse's demonstration at the
Columbian Exposition that they could build a complete AC system. At the
same time, a further contract was awarded to General Electric to build
the AC distribution system.
The Nikola Tesla Company
In 1895, Edward Dean Adams, impressed with what he saw when he toured
Tesla's lab, agreed to help found the Nikola Tesla Company, set up to
fund, develop, and market a variety of previous Tesla patents and
inventions as well as new ones. Alfred Brown signed on, bringing along
patents developed under Peck and Brown. The board was filled out with
William Birch Rankine and Charles F. Coaney.
It found few investors; the mid-1890s was a tough time financially, and
the wireless lighting and oscillators patents it was set up to market
never panned out. The company handled Tesla's patents for decades to
come.
Lab fire
In the early morning hours of 13 March 1895, the South Fifth Avenue
building that housed Tesla's lab caught fire. It started in the basement
of the building and was so intense Tesla's 4th-floor lab burned and
collapsed into the second floor. The fire not only set back Tesla's
ongoing projects, but it also destroyed a collection of early notes and
research material, models, and demonstration pieces, including many that
had been exhibited at the 1893 Worlds Colombian Exposition. Tesla told The New York Times "I am in too much grief to talk. What can I say?"[26] After the fire Tesla moved to 46 & 48 East Houston Street and rebuilt his lab on the 6th and 7th floors.
X-ray experimentation
X-ray Tesla took of his hand
Starting in 1894, Tesla began investigating what he referred to as
radiant energy of "invisible" kinds after he had noticed damaged film in
his laboratory in previous experiments[128] (later identified as "Roentgen rays" or "X-Rays"). His early experiments were with Crookes tubes, a cold cathode electrical discharge tube. Tesla may have inadvertently captured an X-ray image—predating, by a few weeks, Wilhelm Röntgen's December 1895 announcement of the discovery of X-rays when he tried to photograph Mark Twain illuminated by a Geissler tube, an earlier type of gas discharge tube. The only thing captured in the image was the metal locking screw on the camera lens.
In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a radio-controlled boat which he hoped to sell as a guided torpedo to navies around the world.
[130]In March 1896, after hearing of Röntgen's discovery of X-ray and X-ray imaging (radiography),[131] Tesla proceeded to do his own experiments in X-ray imaging, developing a high energy single terminal vacuum tube
of his own design that had no target electrode and that worked from the
output of the Tesla Coil (the modern term for the phenomenon produced
by this device is bremsstrahlung or braking radiation).
In his research, Tesla devised several experimental setups to produce
X-rays. Tesla held that, with his circuits, the "instrument will ...
enable one to generate Roentgen rays of much greater power than
obtainable with ordinary apparatus".[132]
Tesla noted the hazards of working with his circuit and
single-node X-ray-producing devices. In his many notes on the early
investigation of this phenomenon, he attributed the skin damage to
various causes. He believed early on that damage to the skin was not
caused by the Roentgen rays, but by the ozone generated in contact with the skin, and to a lesser extent, by nitrous acid. Tesla incorrectly believed that X-rays were longitudinal waves, such as those produced in waves in plasmas. These plasma waves can occur in force-free magnetic fields.[133][134]
On 11 July 1934, the New York Herald Tribune
published an article on Tesla, in which he recalled an event that
occasionally took place while experimenting with his single-electrode
vacuum tubes. A minute particle would break off the cathode, pass out
of the tube, and physically strike him:
Tesla said he could feel a sharp stinging pain where it
entered his body, and again at the place where it passed out. In
comparing these particles with the bits of metal projected by his
"electric gun," Tesla said, "The particles in the beam of force ... will
travel much faster than such particles ... and they will travel in
concentrations".[135]
Radio remote control
In 1898, Tesla demonstrated a boat that used a coherer-based radio control—which he dubbed "telautomaton"—to the public during an electrical exhibition at Madison Square Garden. Tesla tried to sell his idea to the US military as a type of radio-controlled torpedo, but they showed little interest.[137] Remote radio control remained a novelty until World War I and afterward, when a number of countries used it in military programs.[138] Tesla took the opportunity to further demonstrate "Teleautomatics" in an address to a meeting of the Commercial Club in Chicago, while he was travelling to Colorado Springs, on 13 May 1899.[26]
Wireless power
Tesla sitting in front of a spiral coil used in his wireless power experiments at his East Houston St. laboratory
From the 1890s through 1906, Tesla spent a great deal of his time and fortune on a series of projects trying to develop the transmission of electrical power without wires.
It was an expansion of his idea of using coils to transmit power that
he had been demonstrating in wireless lighting. He saw this as not only a
way to transmit large amounts of power around the world but also, as he
had pointed out in his earlier lectures, a way to transmit worldwide
communications.
At the time Tesla was formulating his ideas, there was no
feasible way to wirelessly transmit communication signals over long
distances, let alone large amounts of power. Tesla had studied radio
waves early on, and came to the conclusion that part of the existing
study on them, by Hertz, was incorrect.[140][141]
Also, this new form of radiation was widely considered at the time to
be a short-distance phenomenon that seemed to die out in less than a
mile.[142]
Tesla noted that, even if theories on radio waves were true, they were
totally worthless for his intended purposes since this form of
"invisible light" would diminish over a distance just like any other
radiation and would travel in straight lines right out into space,
becoming "hopelessly lost".
By the mid-1890s, Tesla was working on the idea that he might be
able to conduct electricity long distance through the Earth or the
atmosphere, and began working on experiments to test this idea including
setting up a large resonance transformer magnifying transmitter in his East Houston Street lab.[144][145][146] Seeming to borrow from a common idea at the time that the Earth's atmosphere was conductive,
he proposed a system composed of balloons suspending, transmitting, and
receiving, electrodes in the air above 30,000 feet (9,100 m) in
altitude, where he thought the lower pressure would allow him to send
high voltages (millions of volts) long distances.
Colorado Springs
Tesla's Colorado Springs laboratory
To further study the conductive nature of low-pressure air, Tesla set up an experimental station at high altitude in Colorado Springs during 1899.[150][152]
There he could safely operate much larger coils than in the cramped
confines of his New York lab, and an associate had made an arrangement
for the El Paso Power Company to supply alternating current free of charge.[152] To fund his experiments, he convinced John Jacob Astor IV to invest $100,000 ($3,073,200 in today's dollars[77])
to become a majority shareholder in the Nikola Tesla Company. Astor
thought he was primarily investing in the new wireless lighting system.
Instead, Tesla used the money to fund his Colorado Springs experiments.[26] Upon his arrival, he told reporters that he planned to conduct wireless telegraphy experiments, transmitting signals from Pikes Peak to Paris.
A
multiple exposure picture of Tesla sitting next to his "
magnifying transmitter"
generating millions of volts. The 7-metre (23 ft) long arcs were not
part of the normal operation, but only produced for effect by rapidly
cycling the power switch.
There, he conducted experiments with a large coil operating in the
megavolts range, producing artificial lightning (and thunder) consisting
of millions of volts and discharges of up to 135 feet (41 m) in length,[156] and, at one point, inadvertently burned out the generator in El Paso, causing a power outage.[157] The observations he made of the electronic noise of lightning strikes led him to (incorrectly) conclude that he could use the entire globe of the Earth to conduct electrical energy.
