NM Equals
Demonstration
1.) "Where two or three gather together" Matthew 18:20: 2 or 3, 5 is not the Fibannacci Sequence nor 3.141.
2.) "The sky will
burn at forty-five degrees latitude" : 45 Degree introduction Freemason is not the "'Quatrain 1, 67' by Nostradamus (Michel de Nostradame) from French (Old French) to English".
Scottish Rite
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The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry (the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction in the United States often omits the and, while the English Constitution in the United Kingdom omits the Scottish), commonly known as simply the Scottish Rite (or, in England and Australia, as the Rose Croix[1] although this is only one of its degrees), is one of several Rites of Freemasonry.
A Rite is a progressive series of degrees conferred by various Masonic
organizations or bodies, each of which operates under the control of its
own central authority. In the Scottish Rite the central authority is
called a Supreme Council.
The Scottish Rite is one of the appendant bodies of Freemasonry that a Master Mason may join for further exposure to the principles of Freemasonry.[2][3] It is also concordant, in that some of its degrees relate to the degrees of Symbolic (Craft) Freemasonry. In England
and some other countries, while the Scottish Rite is not accorded
official recognition by the Grand Lodge, only a recognised Freemason may
join and there is no prohibition against his doing so. In the United
States, however, the Scottish Rite is officially recognized by Grand
Lodges as an extension of the degrees of Freemasonry. The Scottish Rite
builds upon the ethical teachings and philosophy offered in the Craft
(or Blue) Lodge, through dramatic presentation of the individual degrees.
History
Legend of Jacobite origins
The seed of the myth of Stuart Jacobite
influence on the higher degrees may have been a careless and
unsubstantiated remark made by John Noorthouk in the 1784 Book of
Constitutions of the Premier Grand Lodge of London. It was stated,
without support, that King Charles II (older brother and predecessor to James II) was made a Freemason in the Netherlands
during the years of his exile (1649–60). However, there were no
documented lodges of Freemasons on the continent during those years. The
statement may have been made to flatter the fraternity by claiming
membership for a previous monarch. This folly was then embellished by John Robison (1739–1805), a professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, in an anti-Masonic work published in 1797. The lack of scholarship exhibited by Robison in that work caused the Encyclopædia Britannica to denounce it.[4]
A German
bookseller and Freemason, living in Paris, working under the assumed
name of C. Lenning, embellished the story further in a manuscript titled
"Encyclopedia of Freemasonry" probably written between 1822 and 1828 at
Leipzig. This manuscript was later revised and published by another German Freemason named Friedrich Mossdorf (1757–1830).[5]
Lenning stated that King James II of England, after his flight to
France in 1688, resided at the Jesuit College of Clermont, where his
followers fabricated certain degrees for the purpose of carrying out
their political ends.[6]
By the mid-19th century, the story had gained currency. The well-known English Masonic writer, Dr. George Oliver (1782–1867), in his Historical Landmarks,
1846, carried the story forward and even claimed that King Charles II
was active in his attendance at meetings—an obvious invention, for if it
had been true, it would not have escaped the notice of the historians
of the time. The story was then repeated by the French writers
Jean-Baptiste Ragon (1771–1862) and Emmanuel Rebold, in their Masonic
histories. Rebold's claim that the high degrees were created and
practiced in Lodge Canongate Kilwinning[7] at Edinburgh are entirely false.[8]
James II died in 1701[9][10] at the Palace of St. Germain en Laye, and was succeeded in his claims to the English, Irish and Scottish thrones by his son, James Francis Edward Stuart (1699–1766), the Chevalier St. George, better known as "the Old Pretender", but recognized as James III & VIII by the French King Louis XIV. He was succeeded in his claim by Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charles"), also known as "the Young Pretender", whose ultimate defeat at the Battle of Culloden in 1746 effectively put an end to any serious hopes of the Stuarts regaining the British crowns.
The natural confusion between the names of the Jesuit
College of Clermont, and the short-lived Masonic Chapter of Clermont, a
Masonic body that controlled a few high degrees during its brief
existence, only served to add fuel to the myth of Stuart Jacobite
influence in Freemasonry's high degrees. However, the College and the
Chapter had nothing to do with each other. The Jesuit College was
located at Clermont, whereas the Masonic Chapter was not. Rather, it was
named "Clermont" in honor of the French Grand Master, the Comte de
Clermont (Louis de Bourbon, Comte de Clermont) (1709–1771), and not because of any connection with the Jesuit College of Clermont.[11]
Estienne Morin
A
French trader, by the name of Estienne Morin, had been involved in
high-degree Masonry in Bordeaux since 1744 and, in 1747, founded an "Écossais" lodge (Scottish Lodge) in the city of Le Cap Français, on the north coast of the French colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti).
Over the next decade, high-degree Freemasonry was carried by French men
to other cities in the Western hemisphere. The high-degree lodge at
Bordeaux warranted or recognized seven Écossais lodges there.
In Paris
in the year 1761, a patent was issued to Estienne Morin, dated 27
August, creating him "Grand Inspector for all parts of the New World".
