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"Era Vulgaris" redirects here. For the Queens of the Stone Age album, see Era Vulgaris (album).
Common Era or Current Era (CE)[1] is a name for a calendar era widely used around the world today. The era preceding CE is known as before the Common or Current Era (BCE). The Current Era notation system can be used as an alternative to the Dionysian era system, which distinguishes eras as AD (anno Domini, "[the] year of [the] Lord")[2]
and BC ("before Christ"). The two notation systems are numerically
equivalent; thus "2018 CE" corresponds to "AD 2018" and "400 BCE"
corresponds to "400 BC".[2][3][4][a] Both notations refer to the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar). The year-numbering system as used for the Gregorian calendar is the most widespread civil calendar system used in the world today.
The expression has been traced back to 1615, when it first appeared in a book by Johannes Kepler as the Latin usage vulgaris aerae,[5][6] and to 1635 in English as "Vulgar Era".[b] The term "Common Era" can be found in English as early as 1708,[7]
and became more widely used in the mid-19th century by Jewish
academics. In the later 20th century, the use of CE and BCE was
popularized in academic and scientific publications, and more generally
by authors and publishers wishing to emphasize secularism or sensitivity to non-Christians, by not explicitly referencing Jesus as "Christ" and Dominus ("Lord") through use of the abbreviation[c] "AD".[9][10]
The year numbering system used with Common Era notation was devised by the Christian monk Dionysius Exiguus in the year 525 to replace the Era of Martyrs system, because he did not wish to continue the memory of a tyrant who persecuted Christians.[11] He attempted to number years from an initial reference date ("epoch"), an event he referred to as the Incarnation of Jesus.[11][12][13] Dionysius labeled the column of the table in which he introduced the new era as "Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi".[14]
Numbering years in this manner became more widespread in Europe with its usage by Bede in England in 731. Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before what he supposed was the year of birth of Jesus,[15] and the practice of not using a year zero.[d] In 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius.[16]
Vulgar Era
Johannes Kepler first used "Vulgar Era" to distinguish dates on the Christian calendar from the regnal year typically used in national law.
The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as "Vulgar Era"[e] to distinguish dates on the Ecclesiastic calendar from those of the regnal year, the year of reign of a sovereign, typically used in national law.
The first use of the Latin term vulgaris aerae[f] discovered so far was in a 1615 book by Johannes Kepler.[6] Kepler uses it again in a 1616 table of ephemerides,[17] and again in 1617.[18] A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English – so far, the earliest-found usage of Vulgar Era in English.[19] A 1701 book edited by John LeClerc includes "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra, 6".[20] A 1716 book in English by Dean Humphrey Prideaux says, "before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation."[21][22] A 1796 book uses the term "vulgar era of the nativity".[23]
The first so-far-discovered usage of "Christian Era" is as the Latin phrase aerae christianae on the title page of a 1584 theology book.[24] In 1649, the Latin phrase æræ Christianæ appeared in the title of an English almanac.[25] A 1652 ephemeris is the first instance so-far-found for English usage of "Christian Era".[26]
The English phrase "common Era" appears at least as early as 1708,[7] and in a 1715 book on astronomy is used interchangeably with "Christian Era" and "Vulgar Era".[27] A 1759 history book uses common æra in a generic sense, to refer to the common era of the Jews.[28] The first-so-far found usage of the phrase "before the common era" is in a 1770 work that also uses common era and vulgar era as synonyms, in a translation of a book originally written in German.[29] The 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the terms vulgar era and common era synonymously.[30] In 1835, in his book Living Oracles, Alexander Campbell, wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days",[31] and also refers to the common era as a synonym for vulgar era
with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar
era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from
his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era..."[32] The Catholic Encyclopedia
(1909) in at least one article reports all three terms (Christian,
Vulgar, Common Era) being commonly understood by the early 20th century.[33]