During his time at his laboratory, Tesla observed unusual signals
from his receiver which he speculated to be communications from another
planet. He mentioned them in a letter to a reporter in December 1899[160] and to the Red Cross Society in December 1900. Reporters treated it as a sensational story and jumped to the conclusion Tesla was hearing signals from Mars. He expanded on the signals he heard in a 9 February 1901 Collier's Weekly
article entitled "Talking With Planets", where he said it had not been
immediately apparent to him that he was hearing "intelligently
controlled signals" and that the signals could have come from Mars, Venus, or other planets. It has been hypothesized that he may have intercepted Guglielmo Marconi's
European experiments in July 1899—Marconi may have transmitted the
letter S (dot/dot/dot) in a naval demonstration, the same three impulses
that Tesla hinted at hearing in Colorado—or signals from another experimenter in wireless transmission.[163]
Tesla had an agreement with the editor of The Century Magazine
to produce an article on his findings. The magazine sent a photographer
to Colorado to photograph the work being done there. The article,
titled "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy", appeared in the June
1900 edition of the magazine. He explained the superiority of the
wireless system he envisioned but the article was more of a lengthy
philosophical treatise than an understandable scientific description of
his work,[164] illustrated with what were to become iconic images of Tesla and his Colorado Springs experiments.
Wardenclyffe
Tesla's
Wardenclyffe plant on Long Island in 1904. From this facility, Tesla
hoped to demonstrate wireless transmission of electrical energy across
the Atlantic.
Tesla made the rounds in New York trying to find investors for what
he thought would be a viable system of wireless transmission, wining and
dining them at the Waldorf-Astoria's Palm Garden (the hotel where he was living at the time), The Players Club, and Delmonico's.[165] In March 1901, he obtained $150,000 ($4,609,800 in today's dollars[77]) from J. P. Morgan in return for a 51% share of any generated wireless patents, and began planning the Wardenclyffe Tower facility to be built in Shoreham, New York, 100 miles (161 km) east of the city on the North Shore of Long Island.[166]
By July 1901, Tesla had expanded his plans to build a more
powerful transmitter to leap ahead of Marconi's radio-based system,
which Tesla thought was a copy of his own. He approached Morgan to ask for more money to build the larger system, but Morgan refused to supply any further funds.[167] In December 1901, Marconi successfully transmitted the letter S from England to Newfoundland,
defeating Tesla in the race to be first to complete such a
transmission. A month after Marconi's success, Tesla tried to get Morgan
to back an even larger plan to transmit messages and power by
controlling "vibrations throughout the globe".
Over the next five years, Tesla wrote more than 50 letters to Morgan,
pleading for and demanding additional funding to complete the
construction of Wardenclyffe. Tesla continued the project for another
nine months into 1902. The tower was erected to its full height of 187
feet (57 m).[163] In June 1902, Tesla moved his lab operations from Houston Street to Wardenclyffe.[166]
Investors on Wall Street
were putting their money into Marconi's system, and some in the press
began turning against Tesla's project, claiming it was a hoax.[168] The project came to a halt in 1905, and in 1906, the financial problems and other events may have led to what Tesla biographer Marc J. Seifer suspects was a nervous breakdown on Tesla's part.[169] Tesla mortgaged the Wardenclyffe property to cover his debts at the Waldorf-Astoria, which eventually mounted to $20,000 ($510,500 in today's dollars[77]).[170]
He lost the property in foreclosure in 1915, and in 1917 the Tower was
demolished by the new owner to make the land a more viable real estate
asset.
Later years
After Wardenclyffe closed, Tesla continued to write to Morgan; after
"the great man" died, Tesla wrote to Morgan's son Jack, trying to get
further funding for the project. In 1906, Tesla opened offices at 165
Broadway in Manhattan, trying to raise further funds by developing and
marketing his patents. He went on to have offices at the Metropolitan Life Tower from 1910 to 1914; rented for a few months at the Woolworth Building,
moving out because he could not afford the rent; and then to office
space at 8 West 40th Street from 1915 to 1925. After moving to 8 West
40th Street, he was effectively bankrupt. Most of his patents had run
out and he was having trouble with the new inventions he was trying to
develop.
Bladeless turbine
Tesla's bladeless turbine design
On his 50th birthday, in 1906, Tesla demonstrated a 200 horsepower (150 kilowatts) 16,000 rpm bladeless turbine.
During 1910–1911, at the Waterside Power Station in New York, several
of his bladeless turbine engines were tested at 100–5,000 hp. Tesla worked with several companies including from 1919 to 1922 in Milwaukee, for Allis-Chalmers.
He spent most of his time trying to perfect the Tesla turbine with Hans
Dahlstrand, the head engineer at the company, but engineering
difficulties meant it was never made into a practical device.[175] Tesla did license the idea to a precision instrument company and it found use in the form of luxury car speedometers and other instruments.
Wireless lawsuits
When World War I broke out, the British cut the transatlantic telegraph cable linking the US to Germany
in order to control the flow of information between the two countries.
They also tried to shut off German wireless communication to and from
the US by having the US Marconi Company sue the German radio company Telefunken for patent infringement. Telefunken brought in the physicists Jonathan Zenneck and Karl Ferdinand Braun
for their defense, and hired Tesla as a witness for two years for
$1,000 a month. The case stalled and then went moot when the US entered
the war against Germany in 1917.
In 1915, Tesla attempted to sue the Marconi Company
for infringement of his wireless tuning patents. Marconi's initial
radio patent had been awarded in the US in 1897, but his 1900 patent
submission covering improvements to radio transmission had been rejected
several times, before it was finally approved in 1904, on the grounds
that it infringed on other existing patents including two 1897 Tesla
wireless power tuning patents.[140][179][180] Tesla's 1915 case went nowhere, but in a related case, where the Marconi Company tried to sue the US government over WWI patent infringements, a Supreme Court of the United States 1943 decision restored the prior patents of Oliver Lodge, John Stone, and Tesla.[182]
The court declared that their decision had no bearing on Marconi's
claim as the first to achieve radio transmission, just that since
Marconi's claim to certain patented improvements were questionable, the
company could not claim infringement on those same patents.[140][183]
Nobel Prize rumors
On 6 November 1915, a Reuters news agency report from London had the 1915 Nobel Prize in Physics
awarded to Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla; however, on 15 November, a
Reuters story from Stockholm stated the prize that year was being
awarded to Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg "for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays".[185][186] There were unsubstantiated rumors at the time that either Tesla or Edison had refused the prize.
The Nobel Foundation said, "Any rumor that a person has not been given a
Nobel Prize because he has made known his intention to refuse the
reward is ridiculous"; a recipient could decline a Nobel Prize only
after he is announced a winner.
There have been subsequent claims by Tesla biographers that
Edison and Tesla were the original recipients and that neither was given
the award because of their animosity toward each other; that each
sought to minimize the other's achievements and right to win the award;
that both refused ever to accept the award if the other received it
first; that both rejected any possibility of sharing it; and even that a
wealthy Edison refused it to keep Tesla from getting the $20,000 prize
money.
In the years after these rumors, neither Tesla nor Edison won the
prize (although Edison received one of 38 possible bids in 1915 and
Tesla received one of 38 possible bids in 1937).
Other ideas, awards, and patents
Tesla won numerous medals and awards over this time. They include:
- Grand Officer of the Order of St. Sava (Serbia, 1892)
- Elliott Cresson Medal (Franklin Institute, USA, 1894)[188]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I (Montenegro, 1895)[189]
- AIEE Edison Medal (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, USA, 1917)[190]
- Grand Cross of the Order of St. Sava (Yugoslavia, 1926)[191]
- Cross Cross of the Order of the Yugoslav Crown (Yugoslavia, 1931)
- John Scott Medal (Franklin Institute & Philadelphia City Council, USA, 1934)[188]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovakia, 1937)[192]
- Medal of the University of Paris (Paris, France, 1937)
- The Medal of the University St. Clement of Ochrida (Sofia, Bulgaria, 1939)
Second banquet meeting of the Institute of Radio Engineers, 23 April 1915. Tesla is seen standing in the center.