This Patent was signed by officials of the Grand Lodge at Paris and
appears to have originally granted him power over the craft lodges only,
and not over the high, or "Écossais", degree lodges. Later copies of
this Patent appear to have been embellished, probably by Morin, to
improve his position over the high-degree lodges in the West Indies.[12]:31–45
Morin returned to the West Indies in 1762 or 1763, to
Saint-Domingue. Based on his new Patent, he assumed powers to constitute
lodges of all degrees, spreading the high degrees throughout the West
Indies and North America. Morin stayed in Saint-Domingue until 1766,
when he moved to Jamaica. At Kingston, Jamaica,
in 1770, Morin created a "Grand Chapter" of his new Rite (the Grand
Council of Jamaica). Morin died in 1771 and was buried in Kingston.[13]:16
Rite of 25 Degrees
Early
writers long believed that a "Rite of Perfection" consisting of 25
degrees, (the highest being the "Sublime Prince of the Royal Secret",
and being the predecessor of the Scottish Rite), had been formed in
Paris by a high-degree council calling itself "The Council of Emperors
of the East and West". The title "Rite of Perfection" first appeared in
the Preface to the "Grand Constitutions of 1786", the authority for
which is now known to be faulty.[12]:75–84
It is now generally accepted that this Rite of twenty-five
degrees was compiled by Estienne Morin and is more properly called "The
Rite of the Royal Secret", or "Morin's Rite".[12]:37
However, it was known as "The Order of Prince of the Royal
Secret" by the founders of the Scottish Rite, who mentioned it in their
"Circular throughout the two Hemispheres"[14] or "Manifesto", issued on December 4, 1802.[15]
Henry Andrew Francken and his manuscripts
Henry Andrew Francken, a naturalized French subject born as
Hendrick Andriese Franken of Dutch origin, was most important in
assisting Morin in spreading the degrees in the New World. Morin
appointed him Deputy Grand Inspector General (DGIG) as one of his first
acts after returning to the West Indies. Francken worked closely with
Morin and, in 1771, produced a manuscript book giving the rituals for
the 15th through the 25th degrees. Francken produced at least four such
manuscripts. In addition to the 1771 manuscript, there is a second which
can be dated to 1783; a third manuscript, of uncertain date, written in
Francken's handwriting, with the rituals 4–25°, which was found in the
archives of the Provincial Grand Lodge of Lancashire in Liverpool in
approximately 1984; and a fourth, again of uncertain date, with rituals
4–24°, which was known to have been given by H. J. Whymper to the
District Grand Lodge of the Punjab and rediscovered about 2010.[16]
Additionally, there is a French manuscript dating from 1790 to 1800
which contains the 25 degrees of the Order of the Royal Secret with
additional detail, as well as three other Hauts Grades rituals; its literary structure suggests it is derived from a common source as the Francken Manuscripts.[17]
Scottish Perfection Lodges
A Loge de Parfaits d' Écosse was formed on 12 April 1764 at New Orleans, becoming the first high-degree lodge on the North American continent. Its life, however, was short, as the Treaty of Paris (1763)
ceded New Orleans to Spain, and the Catholic Spanish crown had been
historically hostile to Freemasonry. Documented Masonic activity ceased
for a time. It did not return to New Orleans until the late 1790s, when
French refugees from the revolution in Saint-Domingue settled in the city.[13]:16
Francken traveled to New York in 1767 where he granted a Patent,
dated 26 December 1767, for the formation of a Lodge of Perfection at Albany,
which was called "Ineffable Lodge of Perfection". This marked the first
time the Degrees of Perfection (the 4th through the 14th) were
conferred in one of the Thirteen British colonies in North America. This
Patent, and the early minutes of the Lodge, are still extant and are in
the archives of Supreme Council, Northern Jurisdiction.[13]:16
(The minutes of Ineffable Lodge of Perfection reveal that it ceased
activity on December 5, 1774. It was revived by Giles Fonda Yates about
1820 or 1821, and came under authority of the Supreme Council, Southern
Jurisdiction until 1827. That year it was transferred to the Supreme
Council, Northern Jurisdiction.)
While in New York City, Francken also communicated the degrees to Moses Michael Hays,
a Jewish businessman, and appointed him as a Deputy Inspector General.
In 1781, Hays made eight Deputy Inspectors General, four of whom were
later important in the establishment of Scottish Rite Freemasonry in
South Carolina:
- Isaac Da Costa, Sr., D.I.G. for South Carolina;
- Abraham Forst, D.I.G. for Virginia;
- Joseph M. Myers, D.I.G. for Maryland;
- Barend M. Spitzer, D.I.G. for Georgia.