The phrase "common era", in lower case, also appeared in the 19th century in a generic
sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system
of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Thus, "the common era
of the Jews",[34][35] "the common era of the Mahometans",[36] "common era of the world",[37] "the common era of the foundation of Rome".[38] When it did refer to the Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e.g., "common era of the Incarnation",[39] "common era of the Nativity",[40] or "common era of the birth of Christ".[41]
An adapted translation of Common Era into pseudo-Latin as Era Vulgaris (in Latin this means Common Mistress)[42] was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of Aleister Crowley, and thus the abbreviation "e.v." or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD.[43]
History of the use of the CE/BCE abbreviation
Although Jews have their own Hebrew calendar, they often use the Gregorian calendar.[44]
As early as 1825, the abbreviation VE (for Vulgar Era) was in use among Jews to denote years in the Western calendar.[45]
Common Era notation has also been in use for Hebrew lessons for "more than a century".[46] Some Jewish academics were already using the CE and BCE abbreviations by the mid-19th century, such as in 1856, when Rabbi and historian Morris Jacob Raphall used the abbreviation in his book Post-Biblical History of The Jews.[47][g]
In the 200 years between 1808 and 2008 the ratio of usage of BCE to
BC has increased by about 20% and CE to AD by about 50%, primarily since
1980.[49]
Contemporary usage
Some academics in the fields of theology, education and history have adopted CE and BCE notation, although there is some disagreement.[50]
More visible uses of Common Era notation have recently surfaced at
major museums in the English-speaking world. Furthermore, several style
guides now prefer or mandate its usage.[51] Even some style guides for Christian churches prefer its use: for example, the Episcopal Diocese Maryland Church News.[52]
In the United States, the usage of the BCE/CE notation in textbooks is growing.[46]
Some publications have moved over to using it exclusively. For example,
the 2007 World Almanac was the first edition to switch over to the
BCE/CE usage, ending a 138-year usage of the traditional BC/AD dating
notation. It is used by the College Board in its history tests,[53] and by the Norton Anthology of English Literature. Others have taken a different approach. The US-based History Channel uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as Jerusalem and Judaism.[54]
In 2002, England and Wales introduced the BCE/CE notation system into the official school curriculum.[55]
In June 2006, in the United States, the Kentucky State School Board
reversed its decision to use BCE and CE in the state's new Program of
Studies, leaving education of students about these concepts a matter of
discretion at the local level.[56][57][58]
Also in 2011, media reports suggested that the BC/AD notation in
Australian school textbooks would be replaced by BCE/CE notation.[59] The story became national news and drew opposition from some politicians and church leaders. Weeks after the story broke, the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority denied the rumour and stated that the BC/AD notation would remain, with CE and BCE as an optional suggested learning activity.[60]
Rationale
Support
The
use of CE in Jewish scholarship was historically motivated by the
desire to avoid the implicit "Our Lord" in the abbreviation AD.[citation needed] Although other aspects of dating systems are based in Christian origins, AD is a direct reference to Jesus as Lord.[61][62]
Proponents of the Common Era notation assert that the use of BCE/CE
shows sensitivity to those who use the same year numbering system as the
one that originated with and is currently used by Christians, but who are not themselves Christian.[63]
Former United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan, himself a Protestant,[64] has argued:
[T]he Christian calendar no longer belongs exclusively to Christians.
People of all faiths have taken to using it simply as a matter of
convenience. There is so much interaction between people of different
faiths and cultures – different civilizations, if you like – that some
shared way of reckoning time is a necessity. And so the Christian Era
has become the Common Era.[65]
Adena K. Berkowitz, when arguing at the Supreme Court opted to use
BCE and CE because "Given the multicultural society that we live in, the
traditional Jewish designations – B.C.E. and C.E. – cast a wider net of
inclusion" [66]
Opposition
Some
oppose the Common Era notation for explicitly religious reasons.