Tesla attempted to market several devices based on the production of ozone.
These included his 1900 Tesla Ozone Company selling an 1896 patented
device based on his Tesla Coil, used to bubble ozone through different
types of oils to make a therapeutic gel.[193] He also tried to develop a variation of this a few years later as a room sanitizer for hospitals.
Tesla theorized that the application of electricity to the brain
enhanced intelligence. In 1912, he crafted "a plan to make dull students
bright by saturating them unconsciously with electricity," wiring the
walls of a schoolroom and, "saturating [the schoolroom] with
infinitesimal electric waves vibrating at high frequency. The whole room
will thus, Mr. Tesla claims, be converted into a health-giving and
stimulating electromagnetic field or 'bath.'"[195] The plan was, at least provisionally, approved by then superintendent of New York City schools, William H. Maxwell.[195]
Before World War I,
Tesla sought overseas investors. After the war started, Tesla lost the
funding he was receiving from his patents in European countries.
In the August 1917 edition of the magazine Electrical Experimenter,
Tesla postulated that electricity could be used to locate submarines
via using the reflection of an "electric ray" of "tremendous frequency,"
with the signal being viewed on a fluorescent screen (a system that has
been noted to have a superficial resemblance to modern radar).[196] Tesla was incorrect in his assumption that high-frequency radio waves would penetrate water.[197] Émile Girardeau,
who helped develop France's first radar system in the 1930s, noted in
1953 that Tesla's general speculation that a very strong high-frequency
signal would be needed was correct. Girardeau said, "(Tesla) was
prophesying or dreaming, since he had at his disposal no means of
carrying them out, but one must add that if he was dreaming, at least he
was dreaming correctly".
In 1928, Tesla received U.S. Patent 1,655,114, for a biplane capable of taking off vertically (VTOL
aircraft) and then of being "gradually tilted through manipulation of
the elevator devices" in flight until it was flying like a conventional
plane.[199] Tesla thought the plane would sell for less than $1,000, although the aircraft has been described as impractical, although it has early resemblances to the V-22 Osprey used by the US military.[201]
This was his last patent and at this time Tesla closed his last office
at 350 Madison Ave., which he had moved into two years earlier.
Living circumstances
Tesla lived at the Waldorf Astoria in New York City from 1900 and ran up a large bill. He moved to the St. Regis Hotel in 1922 and followed a pattern from then on of moving to a different hotel every few years and leaving unpaid bills behind.[204]
Tesla walked to the park every day to feed the pigeons. He began feeding them at the window of his hotel room and nursed injured birds back to health.[204][205][206]
He said that he had been visited by a certain injured white pigeon
daily. He spent over $2,000 to care for the bird, including a device he
built to support her comfortably while her broken wing and leg healed. Tesla stated:
I have been feeding pigeons,
thousands of them for years. But there was one, a beautiful bird, pure
white with light grey tips on its wings; that one was different. It was a
female. I had only to wish and call her and she would come flying to
me. I loved that pigeon as a man loves a woman, and she loved me. As
long as I had her, there was a purpose to my life.[207]
Tesla's unpaid bills, as well as complaints about the mess made by
pigeons, led to his eviction from St. Regis in 1923. He was also forced
to leave the Hotel Pennsylvania in 1930 and the Hotel Governor Clinton in 1934.[204] At one point he also took rooms at the Hotel Marguery.[208]
Tesla moved to the Hotel New Yorker
in 1934. At this time Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company
began paying him $125 per month in addition to paying his rent.
Accounts of how this came about vary. Several sources claim that
Westinghouse was concerned, or possibly warned, about potential bad
publicity arising from the impoverished conditions in which their former
star inventor was living.[210][211]
The payment has been described as being couched as a "consulting fee"
to get around Tesla's aversion to accepting charity. Tesla biographer
Marc Seifer described the Westinghouse payments as a type of
"unspecified settlement".[211] In any case, Westinghouse provided the funds for Tesla for the rest of his life.
Birthday press conferences
In 1931, a young journalist whom Tesla befriended, Kenneth M. Swezey, organized a celebration for the inventor's 75th birthday.[213] Tesla received congratulatory letters from more than 70 pioneers in science and engineering, including Albert Einstein,[214] and he was also featured on the cover of Time magazine.[215] The cover caption "All the world's his power house" noted his contribution to electrical power generation.
The party went so well that Tesla made it an annual event, an occasion
where he would put out a large spread of food and drink—featuring dishes
of his own creation. He invited the press in order to see his
inventions and hear stories about his past exploits, views on current
events, and sometimes baffling claims.
Newspaper representation of the thought camera Tesla described at his 1933 birthday party
At the 1932 party, Tesla claimed he had invented a motor that would run on cosmic rays.
In 1933 at age 77, Tesla told reporters at the event that, after 35
years of work, he was on the verge of producing proof of a new form of
energy. He claimed it was a theory of energy that was "violently
opposed" to Einsteinian physics and could be tapped with an apparatus
that would be cheap to run and last 500 years. He also told reporters he
was working on a way to transmit individualized private radio
wavelengths, working on breakthroughs in metallurgy, and developing a
way to photograph the retina to record thought.[218]
At the 1934 occasion, Tesla told reporters he had designed a superweapon he claimed would end all war.[219][220] He called it "teleforce", but was usually referred to as his death ray.[221]
Tesla described it as a defensive weapon that would be put up along the
border of a country and be used against attacking ground-based infantry
or aircraft. Tesla never revealed detailed plans of how the weapon
worked during his lifetime but, in 1984, they surfaced at the Nikola Tesla Museum archive in Belgrade. The treatise, The New Art of Projecting Concentrated Non-dispersive Energy through the Natural Media,
described an open-ended vacuum tube with a gas jet seal that allows
particles to exit, a method of charging slugs of tungsten or mercury to
millions of volts, and directing them in streams (through electrostatic repulsion). Tesla tried to interest the US War Department,[224] the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia in the device.[225]
In 1935 at his 79th birthday party, Tesla covered many topics. He
claimed to have discovered the cosmic ray in 1896 and invented a way to
produce direct current by induction, and made many claims about his mechanical oscillator.[226]
Describing the device (which he expected would earn him $100 million
within two years) he told reporters that a version of his oscillator had
caused an earthquake in his 46 East Houston Street lab and neighboring
streets in Lower Manhattan in 1898.[226] He went on to tell reporters his oscillator could destroy the Empire State Building with 5 lbs of air pressure. He also explained a new technique he developed using his oscillators he called "Telegeodynamics",
using it to transmit vibrations into the ground that he claimed would
work over any distance to be used for communication or locating
underground mineral deposits.[135]
In his 1937 Grand Ballroom of Hotel New Yorker event, Tesla received the Order of the White Lion from the Czechoslovak ambassador and a medal from the Yugoslav ambassador.
On questions concerning the death ray, Tesla stated, "But it is not an
experiment ... I have built, demonstrated and used it. Only a little
time will pass before I can give it to the world."
Death
In the fall of 1937 at the age of 81, after midnight one night, Tesla
left the Hotel New Yorker to make his regular commute to the cathedral
and library to feed the pigeons. While crossing a street a couple of
blocks from the hotel, Tesla was unable to dodge a moving taxicab and
was thrown to the ground. His back was severely wrenched and three of
his ribs were broken in the accident. The full extent of his injuries
was never known; Tesla refused to consult a doctor, an almost lifelong
custom, and never fully recovered.