Da Costa returned to Charleston, South Carolina, where he established
the "Sublime Grand Lodge of Perfection" in February 1783. After Da
Costa's death in November 1783, Hays appointed Myers as Da Costa's
successor. Joined by Forst and Spitzer, Myers created additional
high-degree bodies in Charleston.[13]:16–17
Physician Hyman Isaac Long from the island of Jamaica,
who settled in New York City, went to Charleston in 1796 to appoint
eight French men; he had received his authority through Spitzer. These
men had arrived as refugees from Saint-Domingue, where the slave revolution was underway that would establish Haiti
as an independent republic in 1804. They organized a Consistory of the
25th Degree, or "Princes of the Royal Secret," which Masonic historian
Brigadier ACF Jackson says became the first Supreme Council of the
Scottish Rite.[12]:66–68 According to Fox, by 1801, the Charleston bodies were the only extant bodies of the Rite in North America.[13]:16–17
Birth of the Scottish Rite
Although most of the thirty-three degrees of the Scottish Rite existed in parts of previous degree systems,[18] the Scottish Rite did not come into being until the formation of the Mother Supreme Council at Charleston, South Carolina,
in May 1801 at Shepheard's Tavern at the corner of Broad and Church
Streets (the tavern had been the location of the founding of Freemasonry
in South Carolina in 1754). The Founding Fathers of the Scottish Rite
who attended became known as "The Eleven Gentlemen of Charleston".
- John Mitchell - Received a patent April 2, 1795, from Barend
Moses Spitzer granting him authority as Deputy Inspector General to
create a Lodge of Perfection and several Councils and Chapters wherever
such Lodges or Chapters were needed. Born in Ireland in 1741, he came
to America at an early age. He served as Deputy Quartermaster General in
the Continental Army, and was the first Grand Commander of the Supreme
Council.
- Frederick Dalcho - A physician, he served in the Revolutionary Army
and was stationed at Fort Johnson. He formed a partnership in 1801 with
Dr. Isaac Auld, another of the original members. He was an outstanding
orator and author. In 1807 he published the first edition of Ahiman Rezon. He became an editor of the Charleston Courier, was a lay reader and deacon in the Episcopal Church, and in 1818 was ordained as a priest.
- Alexandre Francois Auguste de Grasse, known as Comte de Grasse-Tilly. He was born in France as the eldest legitimate son of François Joseph Paul de Grasse, a French admiral known as a hero of the American Revolution for defeating the British fleet in the Battle of the Chesapeake.
He inherited his father's title, and likely had the highest social
ranking of the original eleven founders. He was the youngest of the
members and was named to become the Grand Commander of the West Indian
Islands. After Napoleon came to power, de Grasse returned to France and
resumed his military career. He also extended Freemasonry, establishing
the Supreme Council of France and councils in other European cities.
- Jean-Baptiste Marie de La Hogue - He was a native of Paris who had
lived in Saint-Domingue until the revolution there; father-in-law of de
Grasse, he was a founding member of La Candeur Lodge in Charleston.
- Thomas Bartholemew Bowen - Was the first Grand Master of Ceremonies
of the new Supreme Council. He was a Major in the Continental Army and a
printer by trade.
- Abraham Alexander - Was one of the first Sovereign Grand Inspectors
General. He was born in London in 1743, and immigrated to Charleston in
1771. He was a prominent Sephardic Jew and had been described as "a Calligraphist of the first order"; he was elected as the first Grand Secretary General.
- Emanuel de la Motta - A Sovereign Grand Inspector General. Also a
Sephardic Jew, he was by trade a merchant and auctioneer. He was a
member of Friendship Lodge and was reported to be devoted to the study
of Jewish literature and Masonry.
- Isaac Auld - An eminent physician, associated in medical practice with Dr. Dalcho. He was a strong Congregationalist.
- Israel de Lieben - A Sovereign Grand Inspector General and the first Grand Treasurer General. He was born in Prague
and emigrated to the United States at 21. He was known as "the
liberal-headed Jew", who was "tolerant in his religious opinions" and
was considered to be intelligent, enterprising, liberal and generous.
- Moses Clava Levy - Born in Krakow,
Poland, he was a prosperous merchant, was generous and helpful to the
unfortunate, and devoted to his adopted city and country.
- James Moultrie - the only native South Carolinian among the original members. He was a physician, and according to Albert Pike, "was one of the foremost Citizens of South Carolina".
- Isaac Da Costa, another Sephardic Jew, was one of the deputies
commissioned to establish Morin's Rite of the Royal Secret in other
countries; he formed constituent bodies of the Rite in South Carolina in
1783. These are considered to have become in 1801, The Supreme Council
of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Southern Jurisdiction. All
regular Scottish Rite bodies today derive their heritage from this body.
Subsequently, other Supreme Councils were formed in Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) in 1802, in France in 1804, in Italy in 1805, and in Spain in 1811.[19]
On May 1, 1813, an officer from the Supreme Council at Charleston
initiated several New York Masons into the Thirty-third Degree and
organized a Supreme Council for the "Northern Masonic District and
Jurisdiction". On May 21, 1814 this Supreme Council reopened and
proceeded to "nominate, elect, appoint, install and proclaim in due,
legal and ample form" the elected officers "as forming the second Grand and Supreme Council...". Finally, the charter of this organization (written January 7, 1815) added, “We think the Ratification ought to be dated 21st day May 5815."[20]
Officially, the Supreme Council, 33°, N.M.J. dates itself from
May 15, 1867. This was the date of the "Union of 1867", when it merged
with the competing Cerneau "Supreme Council" in New York. The current
Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction of the
United States, was thus formed.[21]
Albert Pike
Born in Boston, Massachusetts on December 29, 1809, Albert Pike
is asserted within the Southern Jurisdiction as the man most
responsible for the growth and success of the Scottish Rite from an
obscure Masonic Rite in the mid-19th century to the international
fraternity that it became. Pike received the 4th through the 32nd
Degrees in March 1853[22][23] from Albert Mackey, in Charleston, South Carolina, and was appointed Deputy Inspector for Arkansas that same year.