Because the BC/AD notation is based on the traditional year of the
conception or birth of Jesus, some Christians are offended by the
removal of the reference to him in era notation.[67] The Southern Baptist Convention supports retaining the BC/AD abbreviations.[68]
There are also secular concerns. English language expert Kenneth G. Wilson
speculated in his style guide that "if we do end by casting aside the
AD/BC convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast
aside as well the conventional numbering system [that is, the method of
numbering years] itself, given its Christian basis."[69] The short lived French Republican Calendar, for example, began with the first year of the French First Republic and rejected the seven-day week (with its connections to the Book of Genesis) for a ten-day week. Priest and writer on interfaith issues Raimon Panikkar
contends that using the designation BCE/CE is a "return... to the most
bigoted Christian colonialism" towards non-Christians, who do not
necessarily consider the time period following the beginning of the
calendar to be a "common era".[70]
According to a Los Angeles Times report, it was a student's use of BCE/CE notation, inspired by its use within Wikipedia, which prompted the teacher and politician Andrew Schlafly to found Conservapedia, a cultural conservativewiki.[71]
One of its "Conservapedia Commandments" is that users must always apply
BC/AD notation, since its sponsors perceive BCE/CE notation to "deny
the historical basis" of the dating system.[72]
Conventions in style guides
The
abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number.
Unlike AD, which traditionally precedes the year number, CE always
follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all).[69]
Thus, the current year is written as 2018 in both notations (or, if
further clarity is needed, as 2018 CE, or as AD 2018), and the year that
Socrates
died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by
399 BC in the BC/AD notation). The abbreviations are sometimes written
with small capital letters, or with periods (e.g., "B.C.E." or "C.E.").[73] Style guides for academic texts on religion generally prefer BCE/CE to BC/AD.[74]
Similar conventions in other languages
In Germany, Jews in Berlin seem to have already been using "(Before the) Common Era" in the 18th century, while others like Moses Mendelssohn opposed this usage as it would hinder the integration of Jews into German society.[75] The formulation seems to have persisted among German Jews in the 19th century in forms like vor der gewöhnlichen Zeitrechnung (before the common chronology).[76][77]
However, it was soon discovered that many German Jews had been using
the convention ever since the 18th century, and they found it ironic to
see "Aryans following Jewish example nearly 200 years later".[75]
In Spanish,
Common forms used for "BC" are aC and a. de C. (for antes de Cristo,
"before Christ"), with variations in punctuation and sometimes the use
of J.C.(Jesucristo) instead of C. In scholarly writing, you may use AEC
as the equivalent of the English "BCE", antes de la Era Común or Before
the Common Era.[79]
In Welsh, OC can be expanded to equivalents of both AD (Oed Crist) and CE (Oes Cyffredin); for dates before the Common Era, CC (traditionally, Cyn Crist) is used exclusively, as Cyn yr Oes Cyffredin would abbreviate to a mild obscenity.[80]
Two separate systems that also do not use religious titles, the astronomical system and the ISO 8601
standard, do use a year zero. The year 1 BCE (identical to the year 1
BC) is represented as 0 in the astronomical system, and as 0000 in ISO
8601. Presently, ISO 8601 dating requires use of the Gregorian calendar
for all dates, however, whereas astronomical dating and Common Era
dating allow use of either the Gregorian or Julian calendars.
The term common era does not appear in this book; the term Christian era [lowercase] does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly.[48]
The word "Vulgar" (from Latin vulgaris) originally meant ordinary, common-place, or not regal or regnal. (See wiktionary:vulgar)
AD is shortened from anno Domini nostri Jesu Christi ("in the year of Our Lord Jesus Christ").[8]
As noted in History of the zero, the use of zero in Western civilization was uncommon before the twelfth century.
from the Latin word vulgus, the common people, i.e., those who are not royalty.[citation needed]
In Latin, Common Era is written as Vulgaris Aerae. It also occasionally appears as æræ vulgaris, aerae vulgaris, aeram vulgarem, anni vulgaris, vulgaris aerae Christianae, and anni vulgatae nostrae aerae Christianas.