On 7 January 1943, at the age of 86, Tesla died alone in Room
3327 of the Hotel New Yorker. His body was later found by maid Alice
Monaghan after she had entered Tesla's room, ignoring the "do not
disturb" sign that Tesla had placed on his door two days earlier.
Assistant medical examiner H.W. Wembley examined the body and ruled that
the cause of death had been coronary thrombosis.[26]
Two days later the Federal Bureau of Investigation ordered the Alien Property Custodian to seize Tesla's belongings.[26] John G. Trump, a professor at M.I.T. and a well-known electrical engineer serving as a technical aide to the National Defense Research Committee, was called in to analyze the Tesla items, which were being held in custody.[26]
After a three-day investigation, Trump's report concluded that there
was nothing which would constitute a hazard in unfriendly hands,
stating:
[Tesla's] thoughts and efforts
during at least the past 15 years were primarily of a speculative,
philosophical, and somewhat promotional character often concerned with
the production and wireless transmission of power; but did not include
new, sound, workable principles or methods for realizing such results.[229]
In a box purported to contain a part of Tesla's "death ray", Trump found a 45-year-old multidecade resistance box.[230]
On 10 January 1943, New York City mayor Fiorello La Guardia read a eulogy written by Slovene-American author Louis Adamic live over the WNYC radio while violin pieces "Ave Maria" and "Tamo daleko" were played in the background.[26] On 12 January, two thousand people attended a state funeral for Tesla at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in Manhattan. After the funeral, Tesla's body was taken to the Ferncliff Cemetery
in Ardsley, New York, where it was later cremated. The following day, a
second service was conducted by prominent priests in the Trinity Chapel
(today's Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Sava) in New York City.[26]
Estate
In 1952, following pressure from Tesla's nephew, Sava Kosanović,
Tesla's entire estate was shipped to Belgrade in 80 trunks marked N.T.[26] In 1957, Kosanović's secretary Charlotte Muzar transported Tesla's ashes from the United States to Belgrade.[26] The ashes are displayed in a gold-plated sphere on a marble pedestal in the Nikola Tesla Museum.[231]
Patents
Tesla obtained around 300 patents worldwide for his inventions.[232]
Some of Tesla's patents are not accounted for, and various sources have
discovered some that have lain hidden in patent archives. There are a
minimum of 278 known patents[232] issued to Tesla in 26 countries. Many of Tesla's patents were in the United States, Britain, and Canada, but many other patents were approved in countries around the globe. Many inventions developed by Tesla were not put into patent protection.
Personal
Appearance
Tesla was 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and weighed 142 pounds
(64 kg), with almost no weight variance from 1888 to about 1926. His
appearance was described by newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane as "almost the tallest, almost the thinnest and certainly the most serious man who goes to Delmonico's regularly".[234]
He was an elegant, stylish figure in New York City, meticulous in his
grooming, clothing, and regimented in his daily activities, an
appearance he maintained so as to further his business relationships. He was also described as having light eyes, "very big hands", and "remarkably big" thumbs.[234]
Eidetic memory
Tesla read many works, memorizing complete books, and supposedly possessed a photographic memory. He was a polyglot, speaking eight languages: Serbo-Croatian, Czech, English, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, and Latin.
Tesla related in his autobiography that he experienced detailed moments
of inspiration. During his early life, Tesla was repeatedly stricken
with illness. He suffered a peculiar affliction in which blinding
flashes of light appeared before his eyes, often accompanied by visions.
Often, the visions were linked to a word or idea he might have come
across; at other times they provided the solution to a particular
problem he had encountered. Just by hearing the name of an item, he
could envision it in realistic detail.
Tesla visualized an invention in his mind with extreme precision,
including all dimensions, before moving to the construction stage, a
technique sometimes known as picture thinking.
He typically did not make drawings by hand but worked from memory.
Beginning in his childhood, Tesla had frequent flashbacks to events that
had happened previously in his life.
Relationships
Tesla was a lifelong bachelor, who had once explained that his chastity was very helpful to his scientific abilities.
He once said in earlier years that he felt he could never be worthy
enough for a woman, considering women superior in every way. His opinion
had started to sway in later years when he felt that women were trying
to outdo men and make themselves more dominant. This "new woman" was met
with much indignation from Tesla, who felt that women were losing their
femininity by trying to be in power. In an interview with the Galveston Daily News
on 10 August 1924 he stated, "In place of the soft-voiced, a
gentlewoman of my reverent worship, has come the woman who thinks that
her chief success in life lies in making herself as much as possible
like man—in dress, voice and actions, in sports and achievements of
every kind ... The tendency of women to push aside man, supplanting the
old spirit of cooperation with him in all the affairs of life, is very
disappointing to me."[239]
Although he told a reporter in later years that he sometimes felt that
by not marrying, he had made too great a sacrifice to his work, Tesla chose to never pursue or engage in any known relationships, instead finding all the stimulation he needed in his work.
Tesla was asocial and prone to seclude himself with his work.[240][242] However when he did engage in social life, many people spoke very positively and admiringly of Tesla. Robert Underwood Johnson described him as attaining a "distinguished sweetness, sincerity, modesty, refinement, generosity, and force".
His secretary, Dorothy Skerrit, wrote: "his genial smile and nobility
of bearing always denoted the gentlemanly characteristics that were so
ingrained in his soul". Tesla's friend, Julian Hawthorne,
wrote, "seldom did one meet a scientist or engineer who was also a
poet, a philosopher, an appreciator of fine music, a linguist, and a
connoisseur of food and drink".
Tesla was a good friend of Francis Marion Crawford, Robert Underwood Johnson,[244] Stanford White,[245] Fritz Lowenstein, George Scherff, and Kenneth Swezey.[246][247][248] In middle age, Tesla became a close friend of Mark Twain; they spent a lot of time together in his lab and elsewhere.[244] Twain notably described Tesla's induction motor invention as "the most valuable patent since the telephone".[249] At a party thrown by actress Sarah Bernhardt in 1896, Tesla met Indian Hindu monk Vivekananda and the two talked about how the inventor's ideas on energy seemed to match up with Vedantic cosmology.[250] In the late 1920s, Tesla befriended George Sylvester Viereck, a poet, writer, mystic, and later, a Nazi propagandist. Tesla occasionally attended dinner parties held by Viereck and his wife.[251][252]
Tesla could be harsh at times and openly expressed disgust for
overweight people, such as when he fired a secretary because of her
weight. He was quick to criticize clothing; on several occasions, Tesla directed a subordinate to go home and change her dress. When Thomas Edison died, in 1931, Tesla contributed the only negative opinion to The New York Times, buried in an extensive coverage of Edison's life:
He had no hobby, cared for no sort
of amusement of any kind and lived in utter disregard of the most
elementary rules of hygiene ... His method was inefficient in the
extreme, for an immense ground had to be covered to get anything at all
unless blind chance intervened and, at first, I was almost a sorry
witness of his doings, knowing that just a little theory and calculation
would have saved him 90 percent of the labor. But he had a veritable
contempt for book learning and mathematical knowledge, trusting himself
entirely to his inventor's instinct and practical American sense.[254]
Sleep habits
Tesla claimed never to sleep more than two hours per night. However, he did admit to "dozing" from time to time "to recharge his batteries". During his second year of study at Graz, Tesla developed a passionate proficiency for billiards, chess, and card-playing, sometimes spending more than 48 hours in a stretch at a gaming table. On one occasion at his laboratory, Tesla worked for a period of 84 hours without rest.