At this point, the degrees were in a rudimentary form, and often
included only a brief history and legend of each degree, as well as
other brief details which usually lacked a workable ritual for their
conferral. In 1855, the Supreme Council appointed a committee to prepare
and compile rituals for the 4th through the 32nd Degrees. That
committee was composed of Albert G. Mackey, John H. Honour, William S.
Rockwell, Claude P. Samory, and Albert Pike. Of these five committee
members, Pike did all the work of the committee.
In 1857 Pike completed his first revision of the 4°-32° ritual,
and printed 100 copies. This revision, which Mackey dubbed the "Magnum
Opus", was never adopted by the Supreme Council. According to Arturo de
Hoyos, 33°, the Scottish Rite's Grand Historian, the Magnum Opus became
the basis for future ritual revisions.[24]
In March 1858, Pike was elected a member of the Supreme Council
for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States, and in January 1859
he became its Grand Commander. The American Civil War
interrupted his work on the Scottish Rite rituals. About 1870 he, and
the Supreme Council, moved to Washington, DC. In 1884 his revision of
the rituals was complete.
Scottish Rite Grand Archivist and Grand Historian de Hoyos[25] created the following chart of Pike's ritual revisions:
| Degrees
|
When Revised
|
| 1-3°
|
1872
|
| 4-14°
|
1861, 1870, 1883
|
| 15-16°
|
1861, 1870, 1882
|
| 17-18°
|
1861, 1870
|
| 19-30°
|
1867, 1879, 1883
|
| 31-32°
|
1867, 1879, 1883
|
| 33°
|
1857, 1867, 1868, 1880
(manuscripts only)
|
Pike also wrote lectures about all the degrees, which were published in 1871 under the title Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry.[26]
Revisions after Pike
In
2000 the Southern Jurisdiction revised its ritual. The current ritual
is based upon Pike's, but with some significant differences.
Degree structure
The
thirty-three degrees of the Scottish Rite are conferred by several
controlling bodies. The first of these is the Craft Lodge, which confers
the Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason degrees. Craft
lodges operate under the authority of national (or in the US, state) Grand Lodges,
not the Scottish Rite. Attainment of the third Masonic degree, that of a
Master Mason, represents the attainment of the highest rank in all of
Masonry.[27][28] Additional degrees such as those of the AASR are sometimes referred to as appendant degrees,
even where the degree numbering might imply a hierarchy. They represent
a lateral movement in Masonic education rather than an upward movement,
and are degrees of instruction rather than rank.[29]
In 2000, the Southern Jurisdiction in the United States completed
a revision of its ritual scripts. In 2004, the Northern Jurisdiction in
the United States rewrote and reorganized its degrees.[30] Further changes have occurred in 2006.[31]
The current titles of the degrees and their arrangement in the Southern
Jurisdiction remains substantially unchanged from the beginning.
The list of degrees for the Supreme Councils of Australia,
England and Wales, and most other jurisdictions largely agrees with that
of the Southern Jurisdiction of the U.S. However, the list of degrees
for the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States is now somewhat
different and is given in the table below. The list of degrees of the
Supreme Council of Canada reflects a mixture of the two, with some
unique titles as well:
| Degree
|
Southern Jurisdiction[32]
|
Northern Jurisdiction[33]
|
France and Canada[34]
|
England and Wales[35]
|
| 4°
|
Secret Master
|
Master Traveler
|
Secret Master
|
| 5°
|
Perfect Master
|
| 6°
|
Intimate Secretary
|
Master of the Brazen Serpent
|
Intimate Secretary
|
| 7°
|
Provost and Judge
|
| 8°
|
Intendant of the Building
|
| 9°
|
Elu of the Nine
|
Master of the Temple
|
Elect of the Nine
|
Elect of Nine
|
| 10°
|
Elu of the Fifteen
|
Master Elect[36]
|
Elect of the Fifteen
|
Elect of Fifteen
|
| 11°
|
Elu of the Twelve
|
Sublime Master Elected
|
Elect of the Twelve
|
Sublime Elect
|
| 12°
|
Master Architect
|
Master of Mercy
|
Grand Master Architect
|
| 13°
|
Royal Arch of Solomon
|
Master of the Ninth Arch
|
Royal Arch of Solomon
|
Royal Arch of Enoch
|
| 14°
|
Perfect Elu
|
Grand Elect Mason
|
Grand Elect Perfect and Sublime Mason
|
Grand Elect Perfect and Sublime Master
|
| 15°
|
Knight of the East,
or Knight of the Sword,
or Knight of the Eagle
|
Knight of the East, or
Knight of the Sword
|
Knight of the Sword,
or Knight of the East
|
| 16°
|
Prince of Jerusalem
|