"Earliest-found use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1615)". Retrieved 2011-05-18.Johannes Kepler (1615). Joannis
Keppleri Eclogae chronicae: ex epistolis doctissimorum aliquot virorum
& suis mutuis, quibus examinantur tempora nobilissima: 1. Herodis
Herodiadumque, 2. baptismi & ministerii Christi annorum non plus 2
1/4, 3. passionis, mortis et resurrectionis Dn. N. Iesu Christi, anno
aerae nostrae vulgaris 31. non, ut vulgo 33., 4. belli Iudaici, quo
funerata fuit cum Ierosolymis & Templo Synagoga Iudaica, sublatumque
Vetus Testamentum. Inter alia & commentarius in locum Epiphanii
obscurissimum de cyclo veteri Iudaeorum. (in Latin). Francofurti:Tampach. anno aerae nostrae vulgaris
Irvin, Dale T.; Sunquist, Scott (2001). History of the World Christian Movement. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. xi. ISBN0-567-08866-9. Retrieved 2011-05-18. The
influence of western culture and scholarship upon the rest of the world
in turn led to this system of dating becoming the most widely used one
across the globe today. Many scholars in historical and religious
studies in the West in recent years have sought to lessen the explicitly
Christian meaning of this system without abandoning the usefulness of a
single, common, global form of dating. For this reason the terms common era and before the common era,
abbreviated as CE and BCE, have grown in popularity as designations.
The terms are meant, in deference to non-Christians, to soften the
explicit theological claims made by the older Latin terminology, while
at the same time providing continuity with earlier generations of mostly
western Christian historical research.
Andrew Herrmann (27 May 2006). "BCE date designation called more sensitive". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2016-09-18. Herrmann
observes, "The changes – showing up at museums, in academic circles and
in school textbooks – have been touted as more sensitive to people of
faiths outside of Christianity." However, Herrmann notes, "The use of
BCE and CE have rankled some Christians"
Pedersen, O. (1983). "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church". In Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.). The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar. Vatican Observatory. p. 50. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
Doggett, L.E., (1992), "Calendars" in Seidelmann, P.K., The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, Sausalito CA: University Science Books, 2.1
Pedersen, O., (1983), "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church" in Coyne, G.V. et al. (Eds.) The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar, Vatican Observatory, p. 52.
Bede
wrote of the Incarnation of Jesus, but treated it as synonymous with
birth. Blackburn, B & Holford-Strevens, L, (2003), The Oxford Companion to the Year, Oxford University Press, 778.
Kepler, Johann (1616). Second use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1616). Plancus. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Kepler, Johann (1616). Ephemerides
novae motuum caelestium, ab Ānno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII en
observationibus potissimum Tychonis Brahei hypothesibus physicis, et
tabulis Rudolphinis... Plancus.
Kepler, Johannes; Fabricus, David (1617). Third use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1617). sumptibus authoris, excudebat Iohannes Plancus. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Johannes Kepler, Jakob Bartsch (1617). Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium, ab anno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII[-XXXVI]... Johannes Plancus. Part
3 has title: Tomi L Ephemeridvm Ioannis Kepleri pars tertia, complexa
annos à M.DC.XXIX. in M.DC.XXXVI. In quibus & tabb. Rudolphi jam
perfectis, et sociâ operâ clariss. viri dn. Iacobi Bartschii ...
Impressa Sagani Silesiorvm, in typographeio Ducali, svmptibvs avthoris,
anno M.DC.XXX. * Translation of title (per 1635 English edition): New Ephemerids for the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeeres of the Vulgar Era 1617–1636
Kepler, Johann; Vlacq, Adriaan (1635). Earliest so-far-found use of vulgar era in English (1635). Retrieved 2011-05-18. Johann Kepler; Adriaan Vlacq (1635). Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633...
Clerc, Jean Le (1701). vulgar era in English (1701). Retrieved 2011-05-18. John LeClerc, ed. (1701). The Harmony of the Evangelists. London: Sam Buckley. p. 5. Before Christ according to the Vulgar AEra, 6
Prideaux, Humphrey (1799). Prideaux use of "Vulgar Era" (1716) (reprint ed.). Retrieved 2011-05-18. reckoning it backward from the vulgar era of Christ's incarnationHumphrey Prideaux, D.D. (1716) [from Oxford University Press 1799 (1716 edition not online, 1749 online is Vol 2)]. The Old and New Testament Connected in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations. 1. Edinburgh. p. 1. This
happened in the seventh year after the building of Rome, and in the
second year of the eighth Olympiad, which was the seven hundred
forty-seventh year before Christ, i. e. before the beginning of the
vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation.