Kenneth Swezey, a journalist whom Tesla had befriended, confirmed that
Tesla rarely slept. Swezey recalled one morning when Tesla called him at
3 a.m.: "I was sleeping in my room like one dead ... Suddenly, the
telephone ring awakened me ... [Tesla] spoke animatedly, with pauses,
[as he] ... work[ed] out a problem, comparing one theory to another,
commenting; and when he felt he had arrived at the solution, he suddenly
closed the telephone."
Work habits
Tesla worked every day from 9:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or later, with dinner at exactly 8:10 p.m., at Delmonico's restaurant and later the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.
Tesla then telephoned his dinner order to the headwaiter, who also
could be the only one to serve him. "The meal was required to be ready
at eight o'clock ... He dined alone, except on the rare occasions when
he would give a dinner to a group to meet his social obligations. Tesla
then resumed his work, often until 3:00 a.m."
For exercise, Tesla walked between 8 and 10 miles (13 and 16 km)
per day. He curled his toes one hundred times for each foot every night,
saying that it stimulated his brain cells.
In an interview with newspaper editor Arthur Brisbane,
Tesla said that he did not believe in telepathy, stating, "Suppose I
made up my mind to murder you," he said, "In a second you would know it.
Now, isn't that wonderful? By what process does the mind get at all
this?" In the same interview, Tesla said that he believed that all
fundamental laws could be reduced to one.[234]
Tesla became a vegetarian in his later years, living on only milk, bread, honey, and vegetable juices.[220][260]
Views and beliefs
On experimental and theoretical physics
Tesla disagreed with the theory of atoms being composed of smaller subatomic particles, stating there was no such thing as an electron
creating an electric charge. He believed that if electrons existed at
all, they were some fourth state of matter or "sub-atom" that could
exist only in an experimental vacuum and that they had nothing to do
with electricity.[262]
Tesla believed that atoms are immutable—they could not change state or
be split in any way. He was a believer in the 19th-century concept of an
all-pervasive ether that transmitted electrical energy.[263]
Tesla was generally antagonistic towards theories about the conversion of matter into energy. He was also critical of Einstein's theory of relativity, saying:
I hold that space cannot be curved,
for the simple reason that it can have no properties. It might as well
be said that God has properties. He has not, but only attributes and
these are of our own making. Of properties we can only speak when
dealing with matter filling the space. To say that in the presence of
large bodies space becomes curved is equivalent to stating that
something can act upon nothing. I, for one, refuse to subscribe to such a
view.[265]
Tesla claimed to have developed his own physical principle regarding matter and energy that he started working on in 1892,
and in 1937, at age 81, claimed in a letter to have completed a
"dynamic theory of gravity" that "[would] put an end to idle
speculations and false conceptions, as that of curved space". He stated
that the theory was "worked out in all details" and that he hoped to
soon give it to the world.[266] Further elucidation of his theory was never found in his writings.
On society
Tesla is widely considered by his biographers to have been a humanist in philosophical outlook on top of his gifts as a technological scientist.[269][270]
This did not preclude Tesla, like many of his era, from becoming a proponent of an imposed selective breeding version of eugenics.
Tesla expressed the belief that human "pity" had come to
interfere with the natural "ruthless workings of nature". Though his
argumentation did not depend on a concept of a "master race" or the
inherent superiority of one person over another, he advocated for
eugenics. In a 1937 interview he stated:
... man's new sense of pity began
to interfere with the ruthless workings of nature. The only method
compatible with our notions of civilization and the race is to prevent
the breeding of the unfit by sterilization and the deliberate guidance
of the mating instinct ... The trend of opinion among eugenists is that
we must make marriage more difficult. Certainly no one who is not a
desirable parent should be permitted to produce progeny. A century from
now it will no more occur to a normal person to mate with a person
eugenically unfit than to marry a habitual criminal.[271]
In 1926, Tesla commented on the ills of the social subservience of women and the struggle of women toward gender equality, and indicated that humanity's future would be run by "Queen Bees". He believed that women would become the dominant sex in the future.[272]
Tesla made predictions about the relevant issues of a post-World
War I environment in a printed article, "Science and Discovery are the
great Forces which will lead to the Consummation of the War" (20
December 1914).[273] Tesla believed that the League of Nations was not a remedy for the times and issues.[27]
On religion
Tesla was raised an Orthodox Christian. Later in life he did not consider himself to be a "believer in the orthodox sense", said he opposed religious fanaticism, and said "Buddhism and Christianity are the greatest religions both in number of disciples and in importance."[274]
He also said "To me, the universe is simply a great machine which never
came into being and never will end" and "what we call 'soul' or
'spirit,' is nothing more than the sum of the functionings of the body.
When this functioning ceases, the 'soul' or the 'spirit' ceases
likewise."[274]
Literary works
Tesla wrote a number of books and articles for magazines and journals.[275] Among his books are My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, compiled and edited by Ben Johnston in 1983 from a series of 1919 magazine articles by Tesla which were republished in 1977; The Fantastic Inventions of Nikola Tesla (1993), compiled and edited by David Hatcher Childress; and The Tesla Papers.
Many of Tesla's writings are freely available online,[276] including the article "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy", published in The Century Magazine in 1900,[277] and the article "Experiments With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency", published in his book Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla.[278][279]
Legacy and honors
Tesla's legacy has endured in books, films, radio, TV, music, live
theater, comics, and video games. The impact of the technologies
invented or envisioned by Tesla is a recurring theme in several types of
science fiction.
Things named after Tesla
Awards
Enterprises and organizations
- Tesla Memorial Society (founded 1979), originally Lackawanna, New York, currently Ridgwood, Queens, New York
- International Tesla Society (founded 1984), Colorado Springs
- Udruženje za razvoj nauke Nikola Tesla, Novi Sad, Serbia[283]
- Zavičajno udruženje Krajišnika Nikola Tesla, Plandište, Serbia[284]
- Tesla Bank, Zagreb, Croatia[285]
- Tesla, an American rock band formed in Sacramento, California, in late 1982
Holidays and events
- Day of Science, Serbia, 10 July[286]
- Day of Nikola Tesla, Association of Teachers in Vojvodina, 4–10 July[287]
- Day of Nikola Tesla, Niagara Falls, 10 July[288]
- Nikola Tesla Day in Croatia, 10 July[289]
- Nikola Tesla annual electric vehicle rally in Croatia[290]
Measures
- Tesla, an SI-derived unit of magnetic flux density (or magnetic inductivity)
Places
Schools
Ships
- SS Nikola Tesla, a Liberty Ship laid down 31 August 1943, launched 25 September 1943, sold from government service in 1947, and scrapped 1970
Plaques and memorials
Nikola Tesla statue in Zagreb, Croatia
Nikola Tesla Corner in New York City
- The Nikola Tesla Memorial Centre in Smiljan, Croatia, opened in
2006. It features a statue of Tesla designed by sculptor Mile Blažević.[13][297]
- A plaque depicting a relief of Nikola Tesla is present on the Old City Hall in Zagreb, Croatia's capital, commemorating his proposal to build an alternating current power station, which he made to the city council.[298]
The plaque quotes Tesla's statement, given in the building on 24 May
1892, which reads: "As a son of this country, I consider it my duty to
help the City of Zagreb in every way, either through counsel or through
action" (Croatian: "Smatram svojom dužnošću da kao rođeni sin svoje zemlje pomognem gradu Zagrebu u svakom pogledu savjetom i činom").[299]
- On 7 July 2006, on the corner of Masarykova and Preradovićeva streets in the Lower Town area in Zagreb, a monument of Tesla was unveiled. This monument was designed by Ivan Meštrović in 1952 and was transferred from the Zagreb-based Ruđer Bošković Institute where it had spent previous decades.[26][300]
- A monument to Tesla was established at Niagara Falls, New York. This monument portraying Tesla reading a set of notes was sculpted by Frano Kršinić. It was presented to the United States by Yugoslavia in 1976 and is an identical copy of the monument standing in front of the University of Belgrade Faculty of Electrical Engineering.[301]
- A monument of Tesla standing on a portion of an alternator was established at Queen Victoria Park in Niagara Falls, Ontario,
Canada. The monument was officially unveiled on 9 July 2006 on the
150th anniversary of Tesla's birth. The monument was sponsored by St.