| 17°
|
Knight of the East and West
|
| 18°
|
Knight Rose Croix
|
Knight of the Rose Croix de Heredom
|
Knight Rose Croix
|
Sovereign Prince Rose Croix,
or Knight of the Pelican and Eagle
|
| 19°
|
Grand Pontiff
|
Brother of the Trail
|
Grand Pontiff
|
| 20°
|
Master of the Symbolic Lodge
|
Master ad Vitam
|
Venerable Grand Master
|
| 21°
|
Noachite, or
Prussian Knight
|
Patriarch Noachite
|
| 22°
|
Knight of the Royal Axe, or
Prince of Libanus
|
Prince of Libanus
|
| 23°
|
Chief of the Tabernacle
|
Knight of Valor
|
Chief of the Tabernacle
|
| 24°
|
Prince of the Tabernacle
|
Brother of the Forest
|
Prince of the Tabernacle
|
| 25°
|
Knight of the Brazen Serpent
|
Master of Achievement
|
Knight of the Brazen Serpent
|
| 26°
|
Prince of Mercy, or
Scottish Trinitarian
|
Friend and Brother Eternal[37]
|
Prince of Mercy
|
| 27°
|
Knight of the Sun, or
Prince Adept
|
Knight of Jerusalem
|
Commander of the Temple
|
| 28°
|
Knight Commander of the Temple
|
Knight of the Sun, or
Prince Adept
|
Knight of the Sun
|
| 29°
|
Scottish Knight of Saint Andrew
|
Knight of Saint Andrew
|
| 30°
|
Knight Kadosh, or
Knight of the White and Black Eagle
|
Grand Inspector
|
Knight Kadosh
|
Grand Elected Knight Kadosh,
or Knight of the White and Black Eagle
|
| 31°
|
Inspector Inquisitor
|
Knight Aspirant
|
Inspector Inquisitor Commander
|
Grand Inspector Inquisitor Commander
|
| 32°
|
Master of the Royal Secret
|
Sublime Prince of the Royal Secret
|
| 33°
|
Inspector General
|
Sovereign Grand Inspector General
|
AASR Craft Degrees
The
AASR does have its own distinctive versions of the Craft rituals
(Entered Apprentice, Fellow Craft, and Master Mason), but most lodges
throughout the English-speaking world do not work in them. However,
there are 10 lodges in New Orleans[38][39] and 16 in New York City[40] that work in the Scottish Rite Craft degrees.
The AASR craft degrees are more common in Europe and Latin-American jurisdictions. Most lodges under the jurisdiction of the Grande Loge de France use these degrees,[41] as do a few of the lodges under the jurisdiction of the Grande Loge Nationale Française. It is a dominant ritual, out of the other rituals in use, in the Grand Lodge of Spain.
There are two Lodges in Australia that practise the AASR Craft degrees,
The Zetland Lodge of Australia No. 9 and Lodge France 1021, both of
which are under the United Grand Lodge of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory.[42]
According to Masonic historian Alain Bernheim,
Belgian Masonic scholar Pierre Noël demonstrated in a 2002 paper that
the AASR Craft degrees derived from the French translation of the
Masonic exposé Three Distinct Knocks, issued in London in 1760.[43]
Scots Master Degree
There are records of lodges conferring the degree of "Scots Master" or "Scotch Master" as early as 1733.[44][45][46]
A lodge at Temple Bar in London is the earliest such lodge on record.
Other lodges include a lodge at Bath in 1735, and the French lodge, St.
George de l'Observance No. 49 at Covent Garden in 1736. The references
to these few occasions indicate that these were special meetings held
for the purpose of performing unusual ceremonies, probably by visiting
Freemasons.[12]:5 The Copiale cipher, dating from the 1740s[47] says, "The rank of a Scottish master is an entirely new invention..."[48]
Organization
The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite in each country is governed by a Supreme Council.[49]
There is no international governing body; each Supreme Council in each
country is sovereign unto itself in its own jurisdiction.
Canada
In
Canada, whose Supreme Council was warranted in 1874 by that of England
and Wales, the Rite is known as Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. The
council is called "Supreme Council 33° Ancient and Accepted Scottish
Rite of Freemasonry of Canada". Canada's Supreme Council office is
located at 4 Queen Street South in Hamilton, Ontario. There are 45 local
units or "Valleys" across Canada.[50]
France
When
Comte de Grasse-Tilly returned to France in 1804, he worked to establish
the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite there. He founded the first
Supreme Council in France[51] that same year.
The Grand Orient of France
signed a treaty of union in December 1804 with the Supreme Council of
the 33rd Degree in France; the treaty declared that "the Grand Orient
united to itself"[52]
the Supreme Council in France. This accord was applied until 1814.
Thanks to this treaty, the Grand Orient of France took ownership, as it
were, of the Scottish Rite.