Robert Walker (Rector of Shingham); Newton, Sir Isaac; Falconer, Thomas (1796). "vulgar era of the nativity" (1796). T. Cadell jun. and W. Davies. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Rev. Robert Walker; Isaac Newton; Thomas Falconer (1796). Analysis of Researches Into the Origin and Progress of Historical Time, from the Creation to ... London: T. Cadell Jr. and W. Davies. p. 10. Dionysius the Little brought the vulgar era of the nativity too low by four years.
"1584 Latin use of aerae christianae". Retrieved 2011-05-18. Grynaeus, Johann Jacob; Beumler, Marcus (1584). De
Eucharistica controuersia, capita doctrinae theologicae de quibus
mandatu, illustrissimi principis ac domini, D. Iohannis Casimiri,
Comites Palatini ad Rhenum, Ducis Bauariae, tutoris &
administratoris Electoralis Palatinatus, octonis publicis
disputationibus (quarum prima est habita 4 Apr. anno aerae christianae
1584, Marco Beumlero respondente) praeses Iohannes Iacobus Grynaeus,
orthodoxae fidei rationem interrogantibus placidè reddidit ; accessit
eiusdem Iohannis Iacobi Grynaeus synopsis orationis, quam de
disputationis euentu, congressione nona, quae indicit in 15 Aprilis,
publicè habuit (in Latin) (Editio tertia ed.). Heidelbergae: Typis Iacobi Mylij. OCLC123471534. 4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584
"1649 use of æræ Christianæ in English book – 1st usage found in English". Retrieved 2011-05-18. WING, Vincent (1649). Speculum
uranicum, anni æræ Christianæ, 1649, or, An almanack and prognosication
for the year of our Lord, 1649 being the first from bissextile or
leap-year, and from the creation of the world 5598, wherein is contained
many useful, pleasant and necessary observations, and predictions ... :
calculated (according to art) for the meridian and latitude of the
ancient borrough town of Stamford in Lincolnshire ... and without
sensible errour may serve the 3. kingdoms of England, Scotland, and
Ireland. London: J.L. for the Company of Stationers. anni æræ Christianæ, 1649
first appearance of "Christian Era" in English (1652). Retrieved 2016-11-02. Sliter, Robert (1652). A
celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652
being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary
motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year ... : with
many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men:
calculated exactly and composed for ... Rochester. London: Printed for the Company of Stationers.
Gregory, David; John Nicholson; John Morphew (1715). The Elements of Astronomy, Physical and Geometrical. 1. London: printed for J. Nicholson, and sold by J. Morphew. p. 252. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Some say the World was created 3950 Years before the common Æra of ChristBefore Christ and Christian Era appear on the same page 252, while Vulgar Era appears on page 250
Sale, George; Psalmanazar, George; Bower, Archibald; Shelvocke, George; Campbell, John; Swinton, John (1759). 1759 use of common æra. Printed for C. Bathurst. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Sale, George; Psalmanazar, George; Bower, Archibald; Shelvocke, George; Campbell, John; Swinton, John (1759). An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time. 13. London: C. Bathurst [etc.] p. 130. at which time they fixed that for their common era In this case, their refers to the Jews.
Von), Jakob Friedrich Bielfeld (Freiherr; Hooper, William (1770). First-so-far found English usage of "before the common era", with "vulgar era" synonymous with "common era" (1770). Printed by G. Scott, for J. Robson and B. Law. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Hooper, William; Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich (1770). The Elements of Universal Erudition: Containing an Analytical Abridgment of the Sciences, Polite Arts, and Belles Lettres. 2. London: G. Scott, printer, for J Robson, bookseller in New-Bond Street, and B. Law in Ave-Mary Lane. pp. 105, 63. in
the year of the world 3692, and 312 years before the vulgar era.... The
Spanish era began with the year of the world 3966, and 38 years before
the common era (p63)
MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). "vulgar era" in 1797 EB. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 228 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Peter). Retrieved 2011-05-18. St Peter died in the 66th year of the vulgar era
MacFarquhar, Colin; Gleig, George (1797). "common era" in 1797 EB. A. Bell and C. Macfarquhar. p. 50 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Paul). Retrieved 2011-05-18. This happened in the 33rd year of the common era, fome time after our Saviour's death.