George Serbian Church, Niagara Falls, and designed by Les Drysdale of Hamilton, Ontario.[302][303] Drysdale's design was the winning design from an international competition.[304]
- A monument of Tesla was unveiled in Baku in 2013. Presidents Ilham Aliyev and Tomislav Nikolić attended a ceremony of unveiling[305]
- In 2012 Jane Alcorn, president of the nonprofit group Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe, and Matthew Inman, creator of web cartoon The Oatmeal,
raised a total of $2,220,511 – $1,370,511 from a campaign and $850,000
from a New York State grant—to buy the property where Wardenclyffe Tower
once stood and eventually turn it into a museum.[306][307] The group began negotiations to purchase the Long Island property from Agfa Corporation in October 2012.[308] The purchase was completed in May 2013.[309]
The preservation effort and history of Wardenclyffe is the subject of a
documentary by Tesla activist/filmmaker Joseph Sikorski called Tower to the People—Tesla's Dream at Wardenclyffe Continues.[310]
- A commemorative plaque honoring Nikola Tesla was installed on the façade of the New Yorker Hotel by the IEEE.[311]
- An intersection named after Tesla, Nikola Tesla Corner, is located at Sixth Avenue and 40th Street, outside Bryant Park in Manhattan, New York City.
The placement of the sign was due to the efforts of the Croatian Club
of New York in cooperation with New York City officials, and Dr. Ljubo
Vujovic of the Tesla Memorial Society of New York.[312]
- A bust and plaque honoring Tesla is outside the Serbian Orthodox Cathedral of Saint Sava (formerly known as Trinity Chapel) at 20 West 26th Street in New York City.[313]
- A full-size, crowdfunded statue honoring Tesla with free Wi-Fi and a
time capsule (to be opened on the 100th anniversary of Tesla's death, 7
January 2043) was unveiled on 7 December 2013 in Palo Alto, California
(260 Sheridan Avenue).[314]
- Nikola Tesla Boulevard, Hamilton, Ontario.[315]
Computing
See also
Notes
Footnotes
- The Serbo-Croatian[3] word tesla literally means adze and may serve as a nickname for a person with the occupation of, e.g., carpenter.
However, in the case of Nikola Tesla the surname is alleged to derive
from a traditional nickname for members of one branch of the Draganić
family because of their inherited trait of broad protruded front teeth
resembling the blade of the adze.[4]
Citations
References
- Burgan, Michael (2009). Nikola Tesla: Inventor, Electrical Engineer. Mankato, Minnesota: Capstone. ISBN 978-0-7565-4086-9.
- Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-4655-9.
- Cheney, Margaret (2011). Tesla: Man Out of Time. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-7486-6.
- Cheney, Margaret (2001) [1981]. Tesla: Man Out of Time. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-1536-7.
- Cheney, Margaret; Uth, Robert; Glenn, Jim (1999). Tesla, Master of Lightning. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-7607-1005-0.
- Dommermuth-Costa, Carol (1994). Nikola Tesla: A Spark of Genius. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-4920-8.
- Jonnes, Jill (2004). Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World. Random House Trade Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-375-75884-3.
- Klooster, John W. (2009). Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-34743-6.
- O'Neill, John J. (1944). Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla. Ives Washburn. ISBN 0-914732-33-1. (reprinted 2007 by Book Tree, ISBN 978-1-60206-743-1)
- Pickover, Clifford A. (1999). Strange Brains and Genius: The Secret Lives Of Eccentric Scientists And Madmen. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780688168940.
- Seifer, Marc J. (2001). Wizard: the life and times of Nikola Tesla: biography of a genius. Citadel. ISBN 978-0-8065-1960-9.
- Seifer, Marc J. (1998). Wizard: The Life And Times Of Nikola Tesla. Citadel. ISBN 978-0-8065-3556-2.
- Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2011). A Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists and Inventors in American Film and TV since 1930. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-8128-0.
Further reading
Books
- Tesla, Nikola, My Inventions, Parts I through V published in the Electrical Experimenter
monthly magazine from February through June 1919. Part VI published
October 1919. Reprint edition with introductory notes by Ben Johnson,
New York: Barnes and Noble, 1982; also online at Lucid Cafe, et cetera as My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, 1919. ISBN 978-0-910077-00-2
- Glenn, Jim (1994). The Complete Patents of Nikola Tesla. ISBN 978-1-56619-266-8
- Lomas, Robert (1999). The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century: Nikola Tesla, forgotten genius of electricity. London: Headline. ISBN 978-0-7472-7588-6
- Martin, Thomas C. (editor) (1894, 1996 reprint, copyright expired), The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla, includes some lectures, Montana: Kessinger. ISBN 978-1-56459-711-3
- McNichol, Tom (2006). AC/DC The Savage Tale of the First Standards War, Jossey-Bass. ISBN 978-0-7879-8267-6
- Peat, F. David (2002). In Search of Nikola Tesla (Revised ed.). Bath: Ashgrove. ISBN 978-1-85398-117-3.
- Trinkaus, George (2002). Tesla: The Lost Inventions, High Voltage Press. ISBN 978-0-9709618-2-2
- Valone, Thomas (2002). Harnessing the Wheelwork of Nature: Tesla's Science of Energy. ISBN 978-1-931882-04-0
- Cooper, Christopher (2015). The Truth about Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation, ISBN 978-1-63106-030-4
Publications
- A New System of Alternating Current Motors and Transformers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, May 1888.
- Selected Tesla Writings, Scientific papers and articles written by Tesla and others, spanning the years 1888–1940.
- Light Without Heat, The Manufacturer and Builder, January 1892, Vol. 24
- Biography: Nikola Tesla, The Century Magazine, November 1893, Vol. 47
- Tesla's Oscillator and Other Inventions, The Century Magazine, November 1894, Vol. 49
- The New Telegraphy. Recent Experiments in Telegraphy with Sparks, The Century Magazine, November 1897, Vol. 55
Journals
- Pavićević, Aleksandra (2014). "From lighting to dust death, funeral and post mortem destiny of Nikola Tesla". Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SANU. 62 (2): 125–139. doi:10.2298/GEI1402125P.
- Carlson, W. Bernard, "Inventor of dreams". Scientific American, March 2005 Vol. 292 Issue 3 p. 78(7).
- Jatras, Stella L., "The genius of Nikola Tesla". The New American, 28 July 2003 Vol. 19 Issue 15 p. 9(1)
- Lawren, B., "Rediscovering Tesla". Omni, March 1988, Vol. 10 Issue 6.