From 1805 to 1814, the Grand Orient of France
administered the first 18 degrees of the Rite, leaving the Supreme
Council of France to administer the last 15. In 1815, five of the
leaders of the Supreme Council founded the Suprême Conseil des Rites within the Grand Orient of France. The original Supreme Council of France fell dormant from 1815 to 1821.[53]
The Suprême Conseil des Isles d'Amérique (founded in 1802
by Grasse-Tilly and revived around 1810 by his father-in-law Delahogue,
who had also returned from the United States) breathed new life into the
Supreme Council for the 33rd Degree in France. They merged into a
single organization: the Supreme Council of France. This developed as an
independent and sovereign Masonic power. It created symbolic lodges
(those composed of the first three degrees, which otherwise would be
federated around a Grand Lodge or a Grand Orient).
The Suprême Conseil de France (emerging from the Supreme Council of 1804 and restored in 1821 by the Supreme Council of the Isles d'Amérique founded in 1802 in Saint-Domingue, the modern Haiti)
In 1894, the Supreme Council of France created the Grand Lodge of France. It became fully independent in 1904, when the Supreme Council of France ceased chartering new lodges.[54]
The Supreme Council of France still considers itself the overseer of
all 33 degrees of the Rite. Relations between the two structures remain
close, as shown by their organizing two joint meetings a year.
France has two additional Supreme Councils:
- The Suprême Conseil Grand Collège du Rite écossais ancien accepté (emerging from the Supreme Council on 1804 and constituted in 1815), affiliated with the Grand Orient de France.
- The Suprême Conseil pour la France (emerging from the Supreme Council of the Netherlands, constituted in 1965), affiliated with the Grande Loge Nationale Française. In 1964, the Sovereign Grand Commander Charles Riandey, along with 400 to 500 members,[55] left the jurisdiction of the Supreme Council of France and joined the Grande Loge Nationale Française.
Because of his resignation and withdrawal of hundreds of members, there
was no longer a Supreme Council of France. Riandey then reinitiated the
33 degrees of the rite in Amsterdam.[56]
With the support of the Supreme Council of the Southern Jurisdiction of
the United States, he founded a new Supreme Council in France, called
the Suprême Conseil pour la France.
Romania
The
Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite was established in Romania in 1881, a
year after the National Grand Lodge of Romania was founded. On 27
December 1922, the Supreme Council of Scottish Rite of Romania, received
the recognition of the Supreme Council of France in 1922, and
recognition from the Supreme Council, Southern Jurisdiction of the
United States in 1925.
Between 1948 – 1989 all of Romanian Freemasonry, including the
Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Romania, was banned by the
Communist regime.
The Supreme Council of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Romania was reconsecrated in 1993.[57]
United Kingdom
The position of the Ancient and Accepted Rite among the Masonic appendant bodies in England and Wales
In England and Wales, whose Supreme Council was warranted by that of the Northern Jurisdiction of the USA (in 1845),[58]
the Rite is known colloquially as the "Rose Croix" or more formally as
"The Ancient and Accepted Rite for England and Wales and its Districts
and Chapters Overseas" (continental European jurisdictions retain the
"Écossais"). England and Wales are divided into Districts, which
administer the Rose Croix Chapters within their District; many degrees
are conferred in name only, and degrees beyond the 18° are conferred
only by the Supreme Council itself.
All candidates for membership must profess the Trinitarian Christian faith and have been Master masons for at least one year.[59]
In England and Wales, the candidate is perfected in the 18th
degree with the preceding degrees awarded in name only. Continuing to
the 30th degree is restricted to those who have served in the chair of
the Chapter. Elevation beyond the 30th degree is as in Scotland.
In Scotland,
candidates are perfected in the 18th degree, with the preceding degrees
awarded in name only. A minimum of a two-year interval is required
before continuing to the 30th degree, again with the intervening degrees
awarded by name only. Elevation beyond that is by invitation only, and
numbers are severely restricted.[60]
United States
In the United States of America there are three Supreme Councils: one in Washington, D.C. (which controls the Southern Jurisdiction), one in Lexington, Massachusetts (which controls the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction) as well as the Supreme Council of Louisiana. [61] They each have particular characteristics that make them different.
US states in the Southern Jurisdiction |
|
US states in the Northern Jurisdiction |
In the United States, members of the Scottish Rite can be elected to receive the 33° by the Supreme Council.[62] It is conferred on members who have made major contributions to society or to Masonry in general.
Southern Jurisdiction
Based in Washington, D.C., the Southern Jurisdiction
(often referred to as the "Mother Supreme Council of the World")
[citation needed] was founded in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1801. It
oversees the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite in 35 states, which are
referred to as Orients, which are divided into regions called Valleys, each containing individual bodies.[63][64][65]
In the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States, the Supreme
Council consists of no more than 33 members and is presided over by a
Sovereign Grand Commander. The current Sovereign Grand Commander is
Illustrious Brother James D. Cole, 33°.[66]
Other members of the Supreme Council are called "Sovereign Grand
Inspectors General" (S.G.I.G.), and each is the head of the AASR bodies
in his respective Orient (or state). Other heads of the various Orients
who are not members of the Supreme Council are called "Deputies of the
Supreme Council". The Supreme Council of the Southern Jurisdiction meets
every odd year during the month of August at the House of the Temple,
Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry Southern Jurisdiction
Headquarters, in Washington, D.C. During this conference, closed
meetings between the Grand Commander and the S.G.I.G.'s are held, and
many members of the fraternity from all over the world attend the open
ceremony on the 5th of 6 council meeting days.