George Gleig, ed. (1797). Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature (Third Edition in 18 volumes). Edinburgh. v. 14 pt. 1 P.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03738a.htm#christian
"Foremost among these [various eras] is that which is now adopted by
all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, Vulgar or Common Era,
in the twentieth century of which we are now living".
Encyclopedia, Popular (1874). "common era of the Jews" (1874). Retrieved 2011-05-18. the common era of the Jews places the creation in BC 3760A. Whitelaw, ed. (1874). Conversations Lexicon. The Popular Encyclopedia. V. Oxford University Press. p. 207.
"common era of the Jews" (1858). Wertheim, MacIntosh & Hunt. 1858. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Hence
the present year, 1858, in the common era of the Jews, is AM 5618-5619,
a difference of more than 200 years from our commonly-received
chronology. Rev. Bourchier Wrey Savile, MA (1858). The first and second Advent: or, The past and the future with reference to the Jew, the Gentile, and the Church of God. London: Wertheim, Macintosh and Hunt. p. 176.
Gumpach, Johannes von (1856). "common era of the Mahometans" (1856). Retrieved 2011-05-18. Its
epoch is the first of March old style. The common era of the
Mahometans, as has already been stated, is that of the flight of
Mahomet. Johannes von Gumpach (1856). Practical tables for the reduction of Mahometan dates to the Christian calendar. Oxford University. p. 4.
Jones, William (1801). "common era of the world" (1801). F. and C. Rivington. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Jones, William (1801). The Theological, Philosophical and Miscellaneous Works of the Rev. William Jones. London: Rivington.
Alexander Fraser Tytler, HON (1854). "common era of the foundation of Rome" (1854). Retrieved 2011-05-18. Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee (1854). Universal History: From the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century. Boston: Fetridge and Company. p. 284.
Baynes, Thomas Spencer (1833). "common era of the Incarnation" (1833). A. & C. Black. Retrieved 2011-05-18. The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. V (9 ed.). New York: Henry G. Allen and Company. 1833. p. 711.
Todd, James Henthorn (1864). "common era" "of the Nativity" (1864). Hodges, Smith & co. Retrieved 2011-05-18. It
should be observed, however, that these years correspond to 492 and
493, a portion of the annals of Ulster being counted from the
Incarnation, and being, therefore, one year before the common era of the
Nativity of our Lord.James Henthorn Todd (1864). St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, A Memoir of his Life and Mission. Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co, Publishers to the University. pp. 495, 496, 497.
"common era of the birth of Christ" (1812). printed by A.J. Valpy for T. Payne. 1812. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Heneage Elsley (1812). Annotations on the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles (2nd edition) (2nd ed.). London: A. J. Valpy for T. Payne. xvi.
Tracey R Rich. "Judaism 101". Retrieved 2011-05-18. Jews
do not generally use the words "A.D." and "B.C." to refer to the years
on the Gregorian calendar. "A.D." means "the year of our L-rd,"
and we do not believe Jesus is the L-rd. Instead, we use the
abbreviations C.E. (Common or Christian Era) and B.C.E. (Before the
Common Era).
"Plymouth, England Tombstone inscriptions". Jewish Communities & Records. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Here
is buried his honour Judah ben his honour Joseph, a prince and honoured
amongst philanthropists, who executed good deeds, died in his house in
the City of Bath, Tuesday, and was buried here on Sunday, 19 Sivan in
the year 5585. In memory of Lyon Joseph Esq (merchant of Falmouth,
Cornwall). who died at Bath June AM 5585/VE 1825. Beloved and respected.[19 Sivan 5585 AM is June 5, 1825. VE is likely an abbreviation for Vulgar Era.]