- Rybak, James P., "Nikola Tesla: Scientific Savant". Popular Electronics, 1042170X, November 1999, Vol. 16, Issue 11.
- Thibault, Ghislain, "The Automatization of Nikola Tesla: Thinking Invention in the Late Nineteenth Century". Configurations, Volume 21, Number 1, Winter 2013, pp. 27–52.
- Martin, Thomas Commerford,
"The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla", New York:
The Electrical Engineer, 1894 (3rd Ed.); reprinted by Barnes &
Noble, 1995
- Anil K. Rajvanshi, "Nikola Tesla – The Creator of Electric Age", Resonance, March 2007.
- Roguin, Ariel, "Historical Note: Nikola Tesla: The man behind the
magnetic field unit". J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004;19:369–374. 2004
Wiley-Liss, Inc.
- Sellon, J. L., "The impact of Nikola Tesla on the cement industry".
Behrent Eng. Co., Wheat Ridge, Colorado. Cement Industry Technical
Conference. 1997. XXXIX Conference Record., 1997 IEEE/PC. Page(s)
125–133.
- Valentinuzzi, M.E., "Nikola Tesla: why was he so much resisted and
forgotten?" Inst. de Bioingenieria, Univ. Nacional de Tucuman;
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE. July/August 1998,
17:4, pp. 74–75.
- Secor, H. Winfield, "Tesla's views on Electricity and the War", Electrical Experimenter, Volume 5, Number 4 August 1917.
- Florey, Glen, "Tesla and the Military". Engineering 24, 5 December 2000.
- Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, Nikola Tesla, Lightning Observations, and Stationary Waves. 1994.
- Corum, K. L., J. F. Corum, and A. H. Aidinejad, Atmospheric Fields, Tesla's Receivers and Regenerative Detectors. 1994.
- Meyl, Konstantin, H. Weidner, E. Zentgraf, T. Senkel, T. Junker, and P. Winkels, Experiments to proof the evidence of scalar waves Tests with a Tesla reproduction. Institut für Gravitationsforschung (IGF), Am Heerbach 5, D-63857 Waldaschaff.
- Anderson, L. I., "John Stone Stone on Nikola Tesla's Priority in Radio and Continuous Wave Radiofrequency Apparatus". The AWA Review, Vol. 1, 1986, pp. 18–41.
- Anderson, L. I., "Priority in Invention of Radio, Tesla v. Marconi". Antique Wireless Association monograph, March 1980.
- Marincic, A., and D. Budimir, "Tesla's contribution to radiowave
propagation". Dept. of Electron. Eng., Belgrade Univ. (5th International
Conference on Telecommunications in Modern Satellite, Cable and
Broadcasting Service, 2001. TELSIKS 2001. pp. 327–331 vol.1)
Video
External links
Scientists whose names are used as units |
|---|
Languages
"Tesla". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
"tesla - Hrvatski jezični portal - Znanje". Retrieved 28 March 2020.
John Joseph O'Neill (1944), Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla, Chapter One
"Electrical pioneer Tesla honoured". BBC News. 10 July 2006. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
"No, Nikola Tesla's Remains Aren't Sparking Devil Worship In Belgrade". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 9 June 2015.
Laplante, Phillip A. (1999). Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering 1999. Springer. p. 635. ISBN 978-3-540-64835-2.
"Tesla Tower in Shoreham Long Island (1901 - 1917) meant to be the 'World Wireless' Broadcasting system". Tesla Memorial Society of New York. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
O'Shei, Tim (2008). Marconi and Tesla: Pioneers of Radio Communication. MyReportLinks.com Books. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-59845-076-7.
"Welcome to the Tesla Memorial Society of New York Website". Tesla Memorial Society of New York. Retrieved 3 June 2012.
Van Riper 2011, p. 150
"Pictures of Tesla's home in Smiljan, Croatia and his father's church after rebuilding". Tesla Memorial Society of NY. Retrieved 22 May 2013.
Cheney 2011,
p. 25, "The tiny house in which he was born stood next to the Serbian
Orthodox Church presided over by his father, the Reverend Milutin Tesla,
who sometimes wrote articles under the nom-de-plume 'Man of Justice'".
Carlson 2013,
p. 14, "Following a reprimand at school for not keeping his brass
buttons polished, he quit and instead chose to become a priest in the
Serbian Orthodox Church".
Burgan 2009, p. 17, "Nikola's father, Milutin was a Serbian Orthodox priest and had been sent to Smiljan by his church.".
"Nikola Tesla Timeline from Tesla Universe". Tesla Universe. Retrieved 16 January 2017.
Tesla, Nikola (2011). My inventions: the autobiography of Nikola Tesla. Eastford: Martino Fine Books. ISBN 978-1-61427-084-3.
Tesla, Nikola; Marinčić, Aleksandar (2008). From Colorado Springs to Long Island: research notes. Belgrade: Nikola Tesla Museum. ISBN 978-86-81243-44-2.
Tesla does not mention which professor this was by name, but some sources point conclude this was Prof Martin Sekulić.
"Tesla Life and Legacy – Tesla's Early Years". PBS. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
Glenn, Jim, ed. (1994). The complete patents of Nikola Tesla. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 1-56619-266-8.
Tesla, Nikola, My inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, Hart Brothers, Williston, Vermont - 1982, page 14
"Timeline of Nikola Tesla". Tesla Memorial Society of NY. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 1 December 2012.[better source needed]
Mrkich, D. (2003). Nikola Tesla: The European Years (1st ed.). Ottawa: Commoner's Publishing. ISBN 0-88970-113-X.
"NYHOTEL". Tesla Society of NY. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
"Nikola Tesla: The Genius Who Lit the World". Top Documentary Films.
"Edison & Tesla – The Edison Papers". edison.rutgers.edu.
Carey, Charles W. (1989). American inventors, entrepreneurs & business visionaries. Infobase Publishing. p. 337. ISBN 0-8160-4559-3. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
Radmilo Ivanković' Dragan Petrović, review of the reprinted "Nikola Tesla: Notebook from the Edison Machine Works 1884–1885" ISBN 868124311X, teslauniverse.com
Nikola Tesla, My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, originally published: 1919, p. 19
Pickover 1999, p. 14
Tesla's
contemporaries remembered that on a previous occasion Machine Works
manager Batchelor had been unwilling to give Tesla a $7 a week pay raise
(Seifer – Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla, p. 38)
Account
comes from a letter Tesla sent in 1938 on the occasion of receiving an
award from the National Institute of Immigrant Welfare – John Ratzlaff,
Tesla Said, Tesla Book Co., p. 280.
Charles Fletcher Peck of Englewood, New Jersey per [1] and [2]
Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930. JHU Press. March 1993. p. 117. ISBN 9780801846144.
Thomas Parke Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930, pp. 115–118
Ltd, Nmsi Trading; Institution, Smithsonian (1998). Robert Bud, Instruments of Science: An Historical Encyclopedia. p. 204. ISBN 9780815315612. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
Henry G. Prout, A Life of George Westinghouse, p. 129
Fritz E. Froehlich, Allen Kent (December 1998). The Froehlich/Kent Encyclopedia of Telecommunications: Volume 17. p. 36. ISBN 9780824729158. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved 1 January 2020.
Harris, William (14 July 2008). "William Harris, How did Nikola Tesla change the way we use energy?". Science.howstuffworks.com. p. 3. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
Munson, Richard (2005). From Edison to Enron: The Business of Power and What It Means for the Future of Electricity. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. 24–42. ISBN 978-0-275-98740-4.