In the Southern Jurisdiction, a member who has been a 32°
Scottish Rite Mason for 46 months or more is eligible to be elected to
receive the "rank and decoration" of Knight Commander of the Court of
Honour (K.C.C.H.) in recognition of outstanding service. After 46 months
as a K.C.C.H. he is then eligible to be elected to the 33rd degree,
upon approval of the Supreme Council and Sovereign Grand Commander.[67]
Scottish Rite Temple in Lummus Park, Miami, FL
Northern Jurisdiction
The Lexington, Massachusetts-based Northern Masonic Jurisdiction, formed in 1813, oversees the bodies in fifteen states: Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Wisconsin and Vermont. The Northern Jurisdiction is only divided into Valleys, not Orients.[68] Each Valley has up to four Scottish Rite bodies, and each body confers a set of degrees.
In the Northern Jurisdiction, the Supreme Council
consists of no more than 66 members. Those who are elected to
membership on the Supreme Council are then designated "Active." In the
Northern Jurisdiction
all recipients of the 33rd Degree are honorary members of the Supreme
Council, and all members are referred to as a "Sovereign Grand
Inspectors General." The head of the Rite in each State of the Northern
Jurisdiction is called a "Deputy of the Supreme Council." Thus the
highest ranking Scottish Rite officer in Ohio, is titled, "Deputy for
Ohio", and so forth for each state. Additionally, each Deputy has one
or more "Actives" to assist him in the administration of the state.
Active members of the Supreme Council who have served faithfully for ten
years, or reach the age of 75, may be designated "Active, Emeritus".
The Northern Jurisdiction Supreme Council meets yearly, in the even
years by an executive session, and in the odd years, with the full
membership invited. The 33rd Degree is conferred on the odd years at
the Annual Meeting. The head of the NMJ is titled the Sovereign Grand
Commander, currently Bro. Dave Glattly, 33°.
In the Northern Jurisdiction, there is a 46-month requirement for
eligibility to receive the 33rd degree, and while there is a
Meritorious Service Award (as well as a Distinguished Service Award),
they are not required intermediate steps towards the 33°.
Supreme Council of Louisiana
The
Supreme Council of Louisiana was founded in New Orleans in 1839 during a
period of dormancy for both the Southern Jurisdiction and Northern
Jurisdiction in the aftermath of the Morgan Affair. They continue to be
based in that city up until the present day. In the 1840s and 1850s
Judge James Foulhouze served as Grand Commander, and from 1938 to 1985, a
span of nearly 50 years, New Orleans educator and Civil Rights activist
George Longe was the head of this council. His papera are held at the
Amistad Research Center of Tulane University. The current Most Powerful
Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of Louisiana is Ill.
Bro. Eddie L. Gabriel, Sr. 33°.
[69]
See also
Notes
"The Supreme Council". www.sc33.org.uk. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
External links
Supported institutions
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"Become a member". Scottish Rite Omaha. Archived from the original on 2016-08-30. Retrieved 2017-06-12.
Coil,
Henry W. (1961) Article: "Stuart Masonry", pp. 634–637; and Article:
"Robison, John", pp. 569–570. Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia (rev. ed.
1996). Richmond, Va: Macoy Publ. Co. Inc.
Coil,
Henry W. (1961) Article: "Lenning, C." pp. 377–378; and "Mossdorf,
Friedrich", pg. 435. Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia (rev. ed. 1996).
Richmond, Va: Macoy Publ. Co. Inc.
Mackey,
Albert G. (1909) Article: "Stuart Masonry" pp. 981–982. Encyclopedia of
Freemasonry (rev. ed. 1946). Chicago, IL: Masonic History Co.
Tailby, S.R.; Young, Hugh (1944). "A BRIEF HISTORY OF LODGE MOTHER KILWINNING No. 0". Archived from the original on 2006-11-26. Retrieved 2007-03-30.
Coil,
Henry W. (1961) Article: "Stuart Masonry", pp. 634–637. Coil's Masonic
Encyclopedia (rev. ed. 1996). Richmond, Va: Macoy Publ. Co. Inc.
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"James II | king of Great Britain". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2017-04-02. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
Coil,
Henry W. (1961) Article: "Clermont, Chapter of", pg. 135. Coil's
Masonic Encyclopedia (rev. ed. 1996). Richmond, Va: Macoy Publ. Co. Inc.
Jackson, Alexander Cosby Fishburn (1987). Rose Croix: A History of the Ancient & Accepted Rite for England and Wales (Revised (Original 1980) ed.). London: Lewis Masonic. ISBN 0853181519.
Fox, William L. (1997). Lodge of the Double-Headed Eagle: Two centuries of Scottish Rite Freemasonry in America's Southern Jurisdiction. Univ. of Arkansas Press.
"Dalcho Circular Creating the Supreme Council". scscottishrite.org. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
de Hoyos, Arturo, Scottish Rite Ritual, Monitor and Guide 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: Supreme Council, 33°, S.J., 2009), pp. 937, 938.