See,
for example, the Society for Historical Archaeology states in its more
recent style guide "Do not use C.E. (common era), B.P. (before present),
or B.C.E.; convert these expressions to A.D. and B.C." (In section I 5
the Society explains how to use "years B.P." in connection with radiocarbon ages.) Society for Historical Archaeology (December 2006). "Style Guide"(PDF). Archived(PDF) from the original on 2016-04-19. Retrieved 2017-01-16. whereas the American Anthropological Association style guide takes a different approach calling for "C.E." and "B.C.E." American Anthropological Society (2009). "AAA Style Guide"(PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
"Submission Guidelines for The Ostracon". The Ostracon – Journal of the Egyptian Studies Society. Archived from the original on June 12, 2007. Retrieved 2011-05-18. For
dates, please use the now-standard "BCE–CE" notation, rather than
"BC–AD." Authors with strong religious preferences may use "BC–AD,"
however.
The American and English Encyclopedia of Law and Practice. 1910. p. 1116. It has been said of the Latin words anno Domini, meaning in the year of our Lord [...]
Michael McDowell; Nathan Robert Brown (2009). World Religions At Your Fingertips. Penguin. p. 38. ISBN978-1-101-01469-1. Marked by the turn of the Common Era, C.E., originally referred to as A.D., an abbreviation of the Latin Anno Domini, meaning "Year of our God/Lord." This was a shortening of Anno Domini Nostri Jesu Christi, meaning "Year of our God/Lord Jesus Christ."
Whitney, Susan (2 December 2006). "Altering history? Changes have some asking 'Before what?'". The Deseret News. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 2011-05-18. I
find this attempt to restructure history offensive," Lori Weintz wrote,
in a letter to National Geographic publishers.... The forward to your
book says B.C. and A.D. were removed so as to 'not impose the standards
of one culture on others.'... It's 2006 this year for anyone on Earth
that is participating in day-to-day world commerce and communication.
Two thousand six years since what? Most people know, regardless of their
belief system, and aren't offended by a historical fact.
"On Retaining The Traditional Method Of Calendar Dating (B.C./A.D.)". Southern Baptist Convention. June 2000. Retrieved 2011-05-18. This
practice [of BCE/CE] is the result of the secularization,
anti-supernaturalism, religious pluralism, and political correctness
pervasive in our society... retention [of BC/AD] is a reminder to those
in this secular age of the importance of Christ's life and mission and
emphasizes to all that history is ultimately His Story.
Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). The Columbia Guide to Standard American English – A.D., B.C., (A.)C.E., B.C.E. Columbia University Press. ISBN978-0-231-06989-2. Retrieved 2011-05-18. A.D.
appears either before or after the number of the year... although
conservative use has long preferred before only; B.C. always follows the
number of the year.... Common era (C.E.) itself needs a good deal of
further justification, in view of its clearly Christian numbering. Most
conservatives still prefer A.D. and B.C. Best advice: don't use B.C.E.,
C.E., or A.C.E. to replace B.C. and A.D. without translating the new
terms for the very large number of readers who will not understand them.
Note too that if we do end by casting aside the A.D./B.C. convention,
almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the
conventional numbering system itself, given its Christian basis.
Panikkar, Raimon (2004). "Christophany: The Fullness of Man". Maryville, NY: Orbis Books: 173. ISBN978-1-57075-564-4. Retrieved 2011-05-18. Here
is an example of the incarnation's historical-sociological implications
among those who feel themselves furthest from Christianity. In certain
North American academic circles one can see a return-with repercussions
elsewhere-to the most bigoted Christian colonialism, along with the good
intention of overcoming it. It has been suggested that the terminology
of the Western calendar, Christian in origin, be replaced by one that
presumably would be neutral and universal. It is understandable that
some would protest the use of A.D. (anno Domini), but by eliminating
B.C. (before Christ) and substituting B.C.E. (Before the Common Era)
scholars betray the depths of the cultural impact of the
historico-Christian event. After all, Jesus was not born in the year 1.
We select a single event but without any value judgment. To call our age
"the Common Era," even though for the Jews, the Chinese, the Tamil, the
Muslims, and many others it is not a common era, constitutes the acme
of colonialism.
SBL Handbook of StyleSociety of Biblical Literature
1999 "8.1.2 ERAS – The preferred style is B.C.E. and C.E. (with
periods). If you use A.D. and B.C., remember that A.D. precedes the date
and B.C. follows it. (For the use of these abbreviations in titles, see
§ 7.1.3.2.)"
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