Quentin R. Skrabec (2007). George Westinghouse: Gentle Genius, Algora Publishing, pp. 119–121
Robert L. Bradley, Jr. (2011). Edison to Enron: Energy Markets and Political Strategies, John Wiley & Sons, pp. 55–58
Quentin R. Skrabec (2007). George Westinghouse: Gentle Genius, Algora Publishing, pp. 118–120
Skrabec, Quentin R. (2007). George Westinghouse : gentle genius. New York: Algora Pub. ISBN 978-0-87586-506-5.
Thomas Parke Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930 (1983), p. 119
Christopher Cooper, The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation, Race Point Publishing. 2015, p. 109
Electricity, a Popular Electrical Journal, Volume 13, No. 4, 4 August 1897, Electricity Newspaper Company, pp. 50 Google Books
"Nikola Tesla: Scientific Savant from the Tesla Universe Article Collection". 23 December 2011.
Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, Princeton University Press, p. 218
"Laboratories in New York (1889-1902)". Open Tesla Research.
"Tesla coil". Museum of Electricity and Magnetism, Center for Learning. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory website, Florida State Univ. 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2013.
Burnett, Richie (2008). "Operation of the Tesla Coil". Richie's Tesla Coil Web Page. Richard Burnett private website. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
"Naturalization Record of Nikola Tesla, 30 July 1891", Naturalization Index, NYC Courts, referenced in Carlson (2013), Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, p. H-41
Uth, Robert (12 December 2000). "Tesla coil". Tesla: Master of Lightning. PBS.org. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
Tesla, Nikola (20 May 1891) Experiments with Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination, lecture before the American Inst. of Electrical Engineers, Columbia College, New York. Reprinted as a book of the same name by. Wildside Press. 2006. ISBN 0-8095-0162-7.
Christopher Cooper (2015). The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation, Race Point Publishing, pp. 143–144
Orton, John (2004). The Story of Semiconductors. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 53. – via Questia (subscription required)
Corum, Kenneth L. & Corum, James F. "Tesla's Connection to Columbia University" (PDF). Tesla Memorial Society of NY. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
Richard Moran, Executioner's Current: Thomas Edison, George Westinghouse, and the Invention of the Electric Chair, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group – 2007, p. 222
America at the Fair: Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition (Google eBook) Chaim M. Rosenberg Arcadia Publishing, 20 February 2008
Bertuca, David J.; Hartman, Donald K. & Neumeister, Susan M. (1996). The World's Columbian Exposition: A Centennial Bibliographic Guide. pp. xxi. ISBN 9780313266447. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
Hugo
Gernsback, "Tesla's Egg of Columbus, How Tesla Performed the Feat of
Columbus Without Cracking the Egg" Electrical Experimenter, 19 March
1919, p. 774 [3]
Thomas
Commerford Martin, The Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola
Tesla: With Special Reference to His Work in Polyphase Currents and High
Potential Lighting, Electrical Engineer - 1894, Chapter XLII, page 485 [4]
Barrett, John Patrick (1894). Electricity
at the Columbian Exposition; Including an Account of the Exhibits in
the Electricity Building, the Power Plant in Machinery Hall. R. R. Donnelley. pp. 268–269. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
Reciprocating Engine, U.S. Patent 514,169, 6 February 1894.
Tesla, Nikola (2007). X-ray vision: Nikola Tesla on Roentgen rays (1st ed.). Radford, VA: Wiilder Publications. ISBN 978-1-934451-92-2.
W. Bernard Carlson, Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, Princeton University Press – 2013, p. 231
South, Nanette (23 July 2011). "Nikola Tesla – Radiography Experiments – Clips from "The Constitution, Atlanta, Georgia, p. 9. Friday, 13 March 1896"". Anengineersaspect.blogspot.com. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
N. Tesla, "High Frequency Oscillators for Electro-Therapeutic and Other Purposes", in Proceedings of the American Electro-Therapeutic Association, American Electro-Therapeutic Association. p. 25.
Griffiths, David J. Introduction to Electrodynamics, ISBN 0-13-805326-X and Jackson, John D. Classical Electrodynamics, ISBN 0-471-30932-X.
Anonymous (1899). Transactions of the American Electro-therapeutic Association. p. 16. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
Anderson, Leland (1998). Nikola Tesla's teleforce & telegeodynamics proposals. Breckenridge, Colo.: 21st Century Books. ISBN 0-9636012-8-8.
Singer, P. W. (2009). Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the Twenty-first Century. Penguin. ISBN 978-1-440-68597-2. Retrieved 10 September 2012 – via Google Books.
Fitzsimons, Bernard, ed. "Fritz-X", in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare (London: Phoebus, 1978), Volume 10, p.1037.
"Nikola Tesla: The Guy Who DIDN'T "Invent Radio"". earlyradiohistory.us.
Tesla's
own experiments led him to erroneously believe Hertz had misidentified a
form of conduction instead of a new form of electromagnetic radiation,
an incorrect assumption that Tesla held for a couple of
decades.(Carlson, pp-127-128)(White, Nikola Tesla: The Guy Who DIDN'T
"Invent Radio")
Brian Regal, Radio: The Life Story of a Technology, p. 22
My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla, Hart Brothers, 1982, Ch. 5, ISBN 0-910077-00-2
"Tesla on Electricity Without Wires," Electrical Engineer – N.Y., 8 January 1896, p. 52. (Refers to letter by Tesla in the New York Herald, 31 December 1895.)
Mining & Scientific Press, "Electrical Progress" Nikola Tesla Is Credited With Statement", 11 April 1896
"PBS: Tesla – Master of Lightning: Colorado Springs". pbs.org.
Nikola
Tesla On His Work With Alternating Currents and Their Application to
Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power, Leland I. Anderson, 21st Century Books, 2002, p. 109, ISBN 1-893817-01-6.
Gillispie, Charles Coulston, "Dictionary of Scientific Biography;" Tesla, Nikola. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
SECOR, H. WINFIELD (August 1917). "TESLA'S VIEWS ON ELECTRICITY AND THE WAR". The Electrical Experimenter. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
Daniel Blair Stewart (1999). Tesla: The Modern Sorcerer, Frog Book. p. 372
[unreliable source?]Seifer, Marc. "Nikola Tesla: The Lost Wizard". ExtraOrdinary Technology (Volume 4, Issue 1; Jan/Feb/March 2006). Retrieved 14 July 2012.
"Aleksandar Marinčić, Ph.D, Research of Nikola Tesla in Long Island Laboratory, teslamemorialsociety.org".
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Broad, William J (4 May 2009). "A Battle to Preserve a Visionary's Bold Failure". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2013.
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Malanowski, Gregory, The Race for Wireless, AuthorHouse, p. 35
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Tesla on His Work with Alternating Currents and Their Application to
Wireless Telegraphy, Telephony, and Transmission of Power: An Extended
Interview. 21st Century Books. ISBN 9781893817012 – via Google Books.
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Howard B. Rockman, Intellectual Property Law for Engineers and Scientists, John Wiley & Sons – 2004, p. 198.
"Marconi Wireless Tel. Co. v. United States, 320 U.S. 1 (1943)".
Redouté, Jean-Michel; Steyaert, Michiel (10 October 2009). Jean-Michel Redouté, Michiel Steyaert, EMC of Analog Integrated Circuits. p. 3. ISBN 9789048132300. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
Sobot, Robert (18 February 2012). Robert Sobot, Wireless Communication Electronics:Introduction to RF Circuits and Design Techniques. p. 4. ISBN 9781461411161. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
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Cheney, Uth & Glenn 1999, p. 120
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