Morris, S. Brent (2015). "Henry Andrew Francken & His Masonic Manuscripts" (PDF). Heredom. 23: 107–114. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
de Hoyos, Arturo; Bernheim, Alain (Introduction) (2014). Freemasonry's Royal Secret: The Jamaican Francken Manuscript of the High Degrees. Washington, DC: Scottish Rite Research Center. p. viii. ISBN 978-0-9837738-6-3.
de Hoyos, Arturo, "Development of the Scottish Rite Rituals", in Scottish Rite Ritual, Monitor and Guide 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: Supreme Council, 33°, S.J., 2009), pp. 109-118.
Coil, Henry W. (1996) [1961]. "Scottish Rite Masonry". Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia. Macoy Publishing and Masonic Supply Co., Inc. p. 614.
de Hoyos, Arturo (2010). "A Brief History of Freemasonry and the Origins of the Scottish Rite". The Scottish Rite Ritual Monitor and Guide (PDF) (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Supreme Council, 33°, Southern Jurisdiction. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-9708749-3-1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-11-23.
de Hoyos, Arturo, "The Union of 1867", in Heredom (Washington, D.C.: Scottish Rite Research Society, 1995), vol. 5:7-45.
"The Royal Arch". www.knightstemplar.org. Archived from the original on 2018-04-28. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
"Scottish Rite of Orange County | What Is The Scottish Rite?". www.ocscottishrite.org. Archived from the original on 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2017-06-13.
de Hoyos, Arturo, Scottish Rite Ritual, Monitor and Guide 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: Supreme Council, 33°, S.J., 2009), p. 114.
de Hoyos, Arturo, Scottish Rite Ritual, Monitor and Guide 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: Supreme Council, 33°, S.J., 2009), p. 115.
Coil,
Henry W. (1961). Article: "Pike, Albert" pp. 472–475. "Coil's Masonic
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Scottish Rite, Northern Masonic Jurisdiction website: Frequently asked questions Archived 2015-06-23 at the Wayback Machine - "Are Scottish Rite degrees higher than those of a Master Mason?"
Freemasons for Dummies, Christopher Hodapp, ISBN 0-7645-9796-5, Hungry Minds Inc, U.S., 2005. pp. 224-225
The Northern Light Magazine, November 2006; p. 6 "Ritual Changes."
A Bridge to Light,
by Rex R. Hutchens; publ. 1995; 2nd Ed., 4th Printing, 2001; by The
Supreme Council, 33°, Ancient & Accepted Scottish Rite of
Freemasonry, So. Jurisdiction, U.S.A.; see also de Hoyos, Arturo,
"Structure of the Scottish Rite" in Scottish Rite Ritual, Monitor and Guide 2d ed. (Washington, D.C.: Supreme Council, 33°, S.J., 2009), pp. 119-26.
Freemasons for Dummies, Christopher Hodapp, ISBN 0-7645-9796-5, Hungry Minds Inc, U.S., 2005. pp. 226-227
Kirk White (15 June 2011). "DEGREES
OF THE ANCIENT AND ACCEPTED SCOTTISH RITE OF FREEMASONRY OF CANADA
(Excerpts from the Statutes and Regulations of the Supreme Council 33°
of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry of Canada)". Archived from the original on 7 June 2011.
Keith B. Jackson, Beyond the Craft, 6th Edition, Lewis Masonic 2012 (ISBN 978-0853184058), p. 31.
Formerly "Master Elect of Fifteen." The Northern Light Magazine, November 2006
Formerly "Prince of Mercy." The Northern Light Magazine, November 2006
Germania Lodge #46, GL of Louisiana, USA
Germania Lodge ASR Degrees "The Lodge works in the Scottish Rite Symbolic ritual
- one of only ten Lodges under the jurisdiction of the Grand Lodge of
Louisiana which work in this historic ritual. The ten Scottish Rite
Lodges comprise the 16th District of the Grand Lodge of Louisiana."
"Tenth Manhattan Masonic District in the Grand Lodge of New York".
"Grande Loge de France". Archived from the original on 2005-02-11.
https://www.freemasonsaustralia.org/masonic-orders/scottish-rite
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Pierre Mollier, "Naissance et essor du Rite écossais ancien et accepté en France : 1804-1826", in 1804-2004 Deux siècles de Rite Ecossais Ancien Accepté en France, Dervy, 2004, pp. 70-113.
In the original: Le Grand Orient unit à lui.
The only known evidence of activity by this Supreme Council in this period is a rent receipt. Source: CG.
(Revue "Points de vue initiatiques" 1980, p. 17)
(Daniel Ligou et al. 2000, pp. 185–188)
(Riandey 1989, p. 169)
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acknowledge and yield allegiance to the SUPREME COUNCIL (Mother Council
of the World) of Inspectors General. Knights of Solomon of the
Thirty-third and last degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite
of Freemasonry for the jurisdiction of the United States of America,
whose seat is at the Grand Orient of Charleston, in the State of South
Carolina, now sitting at Washington. D.C....
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